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14-September-2008 12:50:31 - Dream For other uses, see Dream disambiguation. The Knight's Dream by Antonio de Pereda. The Knight's Dream by Antonio de Pereda. Dreams are the images, thoughts and feelings experienced while sleeping, particularly strongly associated with rapid eye movement sleep. The contents and biological purposes of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is known as oneirology. Contents 1 Neurology of sleep and dreams 1.1 Discovery of REM 2 Dream theories 2.1 Activation-synthesis 2.2 Dreams and memory 2.2.1 Hippocampus and memory 2.3 Functional hypotheses 2.4 Dreams and psychosis 3 Cultural history 4 Dream content 4.1 Emotions 4.2 Sexual content 4.3 Recurring dreams 4.4 Common themes 5 Relationship with mental illness 6 Dream interpretation 7 Other associated phenomena 7.1 Lucid dreaming 7.2 Dreams of absent-minded transgression 7.3 Dreaming and the real world 7.4 Recalling dreams 7.5 Déjà vu 7.6 Dream pre-programming 7.7 Dream incorporation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Neurology of sleep and dreams Main article: REM sleep EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleep EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleep There is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. General observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with rapid eye movement REM sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness. Participant-nonremembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.1 During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming2 which is about 2 hours each night3. It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. It has been hypothesized that dreams are the result of naturally occurring dimethyltryptamine DMT in the brain.citation needed During REM sleep, the release of certain neurotransmitters is completely suppressed. As a result, motor neurons are not stimulated, a condition known as REM atonia. This prevents dreams from resulting in dangerous movements of the body. Studies show that various species of Mammals and Birds experience REM during sleep.4 Discovery of REM In 1953 Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep while working in the surgery of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed that the sleepers' eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids, later using a polygraph machine to record their brain waves during these periods. In one session he awakened a subject who was wailing and crying out during REM and confirmed his suspicion that dreaming was occurring.5 In 1953 Aserinsky and his advisor published the ground-breaking study in Science.6 Dream theories Activation-synthesis In 1976, J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley proposed a new theory that changed dream research, challenging the previously held Freudian view of dreams as unconscious wishes to be interpreted. The activation synthesis theory asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the pons. They propose that in REM sleep, the ascending cholinergic PGO ponto-geniculo-occipital waves stimulate higher midbrain and forebrain cortical structures, producing rapid eye movements. The activated forebrain then synthesizes the dream out of this internally generated information. They assume that the same structures that induce REM sleep also generate sensory information. Hobson and McCarley's 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.7 While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson's prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson.8 Unhappy about Hobson's attempts at discring him, Solms, along with partner Edward Nadar, undertook a series of traumatic-injury impact studies using several different species of primates, particularly howler monkeys, in order to more fully understand the role brain damage plays in dream pathology. Solms' experiments proved inconclusive, however, as the high mortality rate associated with using an hydraulic impact pin to artificially produce brain damage in test subjects meant that his final candidate pool was too small to satisfy the requirements of the scientific method. Dreams and memory Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield Rasmussen's findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive function interprets long term memory consistent with reality checking. Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which Freud's unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud's Dream Work describes the structure of long-term memory.9 Location of hippocampus Location of hippocampus Hippocampus and memory A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the hippocampus and neocortex is reduced.10 Increasing levels of the stress hormone cortisol late in sleep often during REM sleep cause this decreased communication. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadel hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress.11 Functional hypotheses There are many hypotheses about the function of dreams, including:12 During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep.13 The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying. Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock.14 Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences.12 Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness.15 Ferenczi16 proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. Dreams are like the cleaning-up operations of computers when they are off-line, removing parasitic nodes and other junk from the mind during sleep.1718 Dreams create new ideas through the generation of random thought mutations. Some of these may be rejected by the mind as useless, while others may be seen as valuable and retained. Blechner19 calls this the theory of Oneiric Darwinism. Dreams regulate mood.20 Hartmann21 says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by making connections in a safe place and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life. More recent research by Griffin has led to the formulation of the 'expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming', which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation and lowers stress levels.2223 Coutts24 hypothesizes that dreams modify and test mental schemas during sleep during a process he calls emotional selection, and that only schema modifications that appear emotionally adaptive during dream tests are selected for retention, while those that appear maladaptive are abandoned or further modified and tested. Dream is a product of dissociated imagination, which is dissociated from conscious self and draws material from sensory memory for simulation, with sensory feedback resulting in hallucination. By simulating the sensory signals to drive the autonomous nerves, dream can effect mind-body interaction. In the brain and spine, the autonomous repair nerves, which can expand the blood vessels, connect with pain and compression nerves, and are grouped into many chains called meridians by the Chinese. Dream also exploits the chain-reacting meridians to repair body by sending out very intensive movement-compression signals when the level of growth enzyme goes high. 25 Dreams and psychosis A number of thinkers have commented on the similarities between the phenomenology of dreams and that of psychosis. Features common to the two states include thought disorder, flattened or inappropriate affect emotion, and hallucination. Among philosophers, Kant, for example, wrote that 'the lunatic is a wakeful dreamer'.26 Schopenhauer said: 'A dream is a short-lasting psychosis, and a psychosis is a long-lasting dream.'27In the field of psychoanalysis, Freud wrote: 'A dream then, is a psychosis',28and Jung: 'Let the dreamer walk about and act like one awakened and we have the clinical picture of dementia praecox.'29 McCreery3031 has sought to explain these similarities by reference to the fact, documented by Oswald,32 that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress and hyper-arousal. McCreery adduces evidence that psychotics are people with a tendency to hyper-arousal, and suggests that this renders them prone to what Oswald calls 'microsleeps' during waking life. He points in particular to the paradoxical finding of Stevens and Darbyshire33 that patients suffering from catatonia can be roused from their seeming stupor by the administration of sedatives rather than stimulants. Cultural history Jacob's dream of a ladder of angels Jacob's dream of a ladder of angels Dreams have a long history both as a subject of conjecture and as a source of inspiration. Throughout their history, people have sought meaning in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, psychologically as reflections of the subconscious, and spiritually as messages from God or predictions of the future. Many cultures practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were prophetic or contained messages from the divine. Judaism has a traditional ceremony called hatovat chalom - literally meaning making the dream a good one. Through this rite disturbing dreams can be transformed to give a positive interpretation by a rabbi or a rabbinic court. 34 Dream content From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published The Content Analysis of Dreams in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.35 It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall's complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall's protégé William Domhoff, allowing further different analysis. Personal experiences from the last day or week are frequently incorporated into dreams.36 Emotions The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Negative emotions are more common than positive ones.35 The U.S. ranks the highest amongst industrialized nations for aggression in dreams with 50 percent of U.S. males reporting aggression in dreams, compared to 32 percent for Dutch men.35 Sexual content The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens.35 Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content.37 In some cases, sexual dreams may result in orgasm or nocturnal emission. These are commonly known as wet dreams.38 Recurring dreams While the content of most dreams is dreamt only once, many people experience recurring dreams-that is, the same dream narrative is experienced over different occasions of sleep. Up to 70% of females and 65% of males report recurrent dreams.39 Common themes Content-analysis studies have identified common reported themes in dreams. These include: situations relating to school, being chased, running slowly in place, sexual experiences, falling, arriving too late, a person now alive being dead, teeth falling out, flying, embarrassing moments, falling in love with random people, failing an examination, not being able to move, not being able to focus vision and car accidents. Twelve percent of people dream only in black and white.40 Relationship with mental illness There is evidence that certain medical conditions normally only neurological conditions can impact dreams. For instance, people with synesthesia have never reported black-and-white dreaming, and often have a difficult time imagining the idea of dreaming in only black and white.41 Therapy for recurring nightmares often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder can include imagining alternative scenarios that could begin at each step of the dream.42 Dream interpretation Main article: Dream interpretation Dreams were historically used for healing as in the asclepieions found in the ancient Greek temples of Asclepius as well as for guidance or divine inspiration. Some Native American tribes used vision quests as a rite of passage, fasting and praying until an anticipated guiding dream was received, to be shared with the rest of the tribe upon their return.43 During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the conscious. They also assert together that the unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive faculty. While Freud felt that there was an active censorship against the unconscious even during sleep, Jung argued that the dream's bizarre quality is an efficient language, comparable to poetry and uniquely capable of revealing the underlying meaning. Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of Gestalt therapy. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed.44 Jung argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to dreams. Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer. The dreamer may therefore be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to describe it, in order to bring into awareness the characteristics of the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality. Other associated phenomena Lucid dreaming Main article: Lucid dreaming Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming. In this state a person usually has control over characters and the environment of the dream as well as the dreamer's own actions within the dream.45 The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified.46 Oneironaut is a term sometimes used for those who explore the world of dreams. For example, dream researcher Stephen LaBerge uses the term.47 It is often associated with lucid dreaming in particular. Dreams of absent-minded transgression Dreams of absent-minded transgression DAMT are dreams wherein the dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been trying to stop one classic example is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette. Subjects who have had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of guilt. One study found a positive association between having these dreams and successfully stopping the behavior.48 Dreaming and the real world Main article: Dream argument Dreams can link to actual sensations, such as the incorporation of environmental sounds into dreams such as hearing a phone ringing in a dream while it is ringing in reality, or dreaming of urination while wetting the bed. Except in the case of lucid dreaming, people dream without being aware that they are doing so. Some philosophers have concluded that what we think as the real world could be or is an illusion an idea known as the skeptical hypothesis about ontology. The first recorded mention of the idea was by Zhuangzi, and was also discussed in Hinduism; Buddhism makes extensive use of the argument in its writings.49 It was formally introduced to western philosophy by Descartes in the 17th century in his Mations on First Philosophy. Recalling dreams The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming.42 Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men. 42 Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little affect, and factors such as salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall. A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes. Ingesting large amounts of magnesium can help to make dreams more vivid, and therefore easier to recall. Déjà vu Main article: Déjà vu One theory of déjà vu attributes the feeling of having previously seen or experienced something to having dreamt about a similar situation or place, and forgetting about it until one seems to be mysteriously reminded of the situation or place while awake.50 Dream pre-programming This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. June 2008 Dream pre-programming is a hypnotic practice used among some medical and stage hypnotists. It allows the hypnotist to control or let the patient control their own dreams. One way that a hypnotist will use this is by telling the person that when they fall asleep that they see a button. And that if they want to enter DreamScape that they should press that button. Then they will enter a world just like Earth, but they will have complete control. They will control things with their mind. Dream pre-programming can also help someone for a test or a big event in life. The hypnotist would make the subject dream that event as occurring perfectly, so the subject will get a level of confidence. Dream incorporation In one use of the term, dream incorporation is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by Salvador Dalà that depicts this concept, titled Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening 1944. The term dream incorporation is also used in research examining the degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams. Recent studies suggest that events in the day immediately preceding, and those about a week before, have the most influence .36 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dream Lucid dream Daydream Dimethyltryptamine Dissociation Dream argument Dream art Dream pop Dream dictionary Dreamwork Dream world plot device Dream yoga in Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen tradition Hypnagogia List of dream diaries Oneirology References ^ Dement, W.; Kleitman, N. 1957. The Relation of Eye Movements during Sleep to Dream Activity.'. Journal of Experimental Psychology 53: 89-97. doi:10.1037/h0048189. ^ 2006 How Dream Works. Retrieved on 2006-05-04. ^ Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2006. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. ^ The Evolution of REM Dreaming 2003. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. ^ Dement, William 1996. The Sleepwatchers. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0964933802. ^ Aserinsky, E; Kleitman, N. September 1953. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 118 3062: 273-274. doi:10.1126/science.118.3062.273. PMID 13089671. ^ Solms, M. 2000. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, 236, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 793-1121. ^ Rock dreams are not always true., Andrea 2004. 3, The Mind at Night: The New Science of How and Why we Dream. Basic Books. ISBN 0465070698. ^ Tarnow, Eugen 2003. How Dreams And Memory May Be Related, 52, NEURO-PSYCHOANALYSIS. ^ R. Stickgold, J. A. Hobson, R. Fosse, M. Fosse1 october 2001. Sleep, Learning, and Dreams: Off-line Memory Reprocessing. Science 294 5544: 1052-1057. doi:10.1126 inactive 2008-06-25. ^ Jessica D. Payne and Lynn Nadel1 2004. Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol. Learning Memory 11: 671-678. doi:10.1101/lm.77104. ISSN 1072-0502. PMID 15576884. ^ a b Cartwright, Rosalind D 1993. Functions of Dreams. Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming. ^ Antrobus, John 1993. Characteristics of Dreams. Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming. ^ Vedfelt, Ole 1999. The Dimensions of Dreams. Fromm. ^ Jung, C. 1948 General aspects of dream psychology. In: Dreams. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 23-66. ^ Ferenczi, S. 1913To whom does one relate one's dreams? In: Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 349. ^ Evans, C. Newman, E. 1964 Dreaming: An analogy from computers. New Scientist, 419:577-579. ^ Crick, F. Mitchison, G. 1983 The function of dream sleep. Nature, 304:111-114. ^ Blechner, M. 2001 The Dream Frontier. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. ^ Kramer, M. 1993The selective mood regulatory function of dreaming: An update and revision. In: The Function of Dreaming. Ed., A. Moffitt, M. Kramer, R. Hoffmann. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ^ Hartmann, E. 1995Making connections in a safe place: Is dreaming psychotherapy? Dreaming, 5:213-228. ^ Griffin, J. 1997 The Origin of Dreams: How and why we evolved to dream. The Therapist, Vol 4 No 3. ^ Griffin, J, Tyrrell, I. 2004 Dreaming Reality: how dreaming keeps us sane or can drive us mad'. Human Givens Publishing. ^ Coutts, R 2008. Dreams as modifiers and tests of mental schemas: an emotional selection hypothesis. Psychological Reports, 102, 561-574. ^ A Mind-Body Interaction Theory of Dream 1995. ^ Quoted in La Barre, W. 1975. Anthropological Perspectives on Hallucination and Hallucinogens. In R.K. Siegel and L.J. West eds., Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience, and Theory. New York: Wiley. ^ Ibid. ^ Freud, S. 1940. An Outline of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press. ^ Jung, C.G. 1909. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, translated by F. Peterson and A.A. Brill. New York: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company. ^ McCreery, C. 1997. Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis. In Claridge, G. ed.: Schizotypy, Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ^ McCreery, C. 2008. Dreams and psychosis: a new look at an old hypothesis. Psychological Paper No. 2008-1. Oxford: Oxford Forum. Online PDF ^ Oswald, I. 1962. Sleeping and Waking: Physiology and Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ^ Stevens, J.M. and Darbyshire, A.J. 1958. Shifts along the alert-repose continuum during remission of catatonic 'stupor'with amobarbitol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 20, 99-107. ^ http://www.rabbiwein.com/Jerusalem-Post/2006/02/102.html Berel Wein DREAMS ^ a b c d Hall, C., Van de Castle, R. 1966. The Content Analysis of Dreams. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Content Analysis Explained ^ a b Alain, M.Ps., Geneviève; Tore A. Nielsen, Ph.D., Russell Powell, Ph.D., Don Kuiken, Ph.D. July 2003. Replication of the Day-residue and Dream-lag Effect. 20th Annual International Conference of the Association for the Study of Dreams. ^ Zadra, A., 1093: SEX DREAMS: WHAT DO MEN AND WOMEN DREAM ABOUT? SLEEP, Volume 30, Abstract Supplement, 2007 A376. ^ http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR157/04Chapter04.pdf Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey 2002-2004 p. 27 ^ Van de Castle, p. 340. ^ Michael Schredl, Petra Ciric, Simon Götz, Lutz Wittmann November, 2004. Typical Dreams: Stability and Gender Differences. The Journal of Psychology 138 6: 485 Abstract. ^ Harrison, John E. 2001. Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192632450. ^ a b c The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares ^ Webb, Craig 1995. Dreams: Practical Meaning Appications. The DREAMS Foundation. ^ Wegner, D.M., Wenzlaff, R.M. Kozak M. 2004. The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams. Psychological Science 15: 232-236. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x. ^ Lucid dreaming FAQ by 1The Lucidity Institute at Psych Web. ^ Watanabe, T. 2003. Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions. J Int Soc Life Inf Sci 21 1. ISSN 1341-9226. ^ Dreaming and Awakening 2006 Presenters. ^ Hajek P, Belcher M 1991. Dream of absent-minded transgression: an empirical study of a cognitive withdrawal symptom. J Abnorm Psychol 100 4: 487-91. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.487. PMID 1757662. ^ Kher, Chitrarekha V. 1992. Buddhism As Presented by the Brahmanical Systems. Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 8170302935. ^ Lohff, David C. 2004. The Dream Directory: The Comprehensive Guide to Analysis and Interpretation. Running Press 0762419628. Further reading Freud, Sigmund 1994. The interpretation of dreams. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 067960121X. Jung, Carl 1934. The Practice of Psychotherapy. The Practical Use of Dream-analysis, 139-. ISBN 071001645X. Jung, Carl. Dreams Routledge Classics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415267404. Scaruffi, Piero. The Nature of Consciousness. Omniware. ISBN 0-9765531-1-2. External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dream The Dream Nightmare Laboratory in Montreal Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism website The International Association for the Study of Dreams More information on the expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming Dreams at the Open Directory Project v d e Sleep Sleep stages Rapid eye movement sleep · Non-rapid eye movement sleep · Slow-wave sleep Brain waves Beta wave · Delta wave · Gamma wave · Theta wave Sleep disorders Advanced sleep phase syndrome · Automatic behavior · Bruxism · Circadian rhythm sleep disorder · Delayed sleep phase syndrome · Dyssomnia · Excessive daytime sleepiness · Hypersomnia · Insomnia · Narcolepsy · Night terror · Nocturia · Nocturnal myoclonus · Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome · Ondine's curse · Parasomnia · Sleep apnea · Sleep deprivation · Sleepeating · Sleeping sickness · Sleeptalking · Sleepwalking Benign phenomena Dream · Exploding head syndrome · False awakening · Hypnagogia · Hypnic jerk · Lucid dream · Nightmare · Nocturnal emission · Sleep paralysis · Somnolence Related topics Bed Bunk bed, Four poster bed, Futon, Hammock, Mattress · Bed bug · Bedding · Bedroom · Bedtime · Bedtime toy · Bedtime story · Chronotype · Dream journal · Jet lag · Lullaby · Nightwear · Polyphasic sleep · Power nap · Siesta · Sleep and learning · Sleep debt · Sleep diary · Sleep inertia · Sleep medicine · Sleepover · Snoring · Sleep and creativity Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Dream Categories: Dreaming | Personal life | Psychotherapy | SymbolsHidden categories: Pages with DOIs broken since 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 | Articles needing additional references from June 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Aymar Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Nouormand Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 20:37
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