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14-September-2008 12:50:33 - psychology Flow is the mental state of operation in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing by a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity. Proposed by positive psychologist Mihály CsÃkszentmihályi, the concept has been widely referenced across a variety of fields.1 Colloquial terms for this or similar mental states include: to be on the ball, in the zone, or in the groove. Contents 1 Components of flow 2 Etymology 3 Group flow 4 Applications 4.1 Applications suggested by CsÃkszentmihályi versus other practitioners 4.2 Education 4.3 Music 4.4 Sports 4.5 Religion and spirituality 4.6 Gaming 4.7 Professions and work 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Notations 7 External links Components of flow CsÃkszentmihályi identifies the following as accompanying an experience of flow: Clear goals expectations and rules are discernible and goals are attainable and align appropriately with one's skill set and abilities. Concentrating and focusing, a high degree of concentration on a limited field of attention a person engaged in the activity will have the opportunity to focus and to delve deeply into it. A loss of the feeling of self-consciousness, the merging of action and awareness. Distorted sense of time, one's subjective experience of time is altered. Direct and immediate feedback successes and failures in the course of the activity are apparent, so that behavior can be adjusted as needed. Balance between ability level and challenge the activity is neither too easy nor too difficult. A sense of personal control over the situation or activity. The activity is intrinsically rewarding, so there is an effortlessness of action. People become absorbed in their activity, and focus of awareness is narrowed down to the activity itself, action awareness merging.2 Not all are needed for flow to be experienced. Young boy, painting a model Young boy, painting a model Etymology Flow is so named because during CsÃkszentmihályi's 1975 interviews several people described their 'flow' experiences using the metaphor of a water current carrying them along.2 The psychological concept of flow as becoming absorbed in an activity is thus unrelated to the older phrase to go with the flow which means to conform. Group flow CsÃkszentmihályi suggests several ways in which a group could work together so that each individual member could achieve flow. The characteristics of such a group include: Creative spatial arrangements: Chairs, pin walls, charts, but no tables; thus work primarily standing and moving. Playground design: Charts for information inputs, flow graphs, project summary, craziness here also craziness has a place, safe place here all may say what is otherwise only thought, result wall, open topics Parallel, organized working Target group focus Advancement of existing one prototyping Increase in efficiency through visualization Existence of differences among participants represents an opportunity, rather than an obstacle. Applications Applications suggested by CsÃkszentmihályi versus other practitioners It is worth noting that only CsÃkszentmihályi seems to have published suggestions for extrinsic applications of the Flow concept, such as design methods for playgrounds to elicit the Flow experience. Other practitioners of CsÃkszentmihályi's Flow concept focus on intrinsic applications, such as spirituality, performance improvement or self-help. Reinterpretations of CsÃkszentmihályi's Flow process exist to improve performance in areas as diverse as business 1, piano improvisation, sport psychology 2, and standup comedy 3. Education In education, there is the concept of overlearning which seems to be an important factor in this technique, in that CsÃkszentmihályi3 states that overlearning enables the mind to concentrate on visualizing the desired performance as a singular, integrated action instead of a set of actions. Music Musicians, especially improvisational soloists can experience a similar state of mind while playing their instrument. Sports The concept of being in the zone during an athletic performance fits within CsÃkszentmihályi's description of the Flow experience, and theories and applications of being in the zone and its relationship with athletic competitive advantage are topics studied in the field of sport psychology.4 Timothy Gallwey's influential works on the inner game of sports such as golf and tennis described the mental coaching and attitudes which were required to get into the zone and so fully internalise mastery of the sport.5 Roy Palmer suggests that being in the zone may also influence movement patterns as better integration of the conscious and subconscious reflex functions improves coordination. Many athletes describe the effortless nature of their performance whilst achieving personal bests - see references. The legendary football player Pelé described his experience of being in the zone: I felt a strange calmness.. . a kind of euphoria. I felt I could run all day without tiring, that I could dribble through any of their team or all of them, that I could almost pass through them physically.4 Another example was given by Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna, who during qualifying for the 1988 Monaco Grand Prix said he felt like he was driving the car beyond his limits. I was already on pole, ... and I just kept going. Suddenly I was nearly two seconds faster than anybody else, including my team mate with the same car. And suddenly I realised that I was no longer driving the car consciously. I was driving it by a kind of instinct, only I was in a different dimension. It was like I was in a tunnel. Not only the tunnel under the hotel but the whole circuit was a tunnel. I was just going and going, more and more and more and more. I was way over the limit but still able to find even more. Often in sports broadcasting an announcer will use one sports metaphor to describe another sport's moment. One example could be 'this guy is a home run hitter' referring to a powerful running back in football. Current sportscaster and long time NFL quarterback Phil Simms said something similar to this when asked about his performance in Super Bowl XXI. It's my favorite game in my career, because it's everything I always wanted to be as a player. I wanted to be tough, making big throws, immune to pressure, not worried about outcomes. It was truly like standing on the tee box in golf and there's trees on each side and water and you just go 'Man, I'm gonna rip it down the middle.' And no other thought crosses your mind. This is exactly what Csikszentmihalyi means in regard to flow. Simms was immune to pressure, not worried about outcomes. It is a perfect example of optimal experience and the uses of talent. A good quarterback has the greatest game of his life in the biggest game of his life. When challenges and skills are simultaneously above average, a broadly positive experience emerges.6 Simms threw 22 completions out of 25 attempts for 268 yards and many still say it was the best game ever by a quarterback on the grandest stage. He had maximum concentration. Csikszentmihalyi and Jeremy Hunter state that concentration is a vital element in becoming completely involved with the present. So one must concentrate to achieve flow. Also a sense of control is vital to earning a flow state. Control, however, seems simultaneously effortless and masterful. Control and concentration also manifest with a transcendence of normal awareness. One aspect of this transcendence is the loss of self-consciousness.7 Simply put, an athlete's focus is so intense and play elevated, they're unstoppable. Religion and spirituality CsÃkszentmihályi may have been the first to describe this concept in Western psychology, but as he himself readily acknowledges he was most certainly not the first to quantify the concept of Flow or develop applications based on the concept. For millennia, practitioners of Eastern religions such as Buddhism and Taoism have honed the discipline of overcoming the duality of self and object as a central feature of spiritual development. Eastern spiritual practitioners have developed a very thorough and holistic set of theories around overcoming duality of self and object, tested and refined through spiritual practice instead of the systematic rigor and controls of modern science. The phrase being at one with things is a metaphor of CsÃkszentmihályi's Flow concept. Practitioners of the varied schools of Zen Buddhism apply concepts similar to Flow to aid their mastery of art forms, including, in the case of Japanese Zen Buddhism, Aikido, Kendo and Ikebana. Gaming Game designers, particularly video and computer games, benefit from integration of Flow principles into gameplay design.8 Professions and work Developers of computer software reference getting into a flow state when developing in an undistracted state. 9 Stock market operators often use the term in the pipe to describe the psychological state of flow when trading during high volume days and market corrections. See also Creativity Hyperfocus Imagination Improvisation Mindfullness Motivation Mushin Play Prayer Spirituality Taoism Trance References Footnotes ^ Citations of CsÃkszentmihályi's 1990 book about flow on Google Scholar ^ a b CsÃkszentmihályi, Mihály 1975. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0875892612. ^ CsÃkszentmihályi, Mihály 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience'. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-092043-2. ^ Janet A Young, Michelle D Pain. The Zone: Evidence of a Universal Phenomenon for Athletes Across Sports. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. ^ Timothy Galwey 1976. Inner Tennis - Playing the Game. ^ Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly 1988 Optimal Experience Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. 323. ^ Hunter, Jeremy and Csikszentmihalyi 2000The Phenomenology of Body-Mind: The Contrasting Cases of Flow in Sports and Contemplation. Anthropology of Consciousness, Vol. 11 No. 3-4 p 15. ^ Chen, J. 2008 Flow in Games. Extracted 05/16/2008 from http://www.jenovachen.com/flowingames/introduction.htm ^ Rollinson, W. 2008 Email - the curse of productivity. Extracted 05/16/2008 from http://blogs.msdn.com/imtesty/archive/2008/05/01/email-the-curse-of-productivity.aspx Notations CsÃkszentmihályi, Mihály 1996. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-092820-4 CsÃkszentmihályi, Mihály 1998. Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02411-4 a popular exposition emphasizing technique CsÃkszentmihályi, Mihály 2003. Good Business: Leadership, Flow, and the Making of Meaning. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-200409-X Egbert, Joy 2003, A Study of Flow Theory in the Foreign Language Classroom, The Modern Language Journal 874: 499-518 . Jackson, Susan A. CsÃkszentmihályi, Mihály 1999. Flow in Sports: The Keys to Optimal Experiences and Performances. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers. ISBN 0-88011-876-8 Mainemelis, Charalampos 2001, When the Muse Takes It All: A Model for the Experience of Timelessness in Organizations, The Academy of Management Review 264: 548-565 . Shainberg, Lawrence 1989-04-09, FINDING 'THE ZONE', New York Times Magazine, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0DD1E3FF93AA35757C0A96F948260scp=1sq=pele+%22felt+a+strange+calmness%22st=nyt External links Flow Resources Designed to promote understanding of flow experiences in sport and other physical activity or performance domains. flOw A flash based implementation of flow theory and immersion in a game format FlowTheory.com An MSc dissertation exploring the importance of website usability from a business perspective; contains a section on flow Solving Procrastination an application of Flow to solving procrastination by Kevin Chiu Archetype Writing The Right-Brain/Left-Brain Myth and Flow looks at the neurology behind flow. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Flow_psychology Categories: Positive psychology | Educational psychology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Nederlands 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 16:40
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