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14-September-2008 12:50:18 - Mation For other senses of this word, see Mation disambiguation. A large statue in Bangalore depicting Shiva mating A large statue in Bangalore depicting Shiva mating Mind-body interventions - Alexander Technique Autosuggestion Autogenic training Feldenkrais Method Hypnotherapy Medical intuition Mation Mindfulness Qigong Somatic psychology Sophrology Tai chi chuan Trager Approach Yoga alternative medicine For a complete list see ... NCCAM classifications Alternative Medical Systems Mind-Body Intervention Biologically Based Therapy Manipulative Methods Energy Therapy See also Complementary and alternative medicine Alternative medicine Complementary medicine Glossary of alternative medicine This box: view talk Mation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned, thinking mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness. Mation often involves turning attention to a single point of reference. It is recognized as a component of almost all religions, and has been practiced for over 5,000 years.123 It is also practiced outside religious traditions. Different mative disciplines encompass a wide range of spiritual and/or psychophysical practices which may emphasize different goals -- from achievement of a higher state of consciousness, to greater focus, creativity or self-awareness, or simply a more relaxed and peaceful frame of mind. The word mation originally comes from the Indo-European root med-, meaning to measure.45 From the root med- are also derived the English words mete, medicine, modest, and moderate. It entered English as mation through the Latin matio, which originally indicated every type of physical or intellectual exercise, then later evolved into the more specific meaning contemplation. Eastern mation techniques have been adapted and increasingly practiced in Western culture. 6 Contents 1 Forms of mation 1.1 Hinduism 1.2 Buddhism 1.3 Christianity 1.4 Islam 1.5 Jainism 1.6 Judaism 1.7 New Age 1.8 Sikhism 1.9 Taoism 1.10 Bahá'à Faith 1.11 Other 1.11.1 Mation according to Krishnamurti 1.11.2 Active/dynamic mation 1.11.3 Secular 1.11.4 Mation using beads 1.11.5 Acoustic and photic 2 Mation in a Western context 3 Physical postures 3.1 Spine 3.2 Mudra/Hand 3.3 Eyes 3.4 Focus and Gaze 3.5 Cross-legged Sitting 4 Health applications and clinical studies of mation 5 Mation in popular fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Forms of mation Bodhidharma practicing zazen. Bodhidharma practicing zazen. Mation has been defined as: self regulation of attention, in the service of self-inquiry, in the here and now.7 The various techniques of mation can be classified according to their focus. Some focus on the field or background perception and experience, also called mindfulness; others focus on a preselected specific object, and are called concentrative mation. There are also techniques that shift between the field and the object.8 In mindfulness mation, the mator sits comfortably and silently, centering attention by focusing awareness on an object or process such as the breath; a sound like a mantra, koan or riddle-like question; a visualisation; or an exercise. The mator is usually encouraged to maintain an open focus: ... shifting freely from one perception to the next clear your mind of all that bothers you no thoughts that can distract you from reality or your personal being... No thought, image or sensation is considered an intrusion. The mator, with a 'no effort' attitude, is asked to remain in the here and now. Using the focus as an 'anchor'... brings the subject constantly back to the present, avoiding cognitive analysis or fantasy regarding the contents of awareness, and increasing tolerance and relaxation of secondary thought processes.8 Concentration mation is used in many religions and spiritual practices. Whereas in mindfulness mation there is an open focus, in concentration mation the mator holds attention on a particular object e.g., a repetitive prayer while minimizing distractions; bringing the mind back to concentrate on the chosen object.9 In some traditions, such as Vipassana, mindfulness and concentration are combined.10 Mation can be practiced while walking or doing simple repetitive tasks. Walking mation helps to break down habitual automatic mental categories, thus regaining the primary nature of perceptions and events, focusing attention on the process while disregarding its purpose or final outcome.citation needed In a form of mation using visualization, such as Chinese Qi Gong, the practitioner concentrates on flows of energy Qi in the body, starting in the abdomen and then circulating through the body, until dispersed.8 Some mative traditions, such as yoga or tantra, are common to several religions3 or occur outside religious contexts. Hinduism For more details on this topic, see Dhyana in Hinduism. Mation originated from Vedic Hinduism which is the oldest religion that professes mation as a spiritual and religious practice.citation needed Evidence of the origins of mation extends back to a time before recorded history. Archaeologists tell us the practice may have existed among the first Indian civilizations. Indian scriptures dating back 5000 years describe mation techniques. From its ancient beginnings and over thousands of years, mation has developed into a structured practice used today by millions of people worldwide of differing nationalities and religious beliefs Yoga Devanagari: योग is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, focusing on mation. In India, Yoga is seen as a means to both physiological and spiritual mastery. There are several types of mation in Hinduism. Amongst these types are: Vedanta, a form of Jnana Yoga. Raja Yoga as outlined by Patanjali, which describes eight limbs of spiritual practices, half of which might be classified as mation. Underlying them is the assumption that a yogi should still the fluctuations of his or her mind: Yoga cittavrrti nirodha. Surat shabd yoga, or sound and light mation Japa Yoga, in which a mantra is repeated aloud or silently Bhakti Yoga, the yoga of love and devotion, in which the seeker is focused on an object of devotion, eg Krishna Hatha Yoga, in which postures and mations are aimed at raising the spiritual energy, known as Kundalini, which rises through energy centres known as chakras The objective of mation is to reach a calm state of mind. Patanjali, in his Yoga Sutras, described five different states of mind: Ksipta, Mudha, Viksipta, Ekagra and Nirodha. Ksipta defines a very agitated mind, unable to think, listen or remain quiet. It is jumping from one thought to another. In Mudha no information seems to reach the brain; the person is absentminded. Viksipta is a higher state where the mind receives information but is not able to process it. It moves from one thought to another, in a confused inner speech. Ekagra is the state of a calm mind but not asleep. The person is focused and can pay attention. Lastly Nirodha, when the mind is not disturbed by erratic thoughts, it is completely focused, as when you are mating or totally centered in what you are doing. The ultimate end of mation according to Patanjali is the destruction of primal ignorance avidya and the realization of and establishment in the essential nature of the Self. Swami Vivekananda describes mation as follows:11 Mation has been laid stress upon by all religions. The mative state of mind is declared by the Yogis to be the highest state in which the mind exists. When the mind is studying the external object, it gets identified with it, loses itself. To use the simile of the old Indian philosopher: the soul of man is like a piece of crystal, but it takes the colour of whatever is near it. Whatever the soul touches ... it has to take its colour. That is the difficulty. That constitutes the bondage. The colour is so strong, the crystal forgets itself and identifies itself with the colour. Suppose a red flower is near the crystal and the crystal takes the colour and forgets itself, thinks it is red. We have taken the colour of the body and have forgotten what we are. All the difficulties that follow come from that one dead body. All our fears, all worries, anxieties, troubles, mistakes, weakness, evil, are from that one great blunder - that we are bodies. This is the ordinary person. It is the person taking the colour of the flower near to it. We are no more bodies than the crystal is the red flower. The practice of mation is pursued. The crystal knows what it is, takes its own colour. It is mation that brings us nearer to truth than anything else. ... The Bhagavad Gita stresses the importance of mation. The Sixth Chapter of Bhagavad Gita - The Yoga of Mation describes the technique of mation, and the characteristics of the Yogi who is well established in mation.1213. The Bhagavad Gita stresses the importance of mation as follows Make a habit of practising mation and do not let your mind be distracted. In this way you will come finally to the Lord who is the light-giver, the highest of the high.14 Buddhism Dynamic tranquilty: the Buddha in contemplation. Dynamic tranquilty: the Buddha in contemplation. Main article: Buddhist mation Mation has always been central to Buddhism and considered a key tool in spiritual development. The historical Buddha himself, Buddha Shakyamuni, was said to have achieved enlightenment while mating under a Bodhi tree. There are countless Buddhas and all of them used mation to make spiritual progress. Most forms of Buddhism distinguish between two classes of mation practices, shamatha and vipassana, both of which are necessary for attaining enlightenment. The former consists of practices aimed at developing the ability to focus the attention single-pointedly; the latter includes practices aimed at developing insight and wisdom through seeing the true nature of reality. The differentiation between the two types of mation practices is not always clear cut, which is made obvious when studying practices such as Anapanasati which could be said to start off as a shamatha practice but that goes through a number of stages and ends up as a vipassana practice. Theravada Buddhism emphasizes the mative development of mindfulness sati, see for example the Satipatthana Sutta and concentration samadhi, see kammatthana, as part of the Noble Eightfold Path, in the pursuit of Nibbana Nirvana. Traditional popular mation subjects include the breath anapana and loving-kindness mettÄ?. Japanese Zen master Kodo Sawaki 1880-1965 in full lotus posture. Japanese Zen master Kodo Sawaki 1880-1965 in full lotus posture. In Japanese Mahayana schools, Tendai Tien-tai, concentration is cultivated through highly structured ritual. Especially in the Chinese Chán Buddhism school which branched out into the Japanese Zen, and Korean Seon schools, ts'o ch'an mation and koan mation practices allow a practitioner to directly experience the true nature of reality each of the names of these schools derives from the Sanskrit dhyana, and translates into mation in their respective languages. The esoteric Shingon sect shares many features with Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism Vajrayana emphasizes tantra for its senior practitioners; hence its alternate name of Tantrayana Buddhism. Many monks go through their day without mating in a recognizable form, but are more likely to chant or participate in group liturgy. In this tradition, the purpose of mation is to awaken the sky-like nature of mind, and to introduce practitioners to that which they really are: unchanging pure awareness, which underlies the whole of life and death.1516 Mation is the way to bring us back to ourselves, where we can really experience and taste our full being, beyond all habitual patterns. In the stillness and silence of mation, we glimpse and return to that deep inner nature that we have so long ago lost sight of amid the business and distraction of our minds. The gift of learning to mate is the greatest gift you can give yourself in this life. For it is only through mation that you can undertake the journey to discover your true nature, and so find the stability and confidence you will need to live, and die, well. Mation is the road to enlightenment.- Sogyal Rinpoche, The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying15 Most Buddhist traditions recognize that the path to Enlightenment entails three types of training: virtue sÄ«la; mation citta; and, wisdom paññÄ?.17 Thus, mative prowess alone is not sufficient; it is but one part of the path. In other words, in Buddhism, in tandem with mental cultivation, ethical development and wise understanding are also necessary for the attainment of the highest goal.18 Christianity Main article: Christian mation Christian traditions have various practices which can be identified as forms of mation. Monastic traditions are the basis for many of these practices. Practices such as the rosary, the Adoration focusing on the eucharist in Catholicism or the hesychast tradition in Eastern Orthodoxy, may be compared to forms of Eastern mation that focus on an individual object. Christian mation is considered a form of prayer. Hesychastic practice, may involve recitation of the Jesus Prayer, thus through the grace of God and one's own effort, to concentrate the nous in the heart.19 Prayer as a form of mation of the heart is described in the Philokalia-a practice that leads towards Theosis which ignores the senses and results in inner stillness. In 1975, the Benedictine monk, John Main introduced a form of mation based on repetitive recitation of a prayer-phrase, traditionally the Aramaic phrase Maranatha, meaning Come, Oh Lord, as quoted at the end of both Corinthians and Revelation. The World Community for Christian Mation was founded in 1991 to continue Main's work, which the Community describes as: teaching Christian mation as part of the great work of our time of restoring the contemplative dimension of Christian faith in the life of the church.20 The Old Testament book of Joshua sets out a form of mation based on scriptures: Do not let this Book of the Law depart from your mouth; mate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do everything written in it, then you will be prosperous and successful Joshua 1:8. This is one of the reasons why bible verse memory is a practice among many evangelical Christians.2122 Islam See also: Muraqaba Mation in Islam is the core of its creed.A Muslim is obligated to pray five times a day before dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset and night. During those times of prayer, the Muslim is expected to focus and mate on Allah through the recitation of Quran and dhikr in order to establish and strengthen the connection between Creator and creation. This, in turn, is meant to guide the soul to truth. This mation is intended to help Muslims maintain spiritual peace in spite of challenges they may experience in their work, social and family life. In this manner, the five daily times of peaceful prayer are meant to serve as a model for the Muslim's conduct during the whole day, transforming it into a single, sustained mation. Even sleep is but another phase of that sustained mation 3 Al Emran verses 189-194 6 Al Anaam verses 160 to 163. Mative quiescence is believed to have a quality of healing and creativity.23 The Muslim prophet Muhammad, whose deeds devout Muslims follow, spent long periods in mation and contemplation. It was during one such period of mation that Muhammad began to receive revelations of the Qur'an.24 Two more concepts or schools of mation in Islam: Tafakkur and Tadabbur, literally meaning reflection upon the universe. Muslims feel this is a form of intellectual development which emanates from a higher level, i.e. from God. This intellectual process through the receiving of divine inspiration awakens and liberates the human mind, permitting man's inner personality to develop and grow so that he may lead his life on a spiritual plane far above the mundane level. This is consistent with the global teachings of Islam, which views life as a test of our practice of submission to Allah, the one God. The second form of mation is the Sufi mation, it is largely based on mystical exercises. However, this method is controversial among Muslim scholars. One group of Ulama, Al-Ghazzali, for instance, have accepted it, another group of Ulama, Ibn Taymiya, for instance, have rejected it as a bid'ah Arabic: بدعة‎ religious innovation. Sufism relies on a practice similar to Buddhist mation, known as Muraqaba or Tamarkoz which is taught in the Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi Sufi order. Tamarkoz is a Persian term that means 'concentration,' referring to the concentration of abilities. Consequently, the term concentration is synonymous to close attention, convergent, collection, compaction, and consolidation. Jainism Jain sadhvis mating Jain sadhvis mating The Jains use the word Samayika, a word in the Prakrit language derived from the word samay time, to denote the practice of mation. The aim of Samayika is to transcend the daily experiences of being a constantly changing human being, Jiva, and allow for the identification with the changeless reality in the practitioner, the Atma. The practice of Samayika begins by achieving a balance in time. If the present moment of time is taken to be a point between the past and the future, Samayika means being fully aware, alert and conscious in that very moment, experiencing one's true nature, Atma, which is considered common to all living beings. The Samayika takes on special significance during Paryushana, a special 8-day period practiced by the Jains. Mation techniques were available in ancient Jain scriptures that have been forgotten with time. A practice called preksha mation is said to have been rediscovered by the 10th Head of Jain Swetamber Terapanth sect Acharya Mahaprajna,25 and consists of the perception of the body, the psychic centres, breath and of contemplation processes which will initiate the process of personal transformation. It aims at reaching and purify the deeper levels of existence. Regular practice strengthens the immune system, builds up stamina to resist against aging process, pollution, chemical toxins, viruses, diseases, food adulteration etc. Jain Mation is important to the daily lives of the religion's monks.26 Acharya Mahaprajna says: Soul is my god. Renunciation is my prayer. Amity is my devotion. Self restraint is my strength. Non-violence is my religion.27 Judaism Main article: Jewish mation There is evidence that Judaism has had mative practices that go back thousands of years.28 For instance, in the Torah, the patriarch Isaac is described as going לשוח lasuach in the field-a term understood by all commentators as some type of mative practice Genesis 24:63, probably prayer. Similarly, there are indications throughout the Tanach the Hebrew Bible that mation was central to the prophets.28 In the Old Testament, there are two Hebrew words for mation: hÄ?gâ Hebrew: הגה‎, which means to sigh or murmur, but also to mate, and sîḥâ Hebrew: שיחה‎, which means to muse, or rehearse in one's mind. In modern Jewish practice, one of the best known mative practices is called hitbodedut התבודדות or hisbodedus is explained in Kabbalah and Hassidic philosophy. The word hisbodedut, which derives from the Hebrew word boded, בודד a state of being alone and said to be related to the sfirah of Binah lit. book of understanding, means the process of making oneself understand a concept well through analytical study. Kabbalah is inherently a mative field of study. Kabbalistic mative practices construct a supernal realm which the soul navigates through in order to achieve certain ends. One of the most well known types of mation is Merkabah, from the root /R-K-B/ meaning chariotof God. New Age Main article: New Age Mation workshop at 1979 Nambassa in New Zealand Mation workshop at 1979 Nambassa in New Zealand New Age mations are often influenced by Eastern philosophy and mysticism such as Yoga, Hinduism and Buddhism, yet may contain some degree of Western influence. In the west mation found its mainstream roots through the hippie- counterculture social revolution of the 1960s and 1970s when many of the youth of the day rebelled against traditional belief systems. 29 Sikhism Main article: NÄ?m JapÅ? In Sikhism, the practices of simran and NÄ?m JapÅ? encourage quiet mation. This is focusing one's attention on the attributes of God. Sikhs believe that there are 10 'gates' to the body; 'gates' is another word for 'chakras' or energy centres. The top most energy level is the called the tenth gate or dasam dwar. It is saidwho? that when one reaches this stage through continuous practice mation becomes a habit that continues whilst walking, talking, eating, awake and even sleeping. There is a distinct taste or flavour when a mator reaches this lofty stage of mation, as one experiences absolute peace and tranquility inside and outside the body. Followers of the Sikh religion also believe that love comes through mation on the lord's name since mation only conjures up positive emotions in oneself which are portrayed through our actions. The first Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached the equality of all humankind and stressed the importance of living a householder's life instead of wandering around jungles mating, the latter of which being a popular practice at the time. The Guru preached that we can obtain liberation from life and death by living a totally normal family life and by spreading love amongst every human being regardless of religion. Taoism Gathering the Light, Taoist mation from The Secret of the Golden Flower Gathering the Light, Taoist mation from The Secret of the Golden Flower Main article: Taoism Taoism includes a number of mative and contemplative traditions. Originally said to have their principles described in the I Ching, Tao Te Ching, Chuang Tzu and Tao Tsang among other texts; the multitude of schools relating to Qigong, Neigong, Daoyin and Zhan zhuang are a large, diverse array of breath training practises in aid of mation with much influence from later Chinese Buddhism and with much influence on traditional Chinese medicine and the Chinese as well as some Japanese martial arts. The Chinese martial art T'ai Chi Ch'uan is named after the well-known focus for Taoist and Neo-Confucian mation, the T'ai Chi T'u, and is often referred to as mation in motion. Often Taoist Internal martial arts, especially Tai Chi Chuan are thought of as moving mation. A common phrase being, movement in stillness referring to energetic movement in passive Qigong and seated Taoist mation; with the converse being stillness in movement, a state of mental calm and mation in the tai chi form. Bahá'à Faith The Bahá'à Faith teaches that mation is necessary for spiritual growth, alongside obligatory prayer and fasting. `Abdu'l-Bahá is quoted as saying: Mation is the key for opening the doors of mysteries to your mind. In that state man abstracts himself: in that state man withdraws himself from all outside objects; in that subjective mood he is immersed in the ocean of spiritual life and can unfold the secrets of things-in-themselves.30 Although the founder of the Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, never specified any particular forms of mation, some Bahá'à practices are mative. One of these is the daily repetition of the Arabic phrase Alláhu Abhá Arabic: الله ابهى God is Most Glorious 95 times preceded by ablutions. Abhá has the same root as Bahá' Arabic: بهاء‎ splendor or glory which Bahá'Ãs consider to be the Greatest Name of God.31 Other Mation according to Krishnamurti J Krishnamurti used the word mation to mean something entirely different from the practice of any system or method to control the mind. He said, Man, in order to escape his conflicts, has invented many forms of mation. These have been based on desire, will, and the urge for achievement, and imply conflict and a struggle to arrive. This conscious, deliberate striving is always within the limits of a conditioned mind, and in this there is no freedom. All effort to mate is the denial of mation. Mation is the ending of thought. It is only then that there is a different dimension which is beyond time. For Krishnamurti, mation was choiceless awareness in the present. He said ..When you learn about yourself, watch yourself, watch the way you walk, how you eat, what you say, the gossip, the hate, the jealousy - if you are aware of all that in yourself, without any choice, that is part of mation.32 Active/dynamic mation Dynamic Mation is the name of one of Osho's popular Active Mation techniques. However, in general active/dynamic mation refers to any mation technique which does not have one's body assuming a static posture. Such techniques are widely used in Karma Yoga.citation needed An example of such activity could be Natya Yoga or a Shamanistic dance, such as described by Carlos Castaneda or simple exercises that focus on certain parts of the body to give you the power to profoundly affect your mental and physical state directly and quickly.33 Osho, earlier named Rajneesh, introduced the mation techniques which he termed Active Mations, which begin with a stage of activity - sometimes intense and physical - followed by a period of silence. He emphasized that mation is not concentration. Dynamic Mation involves a conscious catharsis where one can throw out all the repressions, express what is not easily expressible in society, and then easily go into silence. Some of his techniques also have a stage of spontaneous dance. He said that, If people are innocent there is no need for Dynamic Mation. But if people are repressed, psychologically are carrying a lot of burden, then they need catharsis. So Dynamic Mation is just to help them clean the place. And then they can use any method ... It will not be difficult. If they, right now, directly try, they will fail. 34 Sri Aurobindo used to mate while walking. Also the Thai monk Luang Por Teean taught a more conservative form of active mation which in Luang Por Teean's translated books is usually translated as 'Dynamic Mation'. It involves the use of the hands and arms during sitting mation. He also used walking mation as a complementary method. His teaching was aimed at developing awareness of the movements of the arms, which are moved continuously in a certain pattern throughout the mation. The awareness is, however, not limited to the arms but inclusive of the whole life-experience. This type of active mation is a type of vipassana mation, which originated in Burma, but is becoming more well known in the western countries, too. Secular Forms of mation which are devoid of mystical content have been developed in the west as a way of promoting physical and mental well being. Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation was developed by American physician Edmund Jacobson in the early 1920s. Jacobson argued that since muscular tension accompanies anxiety, one can reduce anxiety by learning how to relax the muscular tension. Autogenic training was developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz in 1932. Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and mation; however, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism. Australian psychiatrist Dr Ainslie Meares published a groundbreaking work in the 1960s entitled Relief Without Drugs, in which he recommended some simple, secular relaxation techniques based on Hindu practices as a means of combating anxiety, stress and chronic physical pain. Herbert Benson M.D., of Harvard Medical School, conducted a series of clinical tests on mators from various disciplines - mainly Transcendental mation and Tibetan Buddhism. He first described the results in his 1975 book The Relaxation Response where he outlined a secular approach to achieving similar results. Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche founded Shambhala Training in 1976, a secular program of mation with a belief in basic goodness and teaching the path of bravery and gentleness. The 1984 book Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior contains student-ed versions of Trungpa's lectures and writings. The book Sensual Mation 1980 which was written by the founder of the Raëlian movement outlines a sequence of non-ascetic mation exercises which emphasize a Sensual Mation involving a physical and sensual awareness connected with current knowledge of how the body and mind are organized. The 1999 book The Calm Technique: Mation Without Magic or Mysticism by Paul Wilson has a discussion and instruction in a form of secular mation. Biofeedback has been tried by many researchers since the 1950s as a way to enter deeper states of mind.35 Primordial Sound Mation is an ancient mation technique with its origins in the Vedic tradition of India. It has been modernized and revitalized by Drs. Deepak Chopra and David Simon of the Chopra Center for Wellbeing. It is a silent mantra mation that uses primordial sounds sounds of nature that are linguistically structured and used to bring awareness to more and more subtle levels of thought. Mation using beads Many religions have their own prayer beads or rosary. A rosary consists of pearls or beads linked together by a thread. Catholics use a string of beads containing five sets with ten small beads. Each set of ten is separated by another bead. The Hindu and Buddhist rosary has 108 beads and the Muslim rosary 99 beads. Prayers and specific mations of each religion are different and there are theological reasons for the number of beads. Rosaries may come in different colors, sizes and designs. However, the central purpose, which is to pray repetitively and to mate, is the same across all religions that use them as a prayer tool.citation needed Acoustic and photic Newer forms of mation are based on the results of EEG electro-encephalogram work in long-term mators. Studies have demonstrated the presence of a frequency-following response to auditory and visual stimuli. This EEG activity was termed frequency-following response because its period cycles per second corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the stimulus. Stated plainly, if the stimulus is 5 Hz the resulting measured EEG will show a 5 Hz frequency-following response using appropriate time-domain averaging protocols.3637 This is the justification behind such inventions as the Dreamachine and binaural beats. Mation in a Western context Mation in its modern sense refers to Yogic mation that originated in India. In the late nineteenth century, Theosophists adopted the word mation to refer to various spiritual practices drawn from Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and other Eastern religions. Thus the English word mation does not exclusively translate to any single term or concept, and can be used to translate words such as the Sanskrit dhyana, samadhi and bhavana. Mation may be for a religious purpose, but even before being brought to the West it was used in secular contexts, such as the martial arts. Beginning with the Theosophists, though, mation has been employed in the West by a number of religious and spiritual movements, such as Yoga , New Age and the New Thought movement, as well as limited use in Christianity. Mation techniques have also been used by Western theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Relaxation training works toward achieving mental and muscle relaxation to reduce daily stresses. Jacobson is cred with developing the initial progressive relaxation procedure. These techniques are used in conjunction with other behavioral techniques. Originally used with systematic desensitization, relaxation techniques are now used with other clinical problems. Mation, hypnosis and biofeedback-induced relaxation are a few of the techniques used with relaxation training. One of the eight essential phases of EMDR developed by Shapiro, bringing adequate closure to the end of each session, also entails the use of relaxation techniques, including mation. Multimodal therapy, a technically eclectic approach to behavioral therapy, also employs the use of mation as a technique used in individual therapy. 38 From the point of view of psychology and physiology, mation can induce an altered state of consciousness, and its goals in that context have been stated to achieving spiritual enlightenment, to the transformation of attitudes, and to better cardiovascular health. Physical postures Main article: Asana Half-lotus position. Half-lotus position. Different spiritual traditions, and different teachers within those traditions, prescribe or suggest different physical postures for mation. Sitting, supine, and standing39 postures are used. Most famous are the several cross-legged sitting postures, including the Lotus Position. Spine Many mative traditions teach that the spine should be kept straight i.e. that the mator should not slouch. Often this is explained as a way of encouraging the circulation of what some call spiritual energy, the vital breath, the life force Sanskrit prana, Chinese qi, Latin spiritus or the Kundalini. In some traditions the mator may sit on a chair, flat-footed as in New Thought; sit on a stool as in Orthodox Christianity; or walk in mindfulness as in Theravada Buddhism. Some traditions suggest being barefoot, for comfort, for convenience, or for spiritual reasons. Other traditions, such as those related to kundalini yoga, take a less formal approach. While the basic practice in these traditions is also to sit still quietly in a traditional posture, they emphasize the possibility of kriyas - spontaneous yogic postures, changes in breathing patterns or emotional states, or perhaps repetitive physical movements such as swaying, etc., which may naturally arise as the practitioner sits in mation, and which should not be resisted but rather allowed to express themselves in order to enhance the natural flow of energy through the body. This is said to help purify the nadis and ultimately deepen one's mative practice. Mudra/Hand Bas-relief in Sukhothai, Thailand depicting monks during walking mation. Bas-relief in Sukhothai, Thailand depicting monks during walking mation. Various hand-gestures or mudras may be prescribed. These can carry theological meaning or according to Yogic philosophy can actually affect consciousness. For example, a common Buddhist hand-position is with the right hand resting atop the left like the Buddha's begging bowl, with the thumbs touching. Eyes In most mative traditions, the eyes are closed. In some sects such as Zen, the eyes are half-closed, half open and looking slightly downward. In others such as Brahma Kumaris, the eyes are kept fully open. Quiet is often held to be desirable, and some people use repetitive activities such as deep breathing, humming or chanting to help induce a mative state. In Sufism mation muraqaba with eyes closed is called Varood while with open eyes is known as Shahood or Fa'tha. Focus and Gaze Often such details are shared by more than one religion, even in cases where mutual influence seems unlikely. One example would be navel-gazing, which is apparently attested within Eastern Orthodoxy as well as Chinese qigong practice. Another would be the practice of focusing on the breath, which is found in Orthodox Christianity, Sufism, and numerous Indic traditions. Cross-legged Sitting Sitting cross-legged or upon one's knees for extended periods when one is not sufficiently limber, can result in a range of ergonomic complaints called mator's knee. Many mative traditions do not require sitting cross legged. Health applications and clinical studies of mation Main article: Health applications and clinical studies of mation Scenes of Inner Taksang, temple hall, built just above the cave where Padmasambhava mated Scenes of Inner Taksang, temple hall, built just above the cave where Padmasambhava mated In their review of scientific studies of mation, published in the International Journal of Psychotherapy, Perez-De-Albeniz and Holmes8 identified the following behavioral components of mation: relaxation, concentration, altered state of awareness, suspension of logical thought processes, and maintenance of self-observing attitude. The medical community has studied the physiological effects of mation40414243 Many concepts of mation have been applied to clinical settings in order to measure its effect on somatic motor function as well as cardiovascular and respiratory function. Also the hermeneutic and phenomenological aspects of mation are areas of growing interest. Mation has entered the mainstream of health care as a method of stress and pain reduction. In 1976, the Australian psychiatrist Ainslie Meares, reported in the Medical Journal of Australia, the regression of cancer following intensive mation. Meares wrote a number of books on the subject, including his best-seller Relief without Drugs. As a method of stress reduction, mation is often used in hospitals in cases of chronic or terminal illness to reduce complications associated with increased stress including a depressed immune system. There is growing agreement in the medical community that mental factors such as stress significantly contribute to a lack of physical health, and there is a growing movement in mainstream science to fund research in this area e.g. the establishment by the NIH in the U.S. of 5 research centers to research the mind-body aspects of disease. Dr. James Austin, a neurophysiologist at the University of Colorado, reported that Zen mation rewires the circuitry of the brain in his landmark book Zen and the Brain Austin, 1999. This has been confirmed using functional MRI imaging which examines the activity of the brain.44 Dr. Herbert Benson of the Mind-Body Medical Institute, which is affiliated with Harvard and several Boston hospitals, reports that mation induces a host of biochemical and physical changes in the body collectively referred to as the relaxation response.42 The relaxation response includes changes in metabolism, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and brain chemistry. Benson and his team have also done clinical studies at Buddhist monasteries in the Himalayan Mountains. The MARC Center at UCLA 3founded by Susan Smalley, Phd 4 and Daniel J. Siegel, M.D., is currently conducting research on the effects of mindful mation and its practical applications to daily life. They have also found some evidence to suggest that it can help in treating ADHD5. Research has been conducted on the effects of Sahaja Yoga mation on asthma, ADHD, epilepsy, and hot flushes.6 Other studies within this field include the research of Jon Kabat-Zinn and his colleagues at the University of Massachusetts who have studied the effects of mindfulness mation on stress.4546 Mation in popular fiction Main article: Mation in popular fiction Various forms of mation have been described in popular culture sources. In particular, science fiction stories such as Frank Herbert's Dune, Star Trek, Star Wars, Maskman and Stargate SG-1 have featured characters who practice one form of mation or another. Usually these practices are inspired by real-world mation traditions, but sometimes they have very different methods and purposes. See also Autosuggestion Dhammakaya Interior life Jnana Kuji-in Passage mation Samyama Satnam Satsang Trance Transcendental Mation Vivation Zazen Notes ^ The Bhagavad-Gita and Jivana Yoga By Ramnarayan Vyas ^ Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice By Mikel Burley ^ a b Zen Buddhism: A History India and China By Heinrich Dumoulin, James W. Heisig, Paul F. Knitter ^ Take Our Word For it Archive of Etymology Questions: Mediation ^ American Heritage Dictionary: List of Indo European Roots ^ Tart, C. Adapting Eastern spiritual teachings to Western culture. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 22: pp. 149-166. ^ Maison, A.; Herbert, J.R.; Werheimer, M.d.; Kabat-Zinn, J. 1995. Mation, melatonin and breast/prostate cancer: hypothesis and preliminary data,. Medical Hypotheses 44 1: 39-46. doi:10.1016/0306-98779590299-6. ^ a b c d Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto; Jeremy Holmes March 2000. Mation: concepts, effects and uses in therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy 5 1: 49-59. doi:10.1080/13569080050020263. Retrieved on 2007-08-23. ^ Spiritual Competency Resource Center. Lesson 1: History of Mation as a Clinical Intervention. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. ^ Vipassana Fellowship. Lesson 1: Chapter 14: Mindfulness Versus Concentration. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_4/Lectures_and_Discourses/Mation ^ ATMA JYOTI ASHRAM - Krishna Teaches Us How To Mate ^ However, Swami Purushottamananda indicates that the instructions from the Bhagavad Gita must not be taken as it is and mation must be learnt from a experienced guru ^ Chapter 8 : The Way to the Eternal Brahman ^ a b Sogyal, Rinpoche 1994 The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying. Patrick Gaffney and Andrew Harvey eds. New York: Harper Collins. ^ Ground, Path, and Fruition: Mind-Nature Teachings Concerning the View, Mation, and Action of Dzogpa Chenpo, the Innate Great Perfection. Compiled by Surya Das with Nyoshul Khenpo. Retrieved on; August 25, 2007. ^ For instance, from the Pali Canon, see MN 44 Thanissaro, 1998a and AN 3:88 Thanissaro, 1998b. In Mahayana tradition, the Lotus Sutra lists the Six Perfections paramita which echoes the threefold training with the inclusion of virtue śīla, concentration dhyÄ?na and wisdom prajñÄ?. ^ Dharmacarini Manishini, Western Buddhist Review. Accessed at http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/kamma_in_context.html ^ Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos The Mind of the Orthodox Church. IX. The Synodikon of Orthodoxy, 4c Hesychasm. www.pelagia.org. Retrieved on: February 2, 2008. ^ The World Community for Christian Mation. www.wccm.org/home. Retrieved on: February 2, 2008. ^ Ascension Mission Prayer and Mation. Retrieved on January 20, 2008 ^ Christian Mation. Retrieved on January 20, 2008 ^ Dwivedi, Kedar Nath. Review:Freedom from Self, Sufism, Mation and Psychotherapy. Group Analysis, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 434-436, December 1989 ^ Nigosian, S. A. 2004. Islam. Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 111. ^ Preksha Mation preksha.com. Retrieved on: August 25, 2007. ^ J. Zaveri What is Preksha?. .jzaveri.com. Retrieved on: August 25, 2007. ^ Jain Vishwa Bharati Preksha Mation-Overview. jvbhouston.org. Retrieved on: August 25, 2007. ^ a b Shapiro, R. A Brief Introduction to Jewish Mation. tripod.com. Retrieved on: August 25, 2007. ^ The Hippies 1968-07 ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá 1912 1995. Paris Talks. Bahá'à Distribution Service, p. 175. ISBN 1870989570. ^ Smith, P. 1999. A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'à Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, p. 243. ISBN 1851681841. ^ Krishnamurti Foundation Trust. Mation. From Chapter 15 of Freedom from the Known, J. Krishnamurti 1969 Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-064808-2. Retrieved on: August 26, 2007. ^ Samara, Tony. Simple Mations. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. ^ The Last Testament, Vol. 3, Chapter 19 ^ The Healing History of EEG Biofeedback Eagle Life Communications Accessed March 2007 . ^ Atwater, F. Holmes 1997. Inducing States of Consciousness with a Binaural Beat Technology. Research papers1. The Monroe Institute 2. Retrieved on 2006-08-14. ^ Noton, David 1997. PMS, EEG, AND PHOTIC STIMULATION. Retrieved on 2006-08-14. ^ Corey, G. March 2000. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy 6th ed... Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 550. ISBN 0534348238. ^ Marshall, Chris. Paradoxes of Standing Mation. Retrieved on 2007-10-23. ^ Venkatesh S, Raju TR, Shivani Y, Tompkins G, Meti BL. 1997 A study of structure of phenomenology of consciousness in mative and non-mative states. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Apr;412: 149-53. PubMed Abstract PMID 9142560 ^ Peng CK, Mietus JE, Liu Y, Khalsa G, Douglas PS, Benson H, Goldberger AL. 1999 Exaggerated heart rate oscillations during two mation techniques. Int J Cardiol. 1999 Jul 31;702:101-7. PubMed Abstract PMID 10454297 ^ a b Lazar, S.W.; Bush, G.; Gollub, R. L.; Fricchione, G. L.; Khalsa, G.; Benson, H. Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and mation NeuroReport: Volume 117 15 May 2000 pp. 1581-1585 PubMed abstract PMID 10841380 ^ Carlson LE, Ursuliak Z, Goodey E, Angen M, Speca M. 2001 The effects of a mindfulness mation-based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients: 6-month follow-up. Support Care Cancer. 2001 Mar;92:112-23.PubMed abstract PMID 11305069 ^ Kaufman, Mark January 3, 2005. Mation Gives Brain a Charge, Study Finds, The Washington Post Company. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. ^ Kabat-Zinn, Jon; Lipworth L, Burney R. 1985. The clinical use of mindfulness mation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 8 2: 163-190. doi:10.1007/BF00845519. PMID 3897551. ^ Davidson, Richard J.; Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF, Urbanowski F, Harrington A, Bonus K, Sheridan JF. 2003 July-August. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness mation. Psychosomatic Medicine 65 4: 564-570. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3. PMID 12883106. References American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth ion. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. Austin, James H. 1999 Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Mation and Consciousness, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999, ISBN 0-262-51109-6 Azeemi, Khawaja Shamsuddin Azeemi 2005 Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Mation. Houston: Plato, 2005, ISBN 0-9758875-4-8 Bennett-Goleman, T. 2001 Emotional Alchemy: How the Mind Can Heal the Heart, Harmony Books, ISBN 0-609-60752-9 Benson, Herbert and Miriam Z. Klipper. 2000 1972. The Relaxation Response. Expanded Updated ion. Harper. ISBN 0380815958 Craven JL. 1989 Mation and psychotherapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Oct;347:648-53. PubMed abstract PMID 2680046 Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. 1999 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New York: Guilford Press. Kutz I, Borysenko JZ, Benson H. 1985 Mation and psychotherapy: a rationale for the integration of dynamic psychotherapy, the relaxation response, and mindfulness mation. American Journal of Psychiatry, Jan;1421:1-8. PubMed abstract PMID 3881049 Lazar, Sara W. 2005 Mindfulness Research. In: Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. Germer C, Siegel RD, Fulton P eds. New York: Guildford Press. Lukoff, David; Lu Francis G. Turner, Robert P. 1998 From Spiritual Emergency to Spiritual Problem: The Transpersonal Roots of the New DSM-IV Category. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 382, 21-50 Lutz, Antoine; Richard J. Davidson; et al 2004. Long-term mators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 November 16: 16369. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407401101. PMID 15534199. Metzner R. 2005 Psychedelic, Psychoactive and Addictive Drugs and States of Consciousness. In Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience, Chap. 2. Mitch Earlywine, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. MirAhmadi, As Sayed Nurjan Healing Power of Sufi Mation The Healing Power of Sufi Mation Paperback: 180 pages Publisher: Islamic Supreme Council of America June 30, 2005 Language: English Nirmalananda Giri, Swami 2007 Om Yoga: It's Theory and Practice In-depth study of the classical mation method of the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and the Upanishads. Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto Holmes, Jeremy 2000 Mation: Concepts, Effects And Uses In Therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, March 2000, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p49, 10p Shalif, I. et al. 1985 Focusing on the Emotions of Daily Life Tel-Aviv: Etext Archives, 1990 Shapiro DH Jr. 1992 Adverse effects of mation: a preliminary investigation of long-term mators. Int. Journal of Psychosom. 391-4:62-7. PubMed abstract PMID 1428622 Sogyal Rinpoche, The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, ISBN 0-06-250834-2 Tart, Charles T., or. Altered States of Consciousness 1969 ISBN 0-471-84560-4 Trungpa, C. 1973 Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism, Shambhala South Asia ions, Boston, Massachusetts. Trungpa, C. 1984 Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior, Shambhala Dragon ions, Boston, Massachusetts. Erhard Vogel. 2001 Journey Into Your Center, Nataraja Publications, ISBN 1-892484-05-6 Wenner, Melinda. Brain Scans Reveal Why Mation Works. LiveScience.com. 30 June 2007. 7 Dying Mediataion technique in discource given in Hindi By Vivek ji Further reading Cooper, David. A. The art of mation: A Complete Guide. ISBN 81-7992-164-6 Easwaran, Eknath. Mation. ISBN 0-915132-66-4 Krishnamurti, Jiddu. This Light in Oneself: True Mation, 1999, Shambala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-442-9 Long, Barry. Mation: A Foundation Course - A Book of Ten Lessons. ISBN 1-899-32400-3 Meiche', Michele. Mation for Everyday Living. ISBN 09-710374-69 Nithyananda, Paramahamsa Sri. Mation is for You: An Introduction to the Science and Art of Mation, 2005, ISBN 8190243748 External links Find more about Mation on 's sister projects: Dictionary definitions Textbooks Quotations Source texts Images and media News stories Learning resources Guided Mation from Ramakrishna Mission, contains instructions from Raja Yoga of Swami Vivekananda What is Mation About Mation v d e Religion topics Major groups Abrahamic Bahá'à Faith · Christianity · Gnosticism · Islam · Judaism · Rastafari · Samaritanism Indian Ayyavazhi · Buddhism · Hinduism · Jainism · Sikhism Iranian Zoroastrianism · Manichaeanism · Yarsan · Mazdakism · Yazidi East Asian Chinese · Confucianism · Juche · Taoism · Shinto Modern Cao Dai · I-Kuan Tao · Neopaganism · Scientology · Spiritism · Tenrikyo · Unitarian Universalism Ethnic / Folk African · Albanian · Afro-American · Eurasian · Indigenous Australian · Native American · Pacific · Polynesian Ancient religions Prehistoric Near East Egyptian · Semitic · Mesopotamian Indo-European Celtic · Germanic · Illyro-thracian · Greek · Hellenism Gnosticism · Neoplatonism · Roman · Slavic · Vedic Hinduism Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation · Beliefs · Conversion · Denomination · Deities · God · Mation · Monasticism · Mysticism · Orthodoxy · Orthopraxy · Mythology · Priesthood · Ritual liturgy · sacrifice · Spirituality · Supernatural · Symbols · Truth Religious studies Anthropology · Comparison · Development · History · Origin · Philosophy · Psychology · Sociology · Theology · Theories · Timeline Politics Demographics · Education · Fanaticism · Fundamentalism · Growth · Left-wing / Right-wing · Minorities · National church · Neo-Fascism · Proselytism · Religious freedom · Schism · State religion · Theocracy · Violence persecution · terrorism · war Secularism and non-religion Atheism · Criticism of religion · Deconstruction · Irreligion · Nontheism · Religion and science · Secular theology · Secularization · Separation of church and state Lists Topics basic topics · Deities · Deification · Denominations · Founders · Mass gatherings · New religious movements · Scholars Religion portal List of religions and spiritual traditions Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Mation Categories: Mation | Mind-body interventions | Self | SpiritualityHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with statements since December 2007 | Articles with statements since October 2007 | Religion articles needing expert attention Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Frysk Galego हिनà¥?दी Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tok Pisin Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 17:3
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