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14-September-2008 12:50:33 - Temperaments Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments with different names and greatly shaped our modern theories of temperament. Hans Eysenck was one of the first psychologists to analyze personality differences using a psycho-statistical method factor analysis, and his research led him to believe that temperament is biologically based. The factors he proposed in his book Dimensions of Personality were Neuroticism N which was the tendency to experience negative emotions, and the second was Extraversion E which was the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social ones. By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments. High N, High E = Choleric High N, Low E = Melancholic also called Melancholy/pl. -ies Low N, High E = Sanguine Low N, Low E = Phlegmatic Other researchers developed similar systems, many of which did not use the ancient temperament names, and several paired extroversion with a different factor, which would determine relationship/task-orientation. Examples are DiSC assessment, Social Styles, and a theory that adds a fifth temperament. One of the most popular today is the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, whose four temperaments were based largely on the Greek gods Apollo, Dionysus, Epimetheus and Prometheus, and were mapped to the 16 types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI. They were renamed SP=Artisan, SJ=Guardian, NF=Idealist, NT=Rational. Rather than using extroversion and introversion E/I and task/people focus, like other theories, KTS mapped the temperaments to Sensing and Intuition S/N, renamed concrete and abstract paired with a new category, Cooperative and pragmatic loosely based on Judging and Perception, or J/P. When Role-Informative and Role-Directive loosely connected with Thinking/Feeling or T/F, and corresponding to people/task-orientation, and finally E/I are factored in, you attain the 16 types. Finally, the Interaction Styles of Linda V. Berens combines Directing and Informing with E/I to form another group of styles which greatly resemble the ancient temperaments, and these are mapped together with the Keirsey Temperaments onto the 16 types. Contents 1 The four personality types 1.1 Sanguine 1.2 Choleric 1.3 Melancholic 1.4 Phlegmatic 2 Decline in popularity 3 Modern adaptations 3.1 Temperament Blends 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The four personality types Each of the four types of humours corresponded to a different personality type. Sanguine Look up sanguine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sanguine indicates the personality of an individual with the temperament of blood, the season of spring wet and hot, and the classical element of air. A person who is sanguine is generally light hearted, fun loving, a people person, loves to entertain, spontaneous and confident. However they can be arrogant, cocky and indulgent. He/She can be day-dreamy and off-task to the point of not accomplishing anything and can be impulsive, possibly acting on whims in an unpredictable fashion. This also describes the manic phase of a bipolar disorder. Also, the humour of Sanguine is usually treated with leeches. Choleric Look up choleric in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Choleric corresponds to the fluid of yellow bile, the season of summer dry and hot, and the element of fire. A person who is choleric is a doer and a leader. They have a lot of ambition, energy, and passion, and try to instill it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic types. Many great charismatic military and political figures were cholerics. On the negative side, they are easily angered or bad-tempered. A person described as bilious is mean-spirited, suspicious, and angry. This, again, is an adaptation of the old humour theory choleric. The disease Cholera gained its name from choler bile. Melancholic See also: Melancholia Look up melancholic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Melancholic is the personality of an individual characterized by black bile; hence Greek μελας, melas, black, + χολη, kholé, bile; a person who was a thoughtful ponderer had a melancholic disposition. Often very kind and considerate, melancholics can be highly creative - as in poetry and art - but also can become overly pre-occupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world, thus becoming depressed. The temperament is associated with the season of fall dry and cold and the element earth. A melancholic is also often a perfectionist, being very particular about what they want and how they want it in some cases. This often results in being unsatisfied with one's own artistic or creative works and always pointing out to themselves what could and should be improved. This temperament describes the depressed phase of a bipolar disordercitation needed. There is no bodily fluid corresponding to black bile; the medulla of the adrenal glands, which decomposes very rapidly after death, can be associated with it. Phlegmatic Look up phlegmatic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A phlegmatic person is calm and unemotional. Phlegmatic means pertaining to phlegm, corresponds to the season of winter wet and cold, and connotes the element of water. While phlegmatics are generally self-content and kind, their shy personality can often inhibit enthusiasm in others and make themselves lazy and resistant to change. They are very consistent, relaxed, rational, curious, and observant, making them good administrators and diplomats. Like the sanguine personality, the phlegmatic has many friends. However the phlegmatic is more reliable and compassionate; these characteristics typically make the phlegmatic a more dependable friend. Decline in popularity When the concept of the temperaments was on the wane, many critics dropped the phlegmatic, or defined it purely negatively, such as the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, as the absence of temperament. In the Five Temperaments theory, the classical Phlegmatic temperament is in fact deemed to be a neutral temperament, whereas the relationship-oriented introvert position traditionally held by the Phlegmatic is declared to be a new fifth temperament. Modern adaptations Christian writer Tim LaHaye has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books. 123 In Waldorf education and anthroposophy, the temperaments are used to help understand personality. They are seen as avenues into teaching, with many different types of blends, which can be utilized to help with both discipline and defining the methods used with individual children and class balance. Psychologist and writer Florence Littauer also describes the four personality types in her book Personality Plus. One of the most current assessments of the four temperaments, Personality Dimensions was created in 2003 in Canada, utilizing the work of Linda Berens, David Keirsey, et al.4 Author Rupert Thomson used the four temperaments in his dystopian novel Divided Kingdom as the basis for dividing the population of a futuristic society. Temperament Blends LaHaye believes there are twelve mixtures of the four temperaments, representing people who have the traits of two temperaments, called Mel-Chlor, Chlor-San, San-Phleg, Phleg-Mel, Mel-San, Chlor-Phleg; and the reverse of these: Chlor-Mel, San-Chlor, Phleg-San, Mel-Phleg, San-Mel, and Phleg-Chlor. The order of temperaments in these pairs was based on which temperament was the dominant one this is usually expressed by percentages. A person can also be a blend of three temperaments. Other four-type models, such as Social Styles, also have similar blends q.v., and in the five temperament theory, the blends are defined along the three areas of Inclusion, Control, and Affection. The blends expand the number of types to sixteen twelve blends of two types, plus the four pure types or more for blends of three. See also Disposition Five Temperaments Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Humorism Personality Plus References ^ LaHaye, Tim 1966. The Spirit Controlled Temperament. Tyndale Publishing. ^ LaHaye, Tim 1984. Your Temperament: Discover Its Potential. Tyndale Publishing. ISBN 0842362207. ^ LaHaye, Tim. Why You Act the Way You Do. Tyndale Publishing. ISBN 0842382127. ^ Personality Dimensions. External links Arikha, Noga 2007. Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours Helminen, Päivi 1999. Discovering Our Potential: An Introduction to Character Types Kimball, Cyndie 2001. Temperaments in a Nutshell In Our Time BBC Radio 4 episode on the four humours in MP3 format, 45 minutes Rudolf Steiner The Four Temperaments 1 |John T. Cocoris, Psy.D. Description of the 4 Primary Temperaments at fourtemperament.com |Descriptions of The Temperament Blends Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Four_Temperaments Categories: Cultural lists | Personality typologies | Personality traitsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since September 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español í•œêµì–´ עברית ქáƒ?რთული Nederlands Português СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska This page was last modified on 5 September 2008, at 22:32
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