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14-September-2008 12:50:32 - Eysenck Personality Questionnaire In psychology, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ is a questionnaire to assess the personality traits of a person. It was devised by the psychologists Hans Jürgen Eysenck and his wife Sybil B. G. Eysenck.1 Hans Eysenck's theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he was a behaviorist who considered learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Temperament is that aspect of our personalities that is genetically based, inborn, there from birth or even before. That does not mean that a temperament theory says we don't also have aspects of our personality that are learned, it's just that Eysenck focused on nature, and left nurture to other theorists. Contents 1 Dimensions 2 Validation 3 Versions 4 See also 5 External links 6 References Dimensions Eysenck initially conceptualized personality as two, biologically-based categories of temperament: Extraversion/Introversion : Extraversion is characterized by being outgoing, talkative, high on positive affect feeling good, and in need of external stimulation. According to Eysenck's arousal theory of extraversion, there is an optimal level of cortical arousal, and performance deteriorates as one becomes more or less aroused than this optimal level. Arousal can be measured by skin conductance, brain waves or sweating. At very low and very high levels of arousal, performance is low, but at a more optimal mid-level of arousal, performance is maximized. Extraverts, according to Eysenck's theory, are chronically under-aroused and bored and are therefore in need of external stimulation to bring them up to an optimal level of performance. Introverts, on the other hand, are chronically over-aroused and jittery and are therefore in need of peace and quiet to bring them up to an optimal level of performance. Neuroticism/Stability : Neuroticism or emotionality is characterized by high levels of negative affect such as depression and anxiety. Neuroticism, according to Eysenck's theory, is based on activation thresholds in the sympathetic nervous system or visceral brain. This is the part of the brain that is responsible for the fight-or-flight response in the face of danger. Activation can be measured by heart rate, blood pressure, cold hands, sweating and muscular tension especially in the forehead. Neurotic people, who have low activation thresholds, and unable to inhibit or control their emotional reactions, experience negative affect fight-or-flight in the face of very minor stressors - they are easily nervous or upset. Emotionally stable people, who have high activation thresholds and good emotional control, experience negative affect only in the face of very major stressors - they are calm and collected under pressure. The two dimensions or axes, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability, define four quadrants. These are made up of: Stable extraverts sanguine qualities such as - outgoing, talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership Unstable extraverts choleric qualities such as - touchy, restless, excitable, changeable, impulsive, irresponsible Stable introverts phlegmatic qualities such as - calm, even-tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive Unstable introverts melancholic qualities such as - quiet, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody. Further research demonstrated the need for a third category of temperament:2 Psychoticism/Socialisation : Psychoticism is associated not only with the liability to have a psychotic episode or break with reality, but also with aggression. Psychotic behavior is rooted in the characteristics of toughmindedness, non-conformity, inconsideration, recklessness, hostility, anger and impulsiveness. The physiological basis suggested by Eysenck for psychoticism is testosterone, with higher levels of psychoticism associated with higher levels of testosterone. The following table describes the traits that are associated with the three temperaments in Eysenck's model of personality: Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism Aggressive Sociable Anxious Assertive Irresponsible Depressed Egocentric Dominant Guilt Feelings Unsympathetic Lack of reflection Low self-esteem Manipulative Sensation-seeking Tense Achievement-oriented Impulsive Moody Dogmatic Risk-taking Hypochondriac Masculine Expressive Lack of autonomy Tough-minded Active Obsessive EPQ has a fourth scale the Lie L scale. Validation The EPQ is a reliable research tool that is validated by criterion analysis.citation needed Disadvantages of the questionnaire are that it asks yes/no questions which forces a sometimes inaccurate response, and it can be psychometrically inferior.citation needed Versions EPQ also exists in Finnish and Turkish versions.3 In 1985 a revised version of EPQ was described-the EPQ-R-with a publication in the journal Personality and Individual Differences.4 This version has 100 yes/no questions in its full version and 48 yes/no questions in its short scale version. A different approach to personality measurement developed by Eysenck, which distinguishes between different facets of these traits, is the Eysenck Personality Profiler. See also Revised NEO Personality Inventory Temperament and Character Inventory External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Psychological Type Eysenck personality Test. SimilarMinds. Extraversion/Introversion corresponds with Category, Neuroticism/Stability corresponds with Category B Emotional Stability in the online test, while Psychoticism/Socialisation corresponds with Category C Mastery/Sympathy.The further Categories included in the 'Know Your Own Mind' online test are not fundamental temperaments but during the exhaustive testing of personality that Eysenck conducted, he also looked into the areas of sexuality and political attitudes that of course play a major part in our lives, and determined norms of behavior and viewpoint with his usual statistical thoroughness. References ^ Hans Jürgen Eysenck Sybil B. G. Eysenck 1975. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ^ Sybil Eysenck. This Weeks Citation Classics. ^ Timo Lajunena Hanna R. Scherler March 1999. Is the EPQ Lie Scale bidimensional? Validation study of the structure of the EPQ Lie Scale among Finnish and Turkish university students. Personality and Individual Differences 26 4: 657-664. doi:10.1016/S0191-88699800163-9. ^ Sybil B. G. Eysenck, Hans Jürgen Eysenck Paul Barrett 1985. A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences 6 1: 21-29. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnaire Hidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 2 September 2008, at 13:11
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