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14-September-2008 12:50:32 - Experimental psychology Psychology Greek letter 'psi' Portal History Areas RESEARCH Abnormal Biological Cognitive Developmental Emotion Experimental Evolutionary Mathematical Neuropsychology Neuroscience Personality Positive Psychophysics Social Transpersonal APPLIED Clinical Educational Forensic Health Industrial Organizational School Sport LISTS Publications Topics Therapies view talk Experimental psychology approaches psychology as one of the natural sciences, investigates it using the experimental method. The focus of experimental psychology is on discovering the underlying processes behind behavior and the specific nature of mental life. This is in contrast to applied psychology, which employs psychological knowledge to solve real-world problems, and clinical psychology, which aims to treat mental illness with therapy and medication. Experimental psychology is a methodological approach rather than a subject and encompasses varied fields within psychology more broadly, many of which are studied using other methodologies like hermeneutics. Experimental psychologists have traditionally conducted research, published articles, and taught classes on neuroscience, developmental psychology, sensation, perception, consciousness, learning, memory, thinking, and language. Recently, however, the experimental approach has extended to motivation, emotion, and social psychology. Contents 1 History of Experimental Psychology 1.1 Early Experimental Psychology 1.2 20th Century 2 Methodology 2.1 Experiments 2.2 Other Methods 3 Criticism 4 Notes 5 References History of Experimental Psychology Early Experimental Psychology While the origins of experimental psychology can be traced as far back as the eleventh century, when Ibn al-Haytham Alhacen used an experimental approach to visual perception and optical illusions in the Book of Optics in 10211 and RayhÄ?n al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ« discovered the concept of reaction time2 , experimental psychology emerged as a modern academic discipline in the 19th century when Wilhelm Wundt introducted a mathematical and experimental approach to the field and foudned both the first psychology labratory in Leipzig, Germany and the structuralist school of psychology1. Other early experimental psychologists, including Hermann Ebbinghaus and Edward Titchener, included introspection among their experimental methods. 20th Century In the first half of the twentieth century, behaviourism became a dominant paradigm within psychology, especially in the United States. This led to some neglect of mental phenomena within experimental psychology. In Europe this was less the case, as European psychology was influenced by psychologists such as Sir Frederic Bartlett, Kenneth Craik, W. E. Hick and Donald Broadbent, who focused on topics such as thinking, memory and attention. This laid the foundations for the subsequent development of cognitive psychology. In the latter half of the twentieth century, the phrase experimental psychology has shifted in meaning due to the expansion of psychology as a discipline and the growth in the size and number of its sub-disciplines. Experimental psychologists use a range of methods and do not confine themselves to a strictly experimental approach, partly because developments in the philosophy of science have had an impact on the exclusive prestige of experimentation. In contrast, an experimental method is now widely used in fields such as developmental and social psychology, which were not previously part of experimental psychology. The phrase continues in use, however, in the titles of a number of well-established, high prestige learned societies and scientific journals, as well as some university courses of study in psychology. Methodology Experiments The complexity of human behaviour and mental processes, the ambiguity with which they can be interpreted and the unconscious processes to which they are subject gives rise to an emphasis on sound methodology within experimental psychology. Control of extraneous variables, minimizing the potential for experimenter bias, counterbalancing the order of experimental tasks, adequate sample size, and the use of operational definitions which are both reliable and valid, and proper statistical analysis are central to experimental methods in psychology. As such, most undergraduate programmes in psychology include mandatory courses in Research Methods and Statistics. Other Methods While other methods of research - case study, correlational, interview, and naturalistic observation - are practiced within fields typically investigated by experimental psychologists, experimental evidence remains the gold standard for knowledge in psychology. Many experimental psychologists have gone further, and have treated all methods of investigation other than experimentation as suspect. In particular, experimental psychologists have been inclined to discount the case study and interview methods as they have been used in clinicalcitation needed. Criticism Critical and postmodernist psychologists conceive of humans and human nature as inseparably tied to the world around them, and claim that experimental psychology approaches human nature and the individual as entities independent of the cultural, economic, and historical context in which they exist. At most, they argue, experimental psychology treats these contexts simply as variables effecting a universal model of human mental processes and behaviour rather than the means by which these processes and behaviours are constructed. In so doing, critics assert, experimental psychologists paint an inaccurate portrait of human nature while lending tacit support to the prevailing social order.citation needed Three days before his death, radical behaviourist B.F. Skinner criticized experimental psychology in a speech to the American Psychological Association for becoming increasingly mentalistic - that is, focusing research on internal mental processes instead of observable behaviours. This criticism was levelled in the wake of the cognitive revolution wherein behaviourism fell from dominance within psychology and functions of the mind were given more credence.citation needed Notes ^ a b Omar Khaleefa Summer 1999. Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 2. ^ Iqbal, Muhammad 1930, The Spirit of Muslim Culture, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction. Retrieved on 25 January 2008 References Edwin G. Boring. A History of Experimental Psychology. 2nd ion. Prentice-Hall, 1950. Robert L. Solso and M. Kimberly MacLin. Experimental Psychology: A Case Approach. 7th ion. Allyn Bacon, 2001. v d e Psychology Portal · History · Psychologist Research Affective · Biological · Clinical · Cognitive · Cognitive neuroscience · Comparative · Critical · Cultural · Developmental · Evolutionary · Experimental · Individual differences · International · Liberation · Mathematical · Media · Medical · Neuropsychology · Performance · Personality · Physiological · Political · Positive · Psycholinguistics · Psychopathology · Psychophysics · Psychophysiology · Qualitative · Quantitative · Social · Theoretical Psi Applied Assessment · Clinical · Counseling · Educational · Forensic · Health · Industrial/organizational · Legal · Relationship counseling · School · Sport · Systems Orientations Analytical · Behaviorism · Cognitivism · Cognitive behavioral · Descriptive · Existential · Family systems · Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy · Feminist · Gestalt · Humanistic · Metapsychology · Narrative · Psychoanalysis · Psychodynamic · Transpersonal Seminal writers B.F. Skinner · Jean Piaget · Sigmund Freud · Otto Rank · Albert Bandura · Leon Festinger · Carl Rogers · Stanley Schachter · Neal E. Miller · Edward Thorndike · Abraham Maslow · Gordon Allport · Erik Erikson · Hans Eysenck · William James · David McClelland · Albert Ellis · Aaron T. Beck · Raymond Cattell · John B. Watson · Kurt Lewin · Donald O. Hebb · George A. Miller · Clark L. Hull · Jerome Kagan · Carl Jung · Ivan Pavlov Lists Topics · Counseling · Disciplines · Psychiatric drugs · Neurological disorders · Organizations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research methods · Schools of theory · Timeline Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Experimental_psychology Categories: Experimental psychologyHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Bosanski Español Français Hrvatski Ã?slenska Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 20:52
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