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14-September-2008 12:50:33 - Precepts Part of a series on Buddhism Portal of Buddhism History Timeline - Buddhist councils Major Figures Gautama Buddha Disciples · Later Buddhists Concepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Karma - Nirvana Three marks of existence Skandha · Cosmology Samsara · Rebirth · Dharma Dependent Origination Practices and Attainment Buddhahood · Bodhisattva Four Stages of Enlightenment PÄ?ramitÄ?s · Mation · Laity Precepts · Three Jewels Countries and Regions Bhutan · Cambodia · China India · Indonesia · Japan Korea · Laos · Malaysia Mongolia · Burma · Nepal Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam Western countries Schools TheravÄ?da · MahÄ?yÄ?na VajrayÄ?na Early and Pre-sectarian Texts Pali Canon · Tibetan Canon Chinese Canon Related topics Comparative Studies Cultural elements This box: view talk Translations of pañcasÄ«lÄ?ni English: five precepts, five virtues Pali: pañcasÄ«lÄ?ni Sanskrit: pañcaśīlÄ?ni Sinhala: පන්සිල් Burmese: ပဉ်စသီလ or ငါးပါးသီလ pyì̃saÌ° θìlaÌ° pyinsa. thila. or ŋá bá θìlaÌ° nga: ba: thila. Chinese: 五戒 Cantonese Jyutping: ng5 gaai3 pinyin: wÇ”jiè Japanese: 五戒 rÅ?maji: go kai Thai: ศีลห้า Buddhism Glossary view talk The Five Precepts Pali: pañca-sÄ«la; Sanskrit: pañca-śīla1 constitute the basic Buddhist code of ethics, undertaken by lay followers of the Buddha Gautama in the Theravada and Mahayana traditions. The Five Precepts are commitments to abstain from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Undertaking the five precepts is part of both lay Buddhist initiation and regular lay Buddhist devotional practices. The Buddha is said to have taught the five precepts out of compassion, and for the betterment of society. Thus they are to be undertaken voluntarily rather than as commandments from a god. The precepts are intended to help a Buddhist live free from remorse, so that they can progress more easily on the Path. Contents 1 Pali texts 1.1 Pali training rules 1.2 Elaboration 1.3 Motivation 2 Chinese texts 3 Other precepts 3.1 Eight Precepts 3.2 Ten Precepts 4 Traditional praxis 5 Interpretations 6 References 7 See also 8 External links Pali texts Pali literature provides the scriptures and commentary for traditional Theravadin practice. Pali training rules The following are the five precepts pañca-sikkhÄ?pada2 or five virtues pañca-sÄ«la rendered in English and Pali: 1. I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking life. PÄ?ṇÄ?tipÄ?tÄ? veramaṇī sikkhÄ?padaṃ samÄ?diyÄ?mi. 2. I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking what is not given. AdinnÄ?dÄ?nÄ? veramaṇī sikkhÄ?padaṃ samÄ?diyÄ?mi. 3. I undertake the training rule to abstain from sexual misconduct. KÄ?mesu micchÄ?cÄ?ra veramaṇī sikkhÄ?padaṃ samÄ?diyÄ?mi. 4. I undertake the training rule to abstain from false speech. MusÄ?vÄ?da veramaṇī sikkhÄ?padaṃ samÄ?diyÄ?mi. 5. I undertake the training rule to abstain from drinks and drugs that cause heedlessness.3 SurÄ?-meraya-majja-pamÄ?daá¹á¹hÄ?nÄ? veramaṇī sikkhÄ?padaṃ samÄ?diyÄ?mi.4 Elaboration In the Pali Canon, the following typifies elaborations that frequently accompany these identified training rules: ... There is the case where a certain person, abandoning the taking of life, abstains from the taking of life. He dwells with his rod laid down, his knife laid down, scrupulous, merciful, compassionate for the welfare of all living beings. Abandoning the taking of what is not given, he abstains from taking what is not given. He does not take, in the manner of a thief, things in a village or a wilderness that belong to others and have not been given by them. Abandoning sensual misconduct, he abstains from sensual misconduct. He does not get sexually involved with those who are protected by their mothers, their fathers, their brothers, their sisters, their relatives, or their Dhamma; those with husbands, those who entail punishments, or even those crowned with flowers by another man.... ... There is the case where a certain person, abandoning false speech, abstains from false speech. When he has been called to a town meeting, a group meeting, a gathering of his relatives, his guild, or of the royalty, if he is asked as a witness, 'Come tell, good man, what you know': If he doesn't know, he says, 'I don't know.' If he does know, he says, 'I know.' If he hasn't seen, he says, 'I haven't seen.' If he has seen, he says, 'I have seen.' Thus he doesn't consciously tell a lie for his own sake, for the sake of another, or for the sake of any reward. Abandoning false speech, he abstains from false speech....5 According to the Buddha, killing, stealing, sexual misconduct and lying are never skillful.6 Motivation In the Abhisandha Sutta AN 8.39, the Buddha said that undertaking the precepts is a gift to oneself and others: ... In undertaking the five precepts, he gives freedom from danger, freedom from animosity, freedom from oppression to limitless numbers of beings. In giving freedom from danger, freedom from animosity, freedom from oppression to limitless numbers of beings, he gains a share in limitless freedom from danger, freedom from animosity, and freedom from oppression. This is the ... gift, the ... great gift - original, long-standing, traditional, ancient, unadulterated, unadulterated from the beginning - that is not open to suspicion, will never be open to suspicion, and is unfaulted by knowledgeable contemplatives priests. This is the ... reward of merit, reward of skillfulness, nourishment of happiness, celestial, resulting in happiness, leading to heaven, leading to what is desirable, pleasurable, appealing; to welfare to happiness.7 In the next canonical discourse, the Buddha described the minimal negative consequences of breaking the precepts.8 Chinese texts The Chinese version as found in the Supplement to the Canon 續è—?經 Xùzà ng JÄ«ng hardly differs from the Pali:citation needed As the Buddha refrained from killing until the end of his life, so I too will refrain from killing until the end of my life. 如諸佛盡壽ä¸?殺生，我æŸ?甲亦盡壽ä¸?殺生 As the Buddha refrained from stealing until the end of his life, so I too will refrain from stealing until the end of my life. 如諸佛盡壽ä¸?å?·ç›œï¼Œæˆ‘æŸ?甲亦盡壽ä¸?å?·ç›œ As the Buddha refrained from sexual misconduct until the end of his life, so I too will refrain from sexual misconduct until the end of my life. 如諸佛盡壽ä¸?淫欲，我æŸ?甲亦盡壽ä¸?邪淫 As the Buddha refrained from false speech until the end of his life, so I too will refrain from false speech until the end of my life. 如諸佛盡壽ä¸?妄語；我æŸ?甲亦盡壽ä¸?妄語 As the Buddha refrained from alcohol until the end of his life, so I too will refrain from alcohol until the end of my life. 如諸佛盡壽ä¸?飲酒，我æŸ?甲亦盡壽ä¸?飲酒 Other precepts Different Buddhist traditions adhere to other lists of precepts that have some overlap with the Five Precepts. The precise wording and application of any of these vows is different by tradition. Eight Precepts Lay Theravada Practices daily Offerings · Bows 3 Refuges · 5 Precepts Chanting · Mation Giving uposatha 8 Precepts Support Monastics other Pilgrimage view talk The Eight Precepts are the precepts for Buddhist lay men and women who wish to practice a bit more strictly than the usual five precepts for Buddhists. The eight precepts focus both on avoiding morally bad behaviour, and on leading a more ascetic lifestyle. The five precepts, however, focus only on avoiding morally bad behaviour. In Theravada Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka and Thailand, Buddhist laymen and laywomen will often spend one day a week on the Uposatha days: the new moon, first-quarter moon, full moon and last-quarter moon days living in the monastery, and practicing the eight precepts. The Buddha gave teachings on how the eight precepts are to be practiced,9 and on the right and wrong ways of practicing the eight precepts.10 I undertake to abstain from taking life both human and nonhuman. I undertake to abstain from taking what is not given stealing. I undertake to abstain from all sexual activity. I undertake to abstain from telling lies. I undertake to abstain from using intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to carelessness. I undertake to abstain from eating at the wrong time the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon. I undertake to abstain from singing, dancing, playing music, attending entertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmetics and garlands decorative accessories. I undertake to abstain from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping. Ten Precepts The Ten Precepts Pali: dasasila or samanerasikkha may refer to the precepts training rules for Buddhist samaneras novice monks and samaneris novice nuns. They are used in most Buddhist schools. Refrain from killing living things. Refrain from stealing. Refrain from un-chastity sensuality, sexuality, lust. Refrain from lying. Refrain from taking intoxicants. Refrain from taking food at inappropriate times after noon. Refrain from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs performances. Refrain from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland decorative accessories. Refrain from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds. Refrain from accepting money. Traditional praxis The laity undertake to follow these training rules at the same time as they become Buddhists. In Mahayana countries a lay practitioner who has undertaken the precepts is called an upasaka. In Theravada countries any lay follower is in theory called an upasaka or upasika, feminine, though in practice everyone is expected to take the precepts anyway. Additionally, traditional Theravada lay devotional practice puja includes the daily taking of refuge in the Triple Gem and undertaking to observe the five precepts. Interpretations The precepts are considered differently in a Mahayana context to that of the Theravada school of thought. According to Theravada, killing, stealing, sexual misconduct and lying are never skillful11, but Mahayana schools consider this a beginners view.12 The reason for this is because Theravada rejects any realisation of non-duality in favour of the Pali Canon alone. In the written form, the precepts may appear to be similar to the Judeo-Christian commandments. However to the Mahayana schools, the first precept for example does not mean thou shall not kill. Rather, the precept of not killing highlights with deeper understanding that one cannot see things in these terms. That is to say one cannot find anything fixed to call a victim, nor a specific entity that one can call a killer. In fact, one can find nothing fixed at all. It is this flux that the precepts point to. By engaging these precepts, one is engaging in the effort to be awake in the non conceptual, non dualistic reality. Contemporary Theravada scholar monk Bhikkhu Bodhi takes that position that, while non-dualistic philosophies assert that enlightened beings are beyond the proscriptions of conventional moral codes, in the Pali canon the Buddha's teaching maintains a clear distinction between moral and immoral behaviors, a distinction that applies as much to the arahant as to the layperson.13 An arahant would rather die than intentionally kill an insect.citation needed References ^ In Pali and Sanskrit, five precepts is more literally translated as pañca-sikkhÄ?pada and pañca-sikÅ›Ä?pada, respectively. Thus, for instance, Harvey 2007, p. 199 translates pañca-sÄ«la as five virtues. ^ As indicated in the translation below, sikkhÄ?pada is also translated as training rule e.g., Gunaratana, 2007 and rule of training e.g., Harvey, 2007, p. 199; and, Khantipalo, 1982/95. ^ Based on Gunaratana 2007. Gunaratana includes this translation of the Five Precepts within the context of what he refers to as the Eight Lifetime Precepts. ^ The Pali can be found, for instance, in Elgiriye Indaratana 2002, p. 2. ^ AN 10.176 Thanissaro, 1997b. ^ Thanissaro 2006. Thanissaro, in part, references MN 9, SammÄ?-diá¹á¹hi Sutta, to support this statement. ^ AN 8.39 Thanissaro, 1997a. ^ AN 8.40 Thanissaro, 1997c. ^ Anguttara Nikaya 8.43 ^ Anguttara Nikaya 3.70 ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu, Getting the Message article link at Access to Insight ^ For instance, Aitken 1984, pp. 16 passim., refers to three frameworks used by Zen teachers: the Hinayana or literal view the Mahayana or compassionate view the Buddha-nature or essential view. Aitken 1984, p. 16 cautions though that these terms should not be confused in this usage with sectarian or geographic interpretatons. They refer to attitudes, not necessarily to beliefs of people living in Sri Lanka or Japan. ^ Bodhi 1994-95/98. In referring to philosophies of non-duality, Bodhi parenthetically identifies particularly in Hindu and Buddhist Tantra and subsequently alludes to the notion of crazy wisdom that, for instance, was popularized by Chogyam Trungpa. Aitken, Robert 1984. The Mind of Clover: Essays in Zen Buddhist Ethics. NY: North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-158-4. Bhikkhu Bodhi 1994-95. Dhamma and Non-duality. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-11-09 from Access to Insight 1998 at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_27.html. Bhante Gunaratana 2007. Taking the Eight Lifetime Precepts. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Bhavana Society at http://www.bhavanasociety.org/resource/taking_the_eight_lifetme_precepts/. Elgiriye Indaratana Maha Thera 2002. VandanÄ?: The Album of PÄ?ḷi Devotional Chanting Hymns. Penang, Malaysia: Mahindarama Dhamma Publication. Retrieved 2008-02-16 from Buddha Dharma Education Association at http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/vandana02.pdf. Harvey, Peter 2007. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31333-3. Khantipalo 1982. Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence Wheel No. 206/207. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Access to Insight 1995 at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 1997a. Abhisanda Sutta: Rewards AN 8.39. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Access to Insight at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.039.than.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 1997b. Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta: To Cunda the Silversmith AN 10.176. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Access to Insight at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.176.than.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 1997c. Vipaka Sutta: Results AN 8.40. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Access to Insight at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.040.than.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu 2006. Getting the Message. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Access to Insight at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/gettingmessage.html. 1 In This Very Life: The Liberation Teachings of the Buddha by Sayadaw U. Pandita, A Buddhist Library 1992 See also Anagarika - one who keeps the Eight Precepts on a more permanent basis, or as preparation to ordain. Dhammika Sutta Jukai Patimokkha - 227 rules for monks bhikkhus and 311 for nuns bhikkhunis Samanera Samaneri External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Five Precepts Bullitt, John T. 2005. The Five Precepts: Pañca-sila. Retrieved 2008-02-15 from Access to Insight at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/pancasila.html. 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