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14-September-2008 12:50:18 - Hypnosis Hypnosis is a wakeful state of focused attention1 and heightened suggestibility,2 with diminished peripheral awareness.3 Asklepios, Greek god of medicine, healing, and hypnosis, was said to oversee the treatment of sick people in dream healing temples. Asklepios, Greek god of medicine, healing, and hypnosis4, was said to oversee the treatment of sick people in dream healing temples5. According to the American Psychological Association's Division 30, hypnosis may bring about ...changes in subjective experience, alterations in perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior.6 The hypnotic state may also facilitate change in the body: it has been successfully used as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome,7 as an alternative to chemical anaesthesia,8910 and it has been studied as a way to soothe skin ailments.11 Skeptics point out the difficulty distinguishing between hypnosis and the placebo effect, proposing that the state called hypnosis is so heavily reliant upon the effects of suggestion and belief that it would be hard to imagine how a credible placebo control could ever be devised for a hypnotism study.12 Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people who want to quit smoking13 and reduce stress,14 while stage hypnosis can be used to persuade people to perform unusual public feats.15 Contents 1 Uses of hypnosis 1.1 Physical applications 1.2 Psychotherapeutic applications 1.3 Other uses 2 How hypnosis works 2.1 Twentieth-century psychological theories 2.2 Brain imaging 3 References 4 Further reading 5 See also Uses of hypnosis Hypnosis has been studied in many clinical situations with varying degrees of success.16 It has been used as a painkiller,17 an adjunct to weight loss,18 a treatment of skin disease,19 and a way to soothe anxious surgical patients. It has also been used as part of psychological therapy,20 a method of habit control,21 a way to relax,22 and a tool to enhance sports performance.23 Physical applications Hypno-birthing is one popular application of hypnosis. Hypno-birthing is one popular application of hypnosis.24 A large number of clinical studies show that hypnosis can reduce the pain experienced by people undergoing burn-wound debridement, bone marrow aspirations, and childbirth. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis found that hypnosis relieved the pain of 75% of 933 subjects participating in 27 different experiments.25 In 1996, the National Institutes of Health declared hypnosis effective in reducing pain from cancer and other chronic conditions.26 Nausea and other symptoms related to incurable diseases may also be controlled with hypnosis.27282930 For example, research done at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine studied two groups of patients facing surgery for breast cancer. The group that received hypnosis reported less pain, nausea, and anxiety post-surgery. There was a cost benefit as well: the average hypnosis patient reduced the cost of treatment by an average of $772.00.31 Hypnodermatology is the practice of treating skin diseases with hypnosis: this therapy has performed well in studies treating warts, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.32 The use of hypnosis may be useful as an adjunct therapy for weight loss. A 1996 meta-analysis studying the effectiveness of hypnosis combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy found that people using both treatments lost more weight than people using CBT alone.33 Psychotherapeutic applications Main article: Autosuggestion Self-hypnosis sometimes called automaticsuggestion happens when a person hypnotizes himself or herself. The technique often used to help stay on a diet, quit smoking, reduce stress, or increase motivation. People who practice self-hypnosis sometimes require assistance when hypnotizing themselves; some people use devices known as mind machines to help them go into self-hypnosis, while others use hypnotic recordings. Self-hypnosis is said to be a skill one can improve as time goes by, with benefits like reducing stage fright, relaxing, and enhancing physical well-being.34 Professor Charcot left of Paris' Salpêtrière demonstrates hypnosis on a hysterical patient, Blanche Marie Wittman, who is supported by Dr. Joseph BabiÅ„ski. Professor Charcot left of Paris' Salpêtrière demonstrates hypnosis on a hysterical patient, Blanche Marie Wittman, who is supported by Dr. Joseph BabiÅ„ski. Main article: Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy is the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy.35 It is used by licensed physicians, psychologists, and in stand-alone environments. Physicians and psychiatrists may use hypnosis to help treat depression, anxiety, eating disorders, sleep disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder.36 Certified hypnotherapists who are not physicians or psychologists often do treatments for smoking cessation and weight loss. Success rates vary: a meta-study researching hypnosis as a quit-smoking tool found it had a 20 to 30 percent success rate, similar to many other quit-smoking methods,37 while a 2007 study of patients hospitalized for cardiac and pulmonary ailments found that smokers who used hypnosis to quit smoking doubled their chances of success.38 In a July 2001 article for Scientific American titled The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis, Michael Nash wrote that ...using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations, compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a controlled environment.25 The American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association have cautioned against the use of repressed memory therapy in cases of alleged childhood trauma, stating that it is impossible, without other corroborative evidence, to distinguish a true memory from a false one,39 and so the procedure is fraught with problems of potential misapplication.40 Past life regression, practiced by some hypnotherapists, is often viewed with skepticism.41 Other uses An Altay shaman beating a gong. Music was one way that Siberian shamans entered trance. An Altay shaman beating a gong. Music was one way that Siberian shamans entered trance.42 Stage hypnotists use trance to entertain crowds. Due to stage hypnotists' showmanship, many people believe hypnosis is a sort of mind control. However, the real power of stage hypnosis comes from people granting hypnotists the ability to take over their critical thinking.43 The desire to be the center of attention, having an excuse to violate their own inner fear suppressors and the pressure to please are thought to convince subjects to 'play along'.44page # needed Influencing crowds through common longings and yearnings by a demagogue is called mass hypnosis. Religious trance can be brought about through music and dance.45page # needed Main article: Post-hypnotic suggestion Post-hypnotic suggestion can be used to change people's behavior outside of the trance state. One author wrote that a person can act, some time later, on a suggestion seeded during the hypnotic session...A hypnotherapist told one of his patients, who was also a friend: 'When I touch you on the finger you will immediately be hypnotized.' Fourteen years later, at a dinner party, he touched him deliberately on the finger and his head fell back against the chair.46 Hypnotism has also been used in forensics, sports, education, physical therapy and rehabilitation.47 How hypnosis works Twentieth-century psychological theories The psychologist and physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who hypothesized that hypnosis was a lower-brain-function and partial sleep. The psychologist and physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who hypothesized that hypnosis was a lower-brain-function and partial sleep. In the twentieth century, psychologists who believed in hypnosis put forth theories about it ranging from the idea that it is partial sleep to the idea that it is hyper-suggestibility. Other psychologists, skeptical of hypnosis, hypothesized that the phenomenon doesn't really exist -- that so-called hypnotic effects are caused by placebo, roleplaying, or social compliance. The hypnosis believers included Pierre Janet, who proposed that hypnosis is a form of dissociation -- meaning that hypnotized people are less identified with sensory information and their own conscious minds. They also included Ivan Pavlov, who thought that hypnosis was a partial sleep dominated by lower-brain-stem mechanisms;48page # needed49; William Kroger, who hypothesized that hypnosis is a type of hyper-suggestibility brought about by focused attention; and J.D. Morgan, who put for the the idea that hypnosis is a process of enhancing or depressing the activity of the nervous system, possibly involving feedback loops.5051 Skeptics included psychologists Robert Baker and Graham Wagstaff, who have claimed that the state called hypnosis is actually a form of learned social behaviour -- a complex hybrid of social compliance, relaxation, and suggestibility.52page # needed See also Hawthorne effect, Pygmalion effect, and placebo effect. Another skeptic was the psychologist Nicholas Spanos, who championed the idea that hypnotic procedures influence behaviour indirectly by altering subjects' motivations, expectations and interpretations.53page # needed Brain imaging PET scan of a healthy brain. PET scan of a healthy brain. In the last decade, brain scanning technology has made it possible to observe hypnosis' effects in the brain. PET scans, fMRI scans, and EEG coherence measures have shown that hypnotic hallucinations can elicit the same brain activity as real experiences. Stated another way, the brain-scan of a highly hypnotizable person is the same whether they are seeing real colors or being told, under hypnosis, that grayscale drawings are colored.54 Similarly, the PET scans of highly hypnotizable people showed that subjects' anterior cingulate cortex was just as active when subjects experienced audio hallucinations as it was when they experienced real sounds. Scientific American noted that ...in contrast, that brain area was not active while the subjects were imagining that they heard the stimulus.25 References ^ Information for the Public. American Society of Clinical Hypnosis.1 ^ Lyda, Alex. Hypnosis Gaining Ground in Medicine. Columbia News. 2 ^ p. 22, Spiegel, Herbert and Spiegel, David. Trance and Treatment. Basic Books Inc., New York. 1978. ISBN 0-465-08687-X ^ Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus. 3 ^ Heawood, Jonathan. Daydream Believer. The Guardian. 4 ^ New Definition: Hypnosis Society of Psychological Hypnosis Division 30 - American Psychological Association 5. ^ Ryan, Caroline. Imagine your gut as a river... BBC News Online, 4 January 2004 6 ^ Physician Studies Hypnosis As Sedation Alternative, University of Iowa News Service, 6 February 2003 7 ^ Pain Decreases Under Hypnosis, medicalnewstoday.com 8 ^ Hypnosis in Surgery, institute-shot.com 9 ^ Hypnosis: Another way to manage pain, kick bad habits. Mayo Clinic. 10 ^ Bausell, R Barker, quoted in The Skeptic's Dictionary 11 ^ google.com 12 ^ google.com 13 ^ History of the Stage Hypnotist and Stage Hypnosis Shows. 14 ^ Clinical Research. hypnotic-tracks.us 15 ^ Hypnosis for Pain. webmd.com 16 ^ Kirsch, Irving. Hypnotic Enhancement of Cognitive-Behavioral Weight Loss Treatments--Another Meta-reanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v64 n3 p517-19 Jun 1996 17 ^ Shenefelt, Philip D. Applying Hypnosis in Dermatology. medscape.com. 6 January 2004 18 ^ Barrett, Dierdre. The Power of Hypnosis. Psychology Today. Jan/Feb 2001. 19 ^ Hypnosis. Another Way to Manage Pain, Kick Bad Habits. mayoclinic.com 20 ^ Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine. Clinical review. ABC of complementary medicine. Hypnosis and relaxation therapies. BMJ British Medical Journal 1999;319:1346-1349 20 November 21 ^ Hypnosis and Sport Performance. awss.com 22 ^ Discovery Health: All About Hypnobirthing, health.discovery.com 23 ^ a b c Nash, Michael R. The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis. Scientific American: July 2001 ^ ibid. ^ Spiegel, D. and Moore, R. 1997 Imagery and hypnosis in the treatment of cancer patients Oncology 118: pp. 1179-1195 ^ Garrow, D. and Egede, L. E. November 2006 National patterns and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use in adults with diabetes Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 129: pp. 895-902 ^ Mascot, C. 2004 Hypnotherapy: A complementary therapy with broad applications Diabetes Self Management 215: pp.15-18 ^ Kwekkeboom, K.L. and Gretarsdottir, E. 2006 Systematic review of relaxation interventions for pain Journal of Nursing Scholarship 383: pp.269-277 ^ Montgomery, Guy. Reducing Pain After Surgery Via Hypnosis, Your Cancer Today. ^ Shenefelt, Philip D. Hypnosis: Applications in Dermatology and Dermatological Surgery. emedicine.com. 24 ^ Kirsch, Irving. Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss treatments : Another meta-reanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 25 ^ Self-hypnosis as a skill for busy research workers. London's Global University Human Resources. 26. ^ Hypnosis. Wordnet search. 27 ^ Cognitive Hypnotherapy: An Integrated Approach to the Treatment of Emotional Disorders. 28 ^ O'Connor, Anahad. The Claim: Hypnosis Can Help You Quit Smoking. 29 ^ Hypnotherapy for Smoking Cessation Sees Strong Results. ScienceDaily. 30 ^ Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse. American Psychological Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-22. ^ American Medical Association Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs, June 16, 1994, CSA Report 5-A-94, Subject: Memories of Childhood Abuse. Retrieved on 2007-01-22. ^ Astin, J.A. et al. 2003 Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice Journal of the American Board of Family Practitioners 162: pp.131-147 ^ Gulliford, Tristan. Music and Trance in Siberian Shamanism. 31 ^ Yapko, Michael 1990. Trancework: An introduction to the practice of Clinical Hypnosis. NY, New York: Brunner/Mazel, 28. ^ Wagstaff, Graham F. 1981 Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief St. Martin's Press, New York, ISBN 0312401574 ^ Wier, Dennis R 1996. Trance: from magic to technology. Ann Arbor, Michigan: TransMedia. ISBN 1888428384. ^ Waterfield, R. 2003. Hidden Depths: The Story of Hypnosis. pp. 36-37 ^ André M. Weitzenbhoffer. The Practice of Hypnotism 2nd ed, Toronto, John Wiley Son Inc, Chapter 16, p. 583-587, 2000 ISBN 0-471-29790-9 ^ Pavlov, I. P.: Experimental Psychology. New York, Philosophical Library, 1957. ^ Psychosomatic Medicine. 32 ^ Morgan J.D. 1993. The Principles of Hypnotherapy. Eildon Press. ^ electronic copy of The Principles of Hypnotherapy. Retrieved on 2007-01-22. ^ Baker, Robert A. 1990 They Call It Hypnosis Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, ISBN 0879755768 ^ Spanos, Nicholas P. and John F. Chaves 1989. Hypnosis: the Cognitive-behavioral Perspective. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ^ Abrams, Michael. Hypnosis Works. Discover Magazine. November 2004. 33 Further reading Look up Hypnosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hypnosis Research Information on the science behind hypnosis Scientific American Article on Hypnosis British Psychological Society report on the Nature of Hypnosis International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis A peer-reviewed journal focusing on experimental issues American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis A peer-reviewed journal focusing on clinical issues Contemporary Hypnosis A peer-reviewed journal covering experimental and clinical research See also Atavistic regression Bicameralism psychology Chicken hypnosis Covert hypnosis Highway hypnosis History of hypnosis Hypnagogia Hypnofetishism Hypnosis in popular culture Hypnosurgery Hypnotherapy Milton Erickson Neuro-linguistic programming Sedative also known as sedative-hypnotic drug Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Hypnosis Categories: Greek loanwords | Hypnosis | Mind control methodsHidden category: All pages needing cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ O'zbek Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 21:12
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