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14-September-2008 12:50:18 - Hans Eysenck Hans Eysenck Hans Eysenck Hans Jürgen Eysenck March 4, 1916 in Berlin, Germany - September 4, 1997 in London, UK was a psychologist best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. At the time of his death, Eysenck was the living psychologist most frequently cited in science journals.1 Hans Eysenck was born in Germany, but moved to England as a young man in the 1930s because of his opposition to the Nazi party.citation needed Eysenck was the founding or of the journal Personality and Individual Differences, and authored over 50 books and over 900 academic articles. He aroused intense debate with his controversial dealing with variation in IQ among racial groups see race and intelligence.citation needed Contents 1 Life and work 1.1 Eysenck's model of personality P-E-N 1.2 Comparison with other theories 1.2.1 Psychometric scales relevant to Eysenck's theory 1.2.2 Eysenck's later work 2 Selected works 3 References 4 External links Life and work Eysenck was Professor of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry IoP from 1955 to 1983. He received his PhD from the Department of Psychology at University College London UCL under the supervision of Professor Sir Cyril Burt with whom he had a tumultuous professional relationship throughout his working life.citation needed He was a major contributor to the modern scientific theory of personality and a brilliant teacher who also played a crucial role in the establishment of behavioural treatments for mental disorders.citation needed Eysenck's work was often controversial.citation needed Publications in which Eysenck's views have roused controversy include chronologically: A paper in the 1950s 1 concluding that available data fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from neurotic disorder. A chapter in Uses and Abuses of Psychology 1953 entitled What is wrong with psychoanalysis. Race, Intelligence and Education 1971 in the US: The IQ Argument Sex, Violence and the Media 1978. Astrology - Science or Superstition? 1982 Smoking, Personality and Stress 1991 Eysenck was also criticised for accepting funding from the Pioneer Fund, a controversial organization that funds herarian research.citation needed By far the most acrimonious of the debates has been that over the role of genetics in IQ differences see intelligence quotient#Genetics vs environment, which led to Eysenck famously being punched on the nose during a talk at the London School of Economics.citation needed In his autobiography Rebel with a Cause Transaction Publishers 1997, ISBN 1-56000-938-1 Eysenck stated: I always felt that a scientist owes the world only one thing, and that is the truth as he sees it. If the truth contradicts deeply held beliefs, that is too bad. Tact and diplomacy are fine in international relations, in politics, perhaps even in business; in science only one thing matters, and that is the facts. Eysenck's model of personality P-E-N Eysenck was one of the first psychologists to study personality with the method of factor analysis, a statistical technique introduced by Charles Spearman. Eysenck's results suggested two main personality factors. The first factor was the tendency to experience negative emotions, and Eysenck referred to it as neuroticism. The second factor was the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social events, and Eysenck named it Extraversion. The two personality dimensions were described in his 1947 book Dimensions of Personality. It is common practice in personality psychology to refer to the dimensions by the first letters, E and N. E and N provided a 2-dimensional space to describe individual differences in behaviour. An analogy can be made to how latitude and longitude describe a point on the face of the earth. Also, Eysenck noted how these two dimensions were similar to the four personality types first proposed by the Greek physician Hippocrates. High N and High E = Choleric type High N and Low E = Melancholic type Low N and High E = Sanguine type Low N and Low E = Phlegmatic type The third dimension, psychoticism, was added to the model in the late 1970s, based upon collaborations between Eysenck and his wife, Sybil B. G. Eysenck,2 who is the current or of Personality and Individual Differences. The major strength of Eysenck's model was to provide detailed theory of the causes of personality.citation needed For example, Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal: introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts.3 While it seems counterintuitive to suppose that introverts are more aroused than extraverts, the putative effect this has on behaviour is such that the introvert seeks lower levels of stimulation. Conversely, the extravert seeks to heighten his or her arousal to a more optimal level as predicted by the Yerkes-Dodson Law by increased activity, social engagement and other stimulation-seeking behaviors. Comparison with other theories The major alternative to Eysenck's three factor model of personality is a model that makes use of five broad traits, often called the Big Five model see big five personality traits Costa McCrae, 1998. The traits in the Big Five are as follows: Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Extraversion and Neuroticism in the Big Five are similar to Eysenck's traits of the same name. However, what Eysenck calls the trait of Psychoticism corresponds to two traits in the Big Five model: Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. Eysenck's personality system did not address Openness to experience. He argued that his approach was a better description of personality Eysenck, 1992a; 1992b. Another important model of personality is that of Jeffrey Alan Gray, a former student of his. Eysenck always insisted that his use of the term extraversion does not correspond to the usage adopted by Carl Jung, and has also challenged the popular belief that Jung coined the term.citation needed Psychometric scales relevant to Eysenck's theory Eysenck's theory of personality is closely linked with the scales that he and his co-workers developed. These include the Maudsley Medical Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Inventory EPI, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ and Sensation Seeking Scale developed in conjunction with Marvin Zuckerman. The Eysenck Personality Profiler EPP breaks down different facets of each trait considered in the model. There has been some debate about whether these facets should include impulsivity as a facet of extraversion as Eysenck declared in his early work; or psychoticism. Eysenck declared for the latter, in later work. Eysenck's later work In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on Mainstream Science on Intelligence, an orial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal, which defended the findings on race and intelligence in The Bell Curve.4 Eysenck made early contributions to fields such as personality by express and explicit commitment to a very rigorous adherence to scientific methodology, as Eysenck believed that scientific methodology was required for progress in personality psychology. He used, for example, factor analysis, a statistical method, to support his personality model.citation needed His early work showed Eysenck to be an especially strong critic of psychoanalysis as a form of therapy, preferring behaviour therapy. Despite this strongly scientific interest, Eysenck was not shy, in later work, of giving attention to parapsychology and astrology. Indeed, he believed that empirical evidence supported the existence of paranormal abilities.5 Selected works Dimensions of Personality 1947 The Scientific Study of Personality 1952 The Structure of Human Personality 1952 and later ions Uses and Abuses of Psychology 1953 The Psychology of Politics 1954 Psychology and the Foundations of Psychiatry 1955 Sense and Nonsense in Psychology 1956 The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria 1957 Perceptual Processes and Mental Illnesses 1957 with G. Granger and J. C. Brengelmann Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory 1959 Handbook of Abnormal Psychology 1960 or, later ions Experiments in Personality 1960 two volumes, or Behaviour Therapy and Neuroses 1960 or Know Your Own I.Q. 1962 Experiments with Drugs 1963 or Experiments in Motivation 1964 or Crime and Personality 1964 and later ions Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory 1964 with S. B. G. Eysenck The Causes and Cures of Neuroses 1965 with S. Rachman Fact and Fiction in Psychology 1965 Smoking, Health and Personality 1965 Check Your Own I.Q. 1966 The Effects of Psychotherapy 1966 The Biological Basis of Personality 1967 Eysenck, H.J. Eysenck, S.B.G. 1969. Personality Structure and Measurement. London: Routledge. Readings in Extraversion/Introversion 1971 three volumes Race, Intelligence and Education 1971 in US as The IQ Argument Psychology is about People 1972 Lexicon de Psychologie 1972 three volumes, with W. Arnold and R. Meili The Inequality of Man 1973 Eysenck on Extraversion 1973 or The Measurement of Intelligence 1973 or The Experimental Study of Freudian theories 1973 with G. D. Wilson Case Histories in Behaviour Therapy 1974 or Know Your Own Personality 1975 with G. D. Wilson Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1975 with S. B. G. Eysenck A Textbook of Human Psychology 1976 with G. D. Wilson Sex and Personality 1976 The Measurement of Personality 1976 or Eysenck, H.J. Eysenck, S.B.G. 1976. Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Reminiscence, Motivation and Personality 1977 with C. D. Frith You and Neurosis 1977 Die Zukunft der Psychologie 1977 The Psychological Basis of Ideology 1978 or, with G. D. Wilson Sex Violence and the Media 1978 with D. Nias The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence 1979 The Psychology of Sex 1979 with G. D. Wilson The Causes and Effects of Smoking 1980 A Model for Personality 1981 or Mindwatching 1981 with M. W. Eysenck, and later ions The Battle for the Mind 1981 with L. J. Kamin, in US as The Intelligence Controversy Personality, Genetics and Behaviour 1982 Explaining the Unexplained 1982 with Carl Sargent H.J. Eysenck D.K.B. Nias, Astrology: Science or Superstition? Penguin Books 1982 ISBN 0-14-022397-5 A Model for Intelligence 1982 or Know Your Own Psi-Q 1983 with Carl Sargent ...'I Do'. Your Happy Guide to Marriage 1983 with B. N. Kelly Personality and Individual Differences: A Natural Science Approach 1985 with M. W. Eysenck Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire 1985 Rauchen und Gesundheit 1987 Personality Dimensions and Arousal 1987 or, with J. Strelau Theoretical Foundations of Behaviour Therapy 1988 or, with I. Martin The Causes and Cures of Criminality 1989 with G. H. Gudjonsson Genes, Culture and Personality: An Empirical Approach 1989 with L. Eaves and N. Martin Suggestion and Suggestibility 1989 or, with V. A. Gheorghiu, P. Netter, and R. Rosenthal Intelligence: A New Look 1998 Eysenck, H.J. 1992. A reply to Costa and McCrae. P or A and C - the role of theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 867-868. Eysenck, H.J. 1992. Four ways five factors are not basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 667-673. References ^ Haggbloom, S.J. 2002. The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Review of General Psychology, 6, 139-152. ^ e.g., Eysenck Eysenck, 1969; 1976 ^ Eysenck Eysenck, 1985 ^ Gottfredson, Linda December 13, 1994. Mainstream Science on Intelligence. Wall Street Journal, p A18. ^ Eysenck, H.J. 1957, Sense and Nonsense in Psychology, p.131. Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. 1998. NEO PI-R inventaire de personnalité - Révisé. Paris: ion de Centre de Psychologie Appliquée. 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Hull · Jerome Kagan · Carl Jung · Ivan Pavlov Lists Topics · Counseling · Disciplines · Psychiatric drugs · Neurological disorders · Organizations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research methods · Schools of theory · Timeline Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck Categories: Parapsychology | 1916 births | 1997 deaths | Psychologists | Personality trait theorists | Race and intelligence controversy | London School of Differential Psychology | Academics of King's College London | Intelligence researchersHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since September 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 04:35
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