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14-September-2008 12:50:33 - Fetter Buddhism Part of a series on Buddhism Portal History Major Figures Practices Countries Schools Texts Related topics view full index In Buddhism, a mental fetter or chain or bond PÄ?li: samyojana, saÅ‹yojana, saññojana shackles a person to samsara, the cycle of endless suffering. By completely cutting through all fetters, one attains Nibbana Pali; Skt.: Nirvana. Contents 1 Fetter of suffering 2 Lists of fetters 2.1 Sutta Pitaka enumerations 2.2 Abhidhamma Pitaka enumerations 3 Individual fetters 3.1 Identity view sakkÄ?ya-diá¹á¹hi 3.2 Doubt vicikicchÄ? 3.3 Attachment to rites and rituals sÄ«labbata-parÄ?mÄ?so 4 Cutting through the fetters 5 Relationship to other core concepts 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography Fetter of suffering Throughout the Pali canon, the word fetter is used to describe an intrapsychic phenomenon that ties one to suffering. For instance, in the Khuddaka Nikaya's Itivuttaka 1.15, the Buddha states: Monks, I don't envision even one other fetter - fettered by which beings conjoined go wandering transmigrating on for a long, long time - like the fetter of craving. Fettered with the fetter of craving, beings conjoined go wandering transmigrating on for a long, long time.1 Elsewhere, the suffering caused by a fetter is implied as in this more technical discourse from SN 35.232, where Ven. Sariputta converses with Ven. Kotthita: Ven. Kotthita: How is it, friend Sariputta, is ... the ear the fetter of sounds or are sounds the fetter of the ear?... Ven. Sariputta: Friend Kotthita, the ... ear is not the fetter of sounds nor are sounds the fetter of the ear, but rather the desire and lust that arise there in dependence on both: that is the fetter there....2 Lists of fetters The two best known lists are enumerations of ten fetters, one found in the Sutta Pitaka and the other associated with the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Variations on these exists as well. Sutta Pitaka enumerations The Pali canon identifies ten fetters:3 belief in an individual self Pali: sakkÄ?ya-diá¹á¹hi4 doubt or uncertainty, especially about the teachings vicikicchÄ?5 attachment to rites and rituals sÄ«labbata-parÄ?mÄ?so6 sensual desire kÄ?macchando7 ill will vyÄ?pÄ?do or byÄ?pÄ?do8 lust for material existence, lust for material rebirth rÅ«parÄ?go9 lust for immaterial existence arÅ«parÄ?go pride in self, conceit, arrogance mÄ?no10 restlessness, distraction uddhaccaÅ‹11 ignorance avijjÄ?12 Uniquely, MN 54, the Householder Potaliya Sutta,13 identifies eight fetters which include three of the Five Precepts as: destroying life pÄ?ṇÄ?tipÄ?to stealing adinnÄ?dÄ?naṃ false speech musÄ?vÄ?do slandering pisunÄ? coveting and greed giddhilobho aversion nindÄ?roso anger and malice kodhÅ«pÄ?yÄ?so conceit atimÄ?no. Abhidhamma Pitaka enumerations The Abhidhamma Pitaka's Dhamma Sangani Dhs. 1113-34 provides an alternate list of ten fetters, also found in the Khuddaka Nikaya's Culla Niddesa Nd2 656, 1463 and in post-canonical commentaries. This enumeration is:14 sensual lust Pali: kÄ?ma-rÄ?ga - similar to kÄ?macchando anger paá¹igha - perhaps similar to vyÄ?pÄ?do pride in self mÄ?na views diá¹á¹hi - presumably similar to sakkÄ?ya-diá¹á¹hi doubt vicikicchÄ? rites and rituals sÄ«labbataparÄ?mÄ?sa lust for existence bhavarÄ?ga - perhaps including both rÅ«parÄ?go and arÅ«parÄ?go jealousy issÄ? greed macchariya ignorance avijjÄ?. The Dhamma Sangani Dhs. 1002-1006 also refers to the three Fetters as the first three in the aforementioned Sutta Pitaka list of ten: belief in an individual self sakkÄ?ya-diá¹á¹hi doubt vicikicchÄ? attachment to rites and rituals sÄ«labbata-parÄ?mÄ?so15 Individual fetters The following fetters are the first three mentioned in the aforementioned Sutta Pitaka list of ten fetters and those mentioned in the Abhidhamma Pitaka's list of three fetters Dhs. 1002 ff.. As indicated below, eradication of these three fetters is a canonical indicator of one's being irreversibly on the path to Enlightenment. Identity view sakkÄ?ya-diá¹á¹hi Etymologically, kÄ?ya means body, sakkÄ?ya means existing body, and diá¹á¹hi means view often implying a wrong view, in Buddhism, as exemplified by the views in the table below. In general, belief in an individual self or, more simply, self view refers to a belief that in one or other of the khandhas there is a permanent entity, an attÄ?.16 Similarly, in MN 2, the Sabbasava Sutta, the Buddha describes a fetter of views in the following manner: The Views of Six Samana in the Pali Canon based on the SÄ?maññaphala Sutta1 Question: Is it possible to point out the fruit of the contemplative life, visible in the here and now?1 samaṇa view diá¹á¹hi PÅ«raṇa Kassapa Amoralism: denies any reward or punishment for either good or bad deeds. Makkhali GosÄ?la Fatalism: we are powerless; suffering is pre-destined. Ajita KesakambalÄ« Materialism: with death, all is annihilated. Pakudha KaccÄ?yana Eternalism: Matter, pleasure, pain and the soul are eternal and do not interact. Nigaṇá¹ha NÄ?taputta Restraint: be endowed with, cleansed by and suffused with the avoidance of all evil.2 Sañjaya Belaá¹á¹haputta Agnosticism: I don't think so. I don't think in that way or otherwise. I don't think not or not not. Notes: 1. DN 2 Thanissaro, 1997; Walshe, 1995, pp. 91-109. 2. DN-a ÑÄ?ṇamoli Bodhi, 1995, pp. 1258-59, n. 585. This is how a person of wrong view attends inappropriately: 'Was I in the past? ... Shall I be in the future? ... Am I? Am I not? What am I? ...' As he attends inappropriately in this way, one of six kinds of view arises in him: ... 'I have a self...' 'I have no self...' 'It is precisely by means of self that I perceive self...' 'It is precisely by means of self that I perceive not-self...' 'It is precisely by means of not-self that I perceive self...' 'This very self of mine ... is the self of mine that is constant...' This is called a thicket of views, a wilderness of views, a contortion of views, a writhing of views, a fetter of views. Bound by a fetter of views, the uninstructed ... is not freed, I tell you, from suffering stress.17 Doubt vicikicchÄ? In general, doubt refers to doubt about the Buddha's teachings, the Dhamma. Alternate contemporaneous teachings are represented in the table to the right. More specifically, in SN 22.84, the Tissa Sutta,18 the Buddha explicitly cautions against uncertainty regarding the Noble Eightfold Path, which is described as the right path to Nibbana, leading one past ignorance, sensual desire, anger and despair. Attachment to rites and rituals sÄ«labbata-parÄ?mÄ?so SÄ«la refers to moral conduct, vata or bata to religious duty, observance, rite, practice, custom,19 and parÄ?mÄ?sa to being attached to or a contagion and has the connotation of mishandling the Dhamma.20 Altogether, sÄ«labbata-parÄ?mÄ?so has been translated as the contagion of mere rule and ritual, the infatuation of good works, the delusion that they suffice21 or, more simply, falling back on attachment to precepts and rules.22 While the fetter of doubt can be seen as pertaining to the teachings of competing samana during the times of the Buddha, this fetter regarding rites and rituals likely refers to some practices of contemporary brahmanic authorities.23 Cutting through the fetters Mation with the fetters Here, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu understands the eye and material forms and the fetter that arises dependent on both eye and forms; he understands how the arising of the non-arisen fetter comes to be; he understands how the abandoning of the arisen fetter comes to be; and he understands how the non-arising in the future of the abandoned fetter comes to be. And thusly he understands the ear and sounds .... the organ of smell and odors .... the organ of taste and flavors .... the organ of touch and tactual objects .... and consciousness and mental objects .... - Satipatthana Sutta MN 1024 In MN 64, the Greater Discourse to MÄ?lunkyÄ?putta, the Buddha states that the path to abandoning the five lower fetters that is, the first five of the aforementioned ten fetters is through using jhana attainment and vipassana insights in tandem.25 In SN 35.54, Abandoning the Fetters, the Buddha states that one abandons the fetters when one knows and sees ... as impermanent Pali: anicca the twelve sense bases Ä?yatana, the associated six sense-consciousness viññaṇa, and the resultant contact phassa and sensations vedanÄ?.26 Similarly, in SN 35.55, Uprooting the Fetters, the Buddha states that one uproots the fetters when one knows and sees ... as nonself anatta the sense bases, sense consciousness, contact and sensations.27 The Pali canon traditionally describes cutting through the fetters in four stages: one cuts the first three fetters Pali: tīṇi saÅ‹yojanÄ?ni to be a stream enterer sotapanna; one cuts the first three fetters and significantly weakens the next two fetters to be a once returner sakadagami; one cuts the first five fetters orambhÄ?giyÄ?ni samyojanÄ?ni to be a non-returner anagami; one cuts all ten fetters to be an arahant. Relationship to other core concepts Similar Buddhist concepts found throughout the Pali Canon include the five hindrances nÄ«varaṇÄ?ni and the ten defilements kilesÄ?. Comparatively speaking, in the Theravada tradition, fetters span multiple lifetimes and are difficult to remove, while hindrances are transitory obstacles. Defilements encompass all mental defilements including both fetters and hindrances.28 See also Anatta, regarding the first fetter sakkÄ?ya-diá¹á¹hi Four stages of enlightenment, regarding cutting the fetters Five hindrances, also involving the fourth kamacchanda, fifth vyapada, ninth uddhacca and second vicikiccha fetters Upadana Clinging, where the traditional four types of clinging are clinging to sense-pleasure kamupadana, wrong views ditthupadana, rites and rituals silabbatupadana and self-doctrine attavadupadana. Notes ^ Thanissaro 2001. ^ Bodhi 2000, p. 1230. Tangentially, in discussing the use of the concept of the fetter in the Satipatthana Sutta regarding mindfulness of the six sense bases, Bodhi 2005 references this sutta SN 35.232 as explaining what is meant by the fetter, that is, desire and lust chanda-raga. While providing this exegesis, Bodhi, 2005, also comments that the Satipatthana Sutta commentary associates the term fetter in that sutta as referring to all ten fetters. ^ These fetters are enumerated, for instance, in SN 45.179 and 45.180 Bodhi, 2000, pp. 1565-66. This article's Pali words and English translations for the ten fetters are based on Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, p. 656, SaÅ‹yojana entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, pp. 660-1, SakkÄ?ya entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 615, VicikicchÄ? entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ See, for instance, Ibid., p. 713, SÄ«la entry retrieved 2008-04-09, regarding the similar concept of sÄ«labbatupÄ?dÄ?na = sÄ«labbata-upÄ?dÄ?na, grasping after works and rites. ^ Ibid., pp. 203-4, KÄ?ma entry, and 274, Chanda entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 654, VyÄ?pÄ?da entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., pp. 574-5, RÅ«pa entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 528, MÄ?na entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 136, Uddhacca entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 85, AvijjÄ? entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ See Upalavanna undated for an English translation; and, SLTP undated for a Romanized Pali transliteration. ^ Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, p. 656, SaÅ‹yojana entry references Cula Niddesa 657, 1463, and Dhamma Sangani 1113. In fact, an entire chapter of the Dhamma Sangani is devoted to the fetters book III, ch. V, Dhs. 1113-34, see also Rhys Davids 1900, pp. 297-303. In post-canonical texts, this list can also be found in Buddhaghosa's commentary in the Papañcasudani to the Satipatthana Sutta's section regarding the six sense bases and the fetters Soma, 1998. ^ Rhys Davids 1900, pp. 256-61; also see, Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, p. 656, entry for SaÅ‹yojana retrieved 2008-04-09, regarding the tīṇi saÅ‹yojanÄ?ni. ^ Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, pp. 660-1, SakkÄ?ya entry retrieved 2008-04-09. See also, anatta. ^ Thanissaro 1997a. ^ Thanissaro 2005 ^ Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, p. 597, Vata 2 entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 421, ParÄ?mÄ?sa entry retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Ibid., p. 713, SÄ«la entry regarding the suffix bbata retrieved 2008-04-09. ^ Thanissaro 1997b. ^ For instance, see Gethin 1998, pp. 10-13, for a discussion of the Buddha in the context of the sramanic and brahmanic traditions. ^ Soma, 1998, section on The Six Internal and the Six External Sense-bases. It is worth underlining that only the fetter is abandoned, not the sense organs or sense objects. ^ ÑÄ?ṇamoli Bodhi 2001, pp. 537-41. ^ Bodhi 2000, p. 1148. ^ Bodhi 2000, p. 1148. Note that the referenced suttas MN 64, SN 35.54 and SN 35.55 can be seen as overlapping and consistent if one, for instance, infers that one needs to use jhanic attainment and vipassana insight in order to know and see the impermanence and selfless nature of the sense bases, consciousness, contact and sensations. For a correspondence between impermanence and nonself, see Three marks of existence. ^ Gunaratana 2003, dhamma talk entitled Dhamma Satipatthana - Ten Fetters. Bibliography Bodhi, Bhikkhu 2000. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-331-1. Bodhi, Bhikkhu 18 Jan 2005. MN 10: Satipatthana Sutta continued Ninth dharma talk on the Satipatthana Sutta MP3 audio file. Available on-line at http://www.bodhimonastery.net/MP3/M0060_MN-010.mp3. Gethin, Rupert 1998. The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289223-1. Gunaratana, Henepola 2003. Satipatthana Sutta Dharma talks MP3 on CD. High View, WV: Bhavana Society. Orderable on-line at http://www.bhavanasociety.org/resource/satipatthana_sutta_cd/. ÑÄ?ṇamoli, Bhikkhu Bhikkhu Bodhi 2001. The Middle Length Discourse of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima NikÄ?ya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-072-X. Rhys Davids, C.A.F. 1900, 2003. Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original PÄ?li, of the First Book of the Abhidhamma-Piá¹aka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi Compendium of States or Phenomena. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-4702-9. Rhys Davids, T.W. William Stede eds. 1921-5. The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. Soma Thera 1998 6th rev. ed.. The Way of Mindfulness: The Satipatthana Sutta and Its Commentary. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/soma/wayof.html. Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series SLTP undated. Potaliya suttaṃ in Pali MN 54. Available on-line at http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima2/054-potaliya-p.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 1997a. Sabbasava Sutta: All the Fermentations MN 2. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.002.than.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 1997. Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life DN 2. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html. Thanissaro, Bhikkhu trans. 1997b. Sona Sutta: About Sona AN 6.55. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.055.than.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 2001. The Group of Ones § 15 Iti. 1.15. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.1.001-027.than.html#iti-015. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 2005. Tissa Sutta: Tissa SN 22.84. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.084.than.html. Upalavanna, Sister trans. undated. To The Householder Potaliya MN 54. Available on-line at http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima2/054-potaliya-e1.html. Walshe, Maurice O'Connell trans. 1995. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the DÄ«gha NikÄ?ya. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. 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