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14-September-2008 12:50:31 - Early Buddhist schools Early Buddhism Scriptures Pali Canon Agamas Gandharan texts Councils 1st Council 2nd Council 3rd Council 4th Council Schools First Sangha ├ MahÄ?sÄ?ṃghika â”” SthaviravÄ?da ├ SarvÄ?stivÄ?da â”” VibhajjavÄ?da ├ TheravÄ?da â”” Dharma- guptaka view talk The Early Buddhist schools are those schools into which, according to most scholars, the Buddhist monastic Sangha initially split, due originally to differences in Vinaya, and later also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separateness of groups of monks. The original Sangha split into the first early schools commonly believed to be the Sthaviravadins and the Mahasanghikas a significant number of years at least 100 after the death of Gautama Buddha.citation needed Later, these first early schools split into further divisions such as the Sarvastivadins and the Dharmaguptakas, and ended up numbering, traditionally, about 18 or 20 schools. In fact, there are several overlapping lists of 18 schools preserved in the Buddhist tradition, totalling about twice as many, though some may be alternative names. It is thought likely that the number is merely conventional. The arising of the Mahayana school of Buddhism 1st / 2nd century CE went together with the writing of the new Mahayana Sutras, which introduced new philosophies such as the Bodhisattva. The supposed philosophy or attitude that according to the Mahayana unites the separate early schools was called Hinayana, a derogatory and offensive term. The schools sometimes split over ideological differences concerning the 'real' meaning of teachings in the Suttapitaka, and sometimes over disagreement concerning the proper observance of vinaya. These ideologies became embedded in large works such as the Abhidhammas and commentaries. When comparing the existing versions of the Suttapitakas of various sects, there is some evidence that ideologies from the Abhidhammas sometimes found their way back into the Suttapitakas, to support the statements made in those Abhidhammas. Contents 1 Developments in History 1.1 The First Council 1.2 The Second Council 1.3 Period between the Second and Third Council 1.4 Third Council under Asoka 1.5 Developments during and after the Third Council 1.6 The Chinese Pilgrims 2 Early Sectarian Divisions 2.1 Eighteen schools 2.2 Nikaya Schools according to Sri Lanka Theravadin chronicles 2.3 Nikaya Schools according to Sarvastivadin chronicles 2.4 Twenty schools according to Mahayana scriptures in Chinese 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Developments in History The First Council Main article: First Buddhist Council Three months after the passing of Gautama Buddha, according to the scriptures, the First Council was held at Rajagaha by some of his disciples who had attained Arahantship Enlightenment. At this point, Theravada tradition maintains that no conflict about what the Buddha taught is to have occurred, and the teachings were divided into various parts and each was assigned to an elder and his pupils to commit to memory. However, the accounts of the Council in the scriptures of different schools differ as to what was actually recited at the Council. Venerable PurÄ?ṇa is recorded as having said: Your reverences, well chanted by the elders are the Dhamma and Vinaya, but in that way that I heard it in the Lord's presence, that I received it in his presence, in that same way will I bear it in mind. Vinaya-pitaka: Cullavagga XI:1:11. Some scholars consider this council fictitious.1 The Second Council Main article: The Second Buddhist Council The Second Council did not cause a split in the Sangha, as is sometimes believed to be the case. The Second Council was strictly about the misbehavior of a group of monks, who changed their behaviors after the council. Period between the Second and Third Council Most scholars believe that the first split occurred between the second and third council, and was probably about monastic discipline. Generally, it is believed that the first split was between the Sthaviravada and the Mahasanghika. However, after this initial division, more were to follow. Third Council under Asoka Main article: Third Buddhist Council Tradition mostly says Buddhism split into 18 schools, but different sources give different lists, and scholars conclude that the number is merely conventional. In the 3rd century BCE, Theravadin sources state that a Third Council was convened under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka, but no mention of this council is found in other sources .2Some scholars argue that there are certain implausible features of the Theravada account which imply that the Third Council was ahistorical. The remainder consider it a purely Theravada/Vibhajjavada council. It is generally accepted, however, that one or several disputes did occur during Asoka's reign, involving both doctrinal and vinaya matters, although these may have been too informal to be called a Council. The Sthavira School had, by the time of King Ashoka divided into three sub-schools, doctrinally speaking, but these did not become separate monastic orders until later. According to the Theravadin account, this Council was convened primarily for the purpose of establishing an official orthodoxy. At the council, small groups raised questions about the specifics of the vinaya and the interpretation of doctrine. The chairman of the council, Moggaliputta Tissa, compiled a book called the Kathavatthu, which was meant to refute these arguments. The council sided with Moggaliputta and his version of Buddhism as orthodox; it was then adopted by Emperor Ashoka as his empire's official religion. This school of thought was termed Vibhajjavada Pali, literally thesis of those who make a distinction as to the existence of dhammas in the past, future and / or present. The version of the scriptures that had been established at the Third Council, including the vinaya, sutta and the abhidhamma collectively known as Tripitaka, was taken to Sri Lanka by Emperor Ashoka's son, the Venerable Mahinda. There it was eventually committed to writing in the Pali language. The Pali Canon remains the most complete set of Nikaya scriptures to survive, although the greater part of the SarvÄ?stivÄ?din canon survives in Chinese translation, some parts exist in Tibetan translations, and some fragments exist in Sanskrit manuscripts, while parts of various canons sometimes unidentified, exist in Chinese and fragments in other Indian dialects. Developments during and after the Third Council Whatever might be the truth behind the TheravÄ?din account, it was around the time of Asoka that further divisions began to occur within the Buddhist movement and a number of additional schools emerged, including the SarvÄ?stivÄ?da and the SammitÄ«ya. All of these early schools of Nikayan Buddhism eventually came to be known collectively as the Eighteen Schools in later sources. Unfortunately, with the exception of the TheravÄ?da, none of early these schools survived beyond the late medieval period by which time several were already long extinct, although a considerable amount of the canonical literature of some of these schools has survived, mainly in Chinese translation. Moreover, the origins of specifically MahÄ?yÄ?na doctrines may be discerned in the teachings of some of these early schools, in particular in the MahÄ?sÄ?nghika and the SarvÄ?stivÄ?da. During and after the Third Council, elements of the Sthavira group called themselves Vibhajjavadins. One part of this group was transmitted to Sri Lanka and to certain areas of southern India, such as Vanavasi in the south-west and the Kañci region in the south-east. This group later ceased to refer to themselves specifically as Vibhajjavadins, but reverted to calling themselves Theriyas, after the earlier Theras or Sthaviras. Still later, at some point prior to the Dipavamsa 4th century, the Pali name TheravÄ?da was adopted and has remained in use ever since for this group. The PudgalavÄ?dins were also known as VatsiputrÄ«yas after their putative founder, though this group later became known as the SammitÄ«ya school, after one of its subdivisions, though it died out around the 9th or 10th century CE. Nevertheless, during most of the early medieval period, the SammitÄ«ya school was numerically the largest Buddhist group in India, with more followers than all the other schools combined. The SarvÄ?stivÄ?din school was most prominent in the north-west of India and provided some of the doctrines that would later be adopted by the MahÄ?yana. Another group linked to SarvÄ?stivÄ?da was the SautrÄ?ntika school, which only recognized the authority of the sutras and rejected the Abhidharma transmitted and taught by the VaibhÄ?sika wing of SarvÄ?stivÄ?da. Based on textual considerations, it has been suggested that the SautrÄ?ntikas were actually adherents of MÅ«la-SarvÄ?stivÄ?da. The relation between SarvÄ?stivÄ?da and MÅ«la-SarvÄ?stivÄ?da is unclear. Between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, the terms Mahayana and Hinayana were first used in writing, in, for example, the Lotus Sutra. The Chinese Pilgrims During the first millennium, monks from China such as Faxian, Yijing and Xuanzang made pilgrimages to India and wrote accounts of their travels when they returned home. These Chinese travel records constitute extremely valuable sources for information concerning the state of Buddhism in India during the early medieval period. By the time the Chinese Pilgrims Xuanzang and Yi Jing visited India in the medieval period there were five early buddhist schools that they mention far more frequently than others. Early Sectarian Divisions Some of the lists that are available concerning the early Buddhist schools are mentioned below. Eighteen schools The exact lineages of the different schools is complex. Different traditions and scholarship hold to different views. Sometimes the same school may be referred to under different names; or different schools might bear the same name. In many cases, the different 'schools' may be just regional variants without serious doctrinal divergences. Hence, the following listing is not 'set in stone': SthaviravÄ?da PudgalavÄ?da 'Personalist' c. 280 BCE VatsÄ«putrÄ«ya under AÅ›oka later name: SaṃmitÄ«ya DharmottarÄ«ya BhadrayÄ?nÄ«ya SannÄ?garika VibhajjavÄ?da prior to 240 BCE; during AÅ›oka MahÄ«Å›Ä?saka after 232 BCE KÄ?Å›yapÄ«ya after 232 BCE Dharmaguptaka after 232 BCE TheravÄ?da c. 240 BCE SarvÄ?stivÄ?da c. 237 BCE MÅ«lasarvÄ?stivÄ?da third and fourth centuries SautrÄ?ntika between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE MahÄ?saṃghika 'Majority', c. 380 BCE EkavyahÄ?rikas under AÅ›oka LokottaravÄ?da Gokulika during AÅ›oka BahuÅ›rutÄ«ya late third century BCE PrajñaptivÄ?da late third century BCE CetiyavÄ?da Caitika mid-first century BCE Apara Åšaila Uttara Åšaila Nikaya Schools according to Sri Lanka Theravadin chronicles This list was taken from Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa. SthaviravÄ?da/VibhajjavÄ?da/TheravÄ?da Mahimsasaka Sanskrit: MahÄ«Å›Ä?saka - First schism Sabbatthavada Sanskrit: SarvÄ?stivÄ?da - Third schism Kassapiya Sanskrit: KÄ?Å›yapÄ«ya - Forth schism Sankantika Sanskrit: Sankrantika - Fifth schism Suttavada Sanskrit: SautrÄ?ntika - Sixth Schism Dhammaguttika Sanskrit: Dharmaguptaka - Third schism Vajjiputtaka Sanskrit: VatsÄ«putrÄ«ya - First schism Dhammutariya Sanskrit: DharmottarÄ«ya - Second schism Bhadrayanika Sanskrit: BhadrayÄ?nÄ«ya - Second schism Chandagarika Sanskrit: SannÄ?garika - Second schism SaṃmitÄ«ya - Second schism MahÄ?saṃghika Gokulika Sanskrit: Kaukutika - First schism Pannati Sanskrit: PrajñaptivÄ?da - Second schism Bahussutaka Sanskrit: BahuÅ›rutÄ«ya - Second schism Ekavyoharika Sanskrit: EkavyahÄ?rikas - First schism Cetiyavada Sanskrit: Caitika - Third schism; According to Dipavamsa, but in the Mahavamsa it is said to have arisen from the Pannati and Bahussutaka In addition, the Dipavamsa lists the following six schools without identifying the schools from which they arose: Hemavatika Sanskrit: Haimavata Rajagiriya Siddhatthaka Pubbaseliya Aparaseliya Sanskrit: Aparasaila Apararajagirika Nikaya Schools according to Sarvastivadin chronicles This list was taken from Samayabhedo Paracana Cakra, the author was Vasumitra a Sarvastivadin monk. SthaviravÄ?da Haimavata - First schism; referred by Sarvastivadins as the 'original Sthavira School', but this school only influential in the north of India. SarvÄ?stivÄ?da - First schism VatsÄ«putrÄ«ya - Second schism DharmottarÄ«ya - Third schism BhadrayÄ?nÄ«ya - Third schism SaṃmitÄ«ya - Third schism SannÄ?garika - Third schism MahÄ«Å›Ä?saka- Forth schism Dharmaguptaka - Fifth schism KÄ?Å›yapÄ«ya - Sixth schism SautrÄ?ntika - Seventh Schism MahÄ?saṃghika EkavyahÄ?rikas - First schism LokottaravÄ?da - First schism Kaukutika - First schism BahuÅ›rutÄ«ya - Second schism PrajñaptivÄ?da - Third schism Caitika - Forth schism Apara Åšaila - Forth schism Uttara Åšaila - Forth schism Twenty schools according to Mahayana scriptures in Chinese Sthaviravada 上座部 was split into 11 sects. These were: Sarvastivadin 説一切有部, Haimavata 雪山部, Vatsiputriya 犢å?部, Dharmottara 法上部, Bhadrayaniya 賢冑部, Sammitiya æ£é‡?部, Channagirika 密林山部, Mahisasaka 化地部, Dharmaguptaka 法蔵部, Kasyapiya 飲光部, SautrÄ?ntika 経é‡?部. Sthaviravada─┬─ Haimavata──────────────────────────────────────────── └─ Sarvastivadin─┬─────────────────────────────────── ├ Vatsiputriya ─┬──────────────────── │ ├ Dharmottara─────── │ ├ Bhadrayaniya───── │ ├ Sammitiya──────── │ â”” Channagirika───── ├ Mahisasaka─┬───────────────────── │ â”” Dharmaguptaka────── â”” Kasyapiya──────────────────────── â”” SautrÄ?ntika────────────────────── Mahasanghika 大衆部 was split into 9 sects. There were: Ekavyaharaka 一説部, Lokottaravadin 説出世部, Kaukkutika é¶?胤部, Bahussrutiya 多è?žéƒ¨, Prajnaptivada 説仮部, Caitika 制多山部, Aparasaila 西山ä½?部, Uttarasaila 北山ä½?部. Mahasanghika─┬──────────────────────┬───── ├ Ekavyaharaka ├ Caitika ├ Lokottaravadin ├ Aparasaila ├ Kaukkutika â”” Uttarasaila ├ Bahussrutiya â”” Prajnaptivada Legacy The TheravÄ?da School of Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand is descended from the SthaviravÄ?din and more specifically the Vibhajjavada School. It underwent two more changes of name in the mean time. In the Indian accounts it is sometimes called the TÄ?mraparnÄ«ya translation: Sri Lankan lineage, but there is no indication that this referred to any change in doctrine or scripture, while it is very obvious that it refers to geographical location. At some point prior to the Dipavamsa 4th century the name was changed to Theravada, probably to reemphasize the relationship to the original Sthaviravada, which is the Sanskrit version of the Pali term Theravada. The Theravada school is the only remaining school which is exclusively aligned with the philosophic outlook of the early schools. However, significant variation is found between the various Theravadin communities, usually concerning the strictness of practice of Vinaya and the attitude one has towards Abhidhamma. Both these, however, are aspects of the Vibhajjavadin recension of the Tipitaka, and the variation between current Theravada groups is mainly a reflection of accent or emphasis, not content of the Tipitaka or the commentaries. The Tipitaka of the Theravada and the main body of its commentaries are believed to come from or be heavily influenced by the Sthaviravadins and especially the subsequent Vibhajjavadins. The legacies of other early schools are preserved in various Mahayana traditions. All of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism use a Mulasarvastivada vinaya and study the Sarvastivadin abhidharma, supplemented with Mahayana and Vajrayana texts. Chinese schools use the vinaya from the Dharmagupta school, and have versions of those of other schools also. Fragments of the canon of texts from these schools also survive such as the Mahavastu of the MahÄ?sÄ?nghika School. See also Schools of Buddhism Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga Buddhist Councils History of Buddhism Nikaya Buddhism Rhinoceros Sutra Timeline of Buddhism References ^ Williams, Mahayana Buddhism, Routledge, 1989, page 6 ^ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism Coogan, Michael D. ed. 2003. The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-84483-125-6. Dhammananda, K. Sri 1964. What the Buddhist Believe. Buddhist Mission Society of Malaysia. ISBN 983-40071-2-7. Gethin, Rupert 1998. Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289223-1. Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola 2002. Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-321-4. Lowenstein, Tom 1996. The vision of the Buddha. Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1-903296-91-9. Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching, Broadway Books, 1974. ISBN 0-7679-0369-2. Thurman, Robert A. F. translator 1976. Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-00601-3. Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught, Grove Press, 1974. ISBN 0-8021-3031-3. Yamamoto, Kosho translation, revised and ed by Dr. Tony Page. The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Nirvana Publications 1999-2000. Yin Shun, Yeung H. Wing translator, The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master, Wisdom Publications, 1998. ISBN 0-86171-133-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Buddhism The Sects of the Buddhists. Rhys Davids. T. W.. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891. pp.409-422 Sects Sectarianism - The origins of Buddhist Schools v d e Buddhism topics History Timeline · Gautama Buddha · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Foundations Three Jewels Buddha, Dharma, Sangha · Four Noble Truths · Noble Eightfold Path · Nirvana · Middle Way Key Concepts Three Marks of Existence: Impermanence, Suffering, Not-self · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Vipaka · Rebirth · Samsara · Defilements · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Enlightenment Qualities · Perfections · JhÄ?na · Sense Bases · Four Great Elements · Renunciation · Bodhi · Parinirvana · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Bhumi · Trikaya Cosmology Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms Hell, Animal realm, Hungry Ghost realm, Asura realm, Human realm, Heaven · Three Spheres Practices Threefold Training: Morality, Concentration, Wisdom · Buddhist devotion · Taking refuge · Four Divine Abidings: Loving-kindness, Compassion, Sympathetic joy, Equanimity · Mindfulness · Merit · Puja: Offerings, Prostration, Chanting · Paritta · Generosity · Morality: Five Precepts, Eight Precepts, Ten Precepts, Bodhisattva vows, Patimokkha · Bhavana · Mation: Kammaá¹á¹hÄ?na, Recollection, Mindfulness of Breathing, Serenity mation, Insight mation, Shikantaza, Zazen, KÅ?an, Mandala, Tonglen, Tantra Attainment Types of Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner, Arahant Monasticism Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple · Ngagpa Texts Tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka, Commentaries · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon Tripitaka Koreana · Tibetan Buddhist canon Major Figures Gautama Buddha · SÄ?riputta · MahamoggallÄ?na · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama Branches Theravada · Mahayana: Chan/Zen, Pure Land, Tendai, Nichiren, Madhyamaka, Yogacara · Vajrayana: Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana Countries Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Western countries Comparative Buddhism Science · Psychology · Hinduism · Jainism · East Asian religions · Christianity · Theosophy · Gnosticism Lists Buddhists · Buddhas · Twenty-eight Buddhas · Bodhisattvas · Temples · Books · Buddhism-related topics · Terms and concepts Miscellaneous topics TathÄ?gata · Maitreya · AvalokiteÅ›vara Guan Yin · AmitÄ?bha · BrahmÄ? · MÄ?ra · Dhammapada · Visuddhimagga · Vinaya · Sutra · Abhidharma · Buddhist philosophy · Eschatology · Reality in Buddhism · God in Buddhism · Liturgical languages: Pali, Sanskrit · Dharma talk · Buddhist calendar · Kalpa · Buddhism and evolution · Buddhism and homosexuality · Fourteen unanswerable questions · Ethics · Culture · Monastic robe · Cuisine · Vegetarianism · Art · Greco-Buddhist art · Buddha statue · Budai · Symbolism Dharmacakra · Flag · Bhavacakra · Mantra Om mani padme hum · Prayer wheel · Mala · Mudra · Holidays · Vesak · Uposatha · Vassa · Architecture: Vihara, Wat, Stupa, Pagoda · Pilgrimage: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar · Bodhi tree · Mahabodhi Temple · Higher Knowledge · Supernormal Powers · Miracles of the Buddha · Physical characteristics of the Buddha · Family of the Buddha Category · Portal Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools Categories: Early Buddhist Schools | History of Buddhism | Nikaya schoolsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 This page was last modified on 7 September 2008, at 18:19
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