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14-September-2008 12:50:33 - Folk religion August 2007 Folk religion consists of beliefs, superstitions and rituals transmitted from generation to generation in a specific culture. It could be contrasted with an organized religion or historical religion in which founders, creed, theology and ecclesiastical organizations are present. In contrast, ethnic religion refers to the religious practices particular to a certain ethnicity. Folk religion and ethnic religion alike are characterized by the absence of proselytization, membership being, as a rule, equivalent to ethnicity. The folk religion with the largest number of adherents is the Chinese folk religion, accounting for some 6% of world population. Various primal indigenous religions animism, shamanism account for another 4%, but elements of folk religion exist as part of all religious traditions and should be regarded as popular currents as opposed to a theological or institutionalized rather than as separate religions, so that folk religion, like superstition, is a phenomenon present in every society. Contents 1 Folk religion 1.1 Examples 2 Ethnic religion 3 Neopagan revivals 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature 7 External links Folk religion Folk religion can also be thought of as the practice of religion by lay people outside of the control of clergy or the supervision of theologians e.g. outside of organized religion. Don Yoder has defined folk religion as the totality of all those views and practices of religion that exist among the people apart from and alongside the strictly theological and liturgical forms of the official religion. There is occasionally tension between the practice of folk religion and the formally taught doctrines and teachings of a faith. For folk religion to be a meaningful category, there must be an institutional religion with a traditional teaching or professional clergy to contrast it against; in cultures that lack these things, it is difficult to speak of folk religion as a meaningful category. 1 The term is also applied to the blending of folk practice with those of major religions, so that folk practices among people in Christian countries are called folk Christianity, in Islamic countries folk Islam, and so on. The term is also used, especially by the clergy of the faiths involved, to describe the desire of people who otherwise infrequently attend religious worship, do not belong to a church or similar religious society, and who have not made a formal profession of faith in a particular creed, to have religious weddings or funerals, or among Christians to have their children baptised. 2 Folk religion answers human needs for reassurance in times of trouble, and many of its rituals are aimed at mundane goals like seeking healing or averting misfortune. Many elements of folk religion stem from animistic or fetishistic practices, which is almost inevitable given its mundane goals and ritualistic nature. Folk religion also often aims at divination to foresee the future. The line is often blurry between the practice of folk religion and the practice of magic. see magic and religion Examples Popular theophanies, and similar phenomena like Marian apparitions, originating outside the formal liturgy and hierarchy of the faiths in question. Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena ancestor worship amulets, protective qualities ascribed to religious objects like the Bible or a crucifix; hex signs animism, or belief in spiritual beings associated with landscape or specific human domains belief in traditional systems of magic hoodoo, voodoo, pow-wow, Benedicaria, Palo Monte and Santería blessing of animals and crops fertility rites, food, vehicles, buildings etc. superstition, rituals to ward off the Evil Eye, curses, demons, witchcraft etc. Ethnic religion Main article: Ethnic religion Ethnic religions may include officially sanctioned and organized civil religions with an organized clergy, but they are characterized in that adherents generally are defined by their ethnicity, and conversion essentially equates to cultural assimilation to the people in question. Contrasted to this are imperial cults that are defined by political influence detached from ethnicity. In antiquity, religion was one defining factor of ethnicity, along with language, regional customs, national costume, etc. As Xenophanes famously comments: Men make gods in their own image; those of the Ethiopians are black and snub-nosed, those of the Thracians have blue eyes and red hair. Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 7.4 With the rise of Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, ethnic religions came to be marginalized as leftover traditions in rural areas, referred to as paganism or shirk idolatry. Neopagan revivals Further information: Paganism Further information: Polytheistic reconstructionism Baltic Lithuanian Latvian Celtic Finnish Germanic Norse, Anglo-Saxon Greek Slavic See also Animism Appalachian Granny Magic Civil religion Evolution of religion Folketro Folklore Folk medicine Magic Paganism Pre-Christian Alpine traditions Shamanism References ^ Marion Bowman, Phenomenology, Fieldwork, and Folk Religion, in Steven Sutcliffe, ed., Religion: Empirical Studies Ashgate, 2004: ISBN 0754641589, p. 3 ^ Bowman, supra, p. 4. Literature Thomas, Keith, Religion and the Decline of Magic. Studies in popular beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth century England, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson 1971. Yoder, Don, 'Toward a Definition of Folk Religion', Western Folklore 33.1 January 1974: 1-15. External links African Folk in Jamaica Folk Christianity in the Philippines Folk Islam in Somalia Introduction to Folk Religion Traditions Magazine Myths over Miami: A account of the folk religion of children living in homeless shelters in Miami, circa 1997. v d e Religion topics Major groups Abrahamic Bahá'í Faith · Christianity · Gnosticism · Islam · Judaism · Rastafari · Samaritanism Indian Ayyavazhi · Buddhism · Hinduism · Jainism · Sikhism Iranian Zoroastrianism · Manichaeanism · Yarsan · Mazdakism · Yazidi East Asian Chinese · Confucianism · Juche · Taoism · Shinto Modern Cao Dai · I-Kuan Tao · Neopaganism · Scientology · Spiritism · Tenrikyo · Unitarian Universalism Ethnic / Folk African · Albanian · Afro-American · Eurasian · Indigenous Australian · Native American · Pacific · Polynesian Ancient religions Prehistoric Near East Egyptian · Semitic · Mesopotamian Indo-European Celtic · Germanic · Illyro-thracian · Greek · Hellenism Gnosticism · Neoplatonism · Roman · Slavic · Vedic Hinduism Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation · Beliefs · Conversion · Denomination · Deities · God · Mation · Monasticism · Mysticism · Orthodoxy · Orthopraxy · Mythology · Priesthood · Ritual liturgy · sacrifice · Spirituality · Supernatural · Symbols · Truth Religious studies Anthropology · Comparison · Development · History · Origin · Philosophy · Psychology · Sociology · Theology · Theories · Timeline Politics Demographics · Education · Fanaticism · Fundamentalism · Growth · Left-wing / Right-wing · Minorities · National church · Neo-Fascism · Proselytism · Religious freedom · Schism · State religion · Theocracy · Violence persecution · terrorism · war Secularism and non-religion Atheism · Criticism of religion · Deconstruction · Irreligion · Nontheism · Religion and science · Secular theology · Secularization · Separation of church and state Lists Topics basic topics · Deities · Deification · Denominations · Founders · Mass gatherings · New religious movements · Scholars Religion portal List of religions and spiritual traditions Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Folk_religion Categories: Anthropology of religion | Folklore | Paganism | ReligionHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2007 | All articles lacking sources Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Deutsch 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Suomi Svenska 中文 This page was last modified on 9 September 2008, at 16:53
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