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14-September-2008 12:50:18 - Tai chi chuan Tai chi chuan 太極拳 Yang Chengfu in a posture from the Yang style tai chi chuan solo form known as Single Whip c. 1931 Also known as t'ai chi ch'üan; tai ji quan Focus Hybrid Hardness Forms competition, light-contact no strikes, full contact striking, kicking, etc. Country of origin Flag of the People's Republic of China China Creator Disputed Parenthood Tao Yin Olympic Sport No This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Part of the series on Chinese martial arts List of Chinese martial arts Terms Kung fu Wushu Historical places Shaolin Temple Wudang Mountains Mount Emei Historical people Bodhidharma Dong Haichuan Huo Yuanjia Wong Fei Hung Wu Ch'uan-yu Yang Lu-ch'an Related Hong Kong action cinema Wushu sport Wuxia view discuss Tai chi chuan traditional Chinese: 太極拳; simplified Chinese: 太æž?拳; pinyin: tà i jà quán; Wade-Giles: t'ai4 chi2 ch'üan2 is classified as Wudangquan or an internal Chinese martial art. Tai chi is typically practiced for a variety of reasons: its soft martial techniques, demonstration competitions, health and longevity. Consequently, a multitude of training forms exist, both traditional and modern, which correspond to those aims. Some of tai chi chuan's training forms are well known to Westerners as the slow motion routines that groups of people practice together every morning in parks around the world, particularly in China. Today, tai chi has spread worldwide. Most modern styles of tai chi trace their development to at least one of the five traditional schools: Chen, Yang, Wu/Hao, Wu and Sun. The origins and creation of tai chi are a subject of much argument and speculation. However, the oldest documented tradition is that of the Chen family from the 1820s.12 Contents 1 Overview 2 History and styles 2.1 Family trees 2.1.1 Legendary figures 2.1.2 Five major classical family styles 2.1.3 Modern forms 3 Training and techniques 4 Modern tai chi 4.1 Tai chi as sport 5 Health benefits 6 Tai chi chuan in fiction 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Overview The Mandarin term t'ai chi ch'uan literally translates as supreme ultimate fist, boundless fist, or great extremes boxing note that 'chi' in this instance is an earlier romanization of modern 'ji', not to be confused with the use of 'chi' in the sense of 'life-force' or 'energy', which is an earlier romanization of modern 'qi'. The concept of the supreme ultimate appears in both Taoist and Confucian Chinese philosophy where it represents the fusion or mother3 of Yin and Yang into a single ultimate represented by the Taijitu symbol. Thus, tai chi theory and practice evolved in agreement with many of the principles of Chinese philosophy including both Taoism and Confucianism. Tai chi training first and foremost involves learning solo routines, known as forms 套路 taolu. While the image of tai chi chuan in popular culture is typified by exceedingly slow movement, many tai chi styles including the three most popular, Yang, Wu and Chen have secondary forms of a faster pace. Some traditional schools of tai chi teach partner exercises known as pushing hands, and martial applications of the postures of the form. A Yang style teacher corrects his student's form A Yang style teacher corrects his student's form Tai chi chuan is generally classified as a form of traditional Chinese martial arts of the Neijia soft or internal branch. It is considered a soft style martial art - an art applied with internal power - to distinguish its theory and application from that of the hard martial art styles.4 Since the first widespread promotion of tai chi's health benefits by Yang Shaohou, Yang Chengfu, Wu Chien-ch'uan and Sun Lutang in the early twentieth century,5 it has developed a worldwide following among people with little or no interest in martial training, for its benefit to health and health maintenance.6 Medical studies of tai chi support its effectiveness as an alternative exercise and a form of martial arts therapy. Some call it a form of moving mation, as focusing the mind solely on the movements of the form purportedly helps to bring about a state of mental calm and clarity. Besides general health benefits and stress management attributed to tai chi training, aspects of traditional Chinese medicine are taught to advanced tai chi students in some traditional schools.7 Some martial arts, especially the Japanese martial arts, use a uniform for students during practice. Tai chi chuan schools do not generally require a uniform, but both traditional and modern teachers often advocate loose, comfortable clothing and flat-soled shoes.89 The physical techniques of tai chi chuan are described in the tai chi classics a set of writings by traditional masters as being characterized by the use of leverage through the joints based on coordination in relaxation, rather than muscular tension, in order to neutralize or initiate attacks. The slow, repetitive work involved in the process of learning how that leverage is generated gently and measurably increases, opens the internal circulation breath, body heat, blood, lymph, peristalsis, etc. The study of tai chi chuan primarily involves three subjects. Traditional schools cover these aspects of tai chi practice simultaneously, while many modern schools focus on a single aspect, depending on their goal in practising the art. These subjects are: Health: An unhealthy or otherwise uncomfortable person may find it difficult to mate to a state of calmness or to use tai chi as a martial art. Tai chi's health training therefore concentrates on relieving the physical effects of stress on the body and mind. For those focused on tai chi's martial application, good physical fitness is an important step towards effective self-defense. Mation: The focus and calmness cultivated by the mative aspect of tai chi is seen as necessary in maintaining optimum health in the sense of relieving stress and maintaining homeostasis and in application of the form as a soft style martial art. Martial art: The ability to use tai chi as a form of self-defense in combat is said to be the most effective proof of a student's understanding of the art's principles. The study of tai chi chuan martially is the study of appropriate change in response to outside forces; the study of yielding and blending with outside force rather than attempting to meet it with opposing force. History and styles See also: History of Chinese Martial Arts Wu style being demonstrated at a tournament in Toronto, Canada Wu style being demonstrated at a tournament in Toronto, Canada There are five major styles of tai chi chuan, each named after the Chinese family from which it originated: Chen style 陳æ°? Yang style 楊æ°? Wu or Wu/Hao style of Wu Yu-hsiang Wu Yuxiang æ¦æ°? Wu style of Wu Ch'uan-yü Wu Quanyuo and Wu Chien-ch'uan Wu Jianquan å?³æ°? Sun style å«æ°? The order of verifiable age is as listed above. The order of popularity in terms of number of practitioners is Yang, Wu, Chen, Sun, and Wu/Hao.4 The first five major family styles share much underlying theory, but differ in their approaches to training. There are now dozens of new styles, hybrid styles and offshoots of the main styles, but the five family schools are the groups recognised by the international community as being orthodox. Zhaobao Tai Chi, a close cousin of Chen style, has been newly recognised by Western practitioners as a distinct style. The designation internal or nei chia martial arts is also used to broadly distinguish what are known as the external or wai chia styles based on the Shaolinquan styles, although that distinction is sometimes disputed by modern schools. In this broad sense, all styles of tai chi as well as related arts such as Pa Kua Chang and Hsing-i Ch'üan are therefore considered to be soft or internal martial arts. Many styles list in their history that tai chi was originally formulated by a Taoist monk called Zhang Sanfeng and taught by him in the Taoist monasteries at Wu Tang Shan.10 A Wudang style practitioner performs the movement Snake Creeps Down A Wudang style practitioner performs the movement Snake Creeps Down When tracing tai chi chuan's formative influences to Taoist and Buddhist monasteries, there seems little more to go on than legendary tales from a modern historical perspective, but tai chi chuan's practical connection to and dependence upon the theories of Sung dynasty Neo-Confucianism a conscious synthesis of Taoist, Buddhist and Confucian traditions, especially the teachings of Mencius is claimed by some traditional schools.4 The philosophical and political landscape of that time in Chinese history is fairly well documented. Tai chi's theories and practice are therefore believed by these schools to have been formulated by the Taoist monk Zhang Sanfeng in the 12th century, at about the same time that the principles of the Neo-Confucian school were making themselves felt in Chinese intellectual life.4 In these legends, Zhang Sanfeng as a young man studied Tao Yin 導引, Pinyin dÇŽoyÇ?n breathing exercises from his Taoist teachers11 and martial arts at the Buddhist Shaolin monastery,12 eventually combining the martial forms and breathing exercises to formulate the soft or internal principles we associate with tai chi chuan and related martial arts. Zhang Sanfeng is also sometimes attributed with the creation of the original 13 Movements of Tai Chi Chuan. These 13 movements are in all forms of tai chi chuan. Its subsequent fame attributed to his teaching, Wu Tang monastery was known thereafter as an important martial center for many centuries, its many styles of internal kung fu preserved and refined at various Taoist temples. Family trees These family trees are not comprehensive. Names denoted by an asterisk are legendary or semi-legendary figures in the lineage; while their involvement in the lineage is accepted by most of the major schools, it is not independently verifiable from known historical records. The Cheng Man-ch'ing and Chinese Sports Commission short forms are derived from Yang family forms, but neither are recognized as Yang family tai chi chuan by standard-bearing Yang family teachers. The Chen, Yang and Wu families are now promoting their own shortened demonstration forms for competitive purposes. Legendary figures Zhang Sanfeng c. 12th century NEIJIA Wang Zongyue 1733-1795 Five major classical family styles Chen Wangting 1600-1680 9th generation Chen CHEN STYLE Chen Changxing 1771-1853 14th generation Chen Chen Old Frame Chen Youben c. 1800s 14th generation Chen Chen New Frame Yang Lu-ch'an 1799-1872 YANG STYLE Chen Qingping 1795-1868 Chen Small Frame, Zhaobao Frame Yang Pan-hou 1837-1892 Yang Small Frame Yang Chien-hou 1839-1917 Wu Yu-hsiang 1812-1880 WU/HAO STYLE Wu Ch'uan-yü 1834-1902 Yang Shao-hou 1862-1930 Yang Small Frame Yang Ch'eng-fu 1883-1936 Yang Big Frame Li I-yü 1832-1892 Wu Chien-ch'üan 1870-1942 WU STYLE 108 Form Yang Shou-chung 1910-85 Hao Wei-chen 1849-1920 Wu Kung-i 1900-1970 Sun Lu-t'ang 1861-1932 SUN STYLE Wu Ta-k'uei 1923-1972 Sun Hsing-i 1891-1929 Modern forms Yang Ch`eng-fu Cheng Man-ch'ing 1901-1975 Short 37 Form Chinese Sports Commission 1956 Beijing 24 Form 1989 42 Competition Form Wushu competition form combined from Sun, Wu, Chen, and Yang styles Training and techniques Yang Chengfu utilizing one of the many possible applications of the Single Whip technique. Yang Chengfu utilizing one of the many possible applications of the Single Whip technique. As the name tai chi chuan is held to be derived from the Taiji symbol taijitu or t'ai chi t'u, 太極圖, commonly known in the West as the yin-yang diagram, tai chi chuan is therefore said in literature preserved in its oldest schools to be a study of yin receptive and yang active principles, using terminology found in the Chinese classics, especially the Book of Changes and the Tao Te Ching.4 The core training involves two primary features: the first being the solo form ch'üan or quán, 拳, a slow sequence of movements which emphasize a straight spine, abdominal breathing and a natural range of motion; the second being different styles of pushing hands tui shou, 推手 for training movement principles of the form in a more practical way. The solo form should take the students through a complete, natural range of motion over their center of gravity. Accurate, repeated practice of the solo routine is said to retrain posture, encourage circulation throughout the students' bodies, maintain flexibility through their joints and further familiarize students with the martial application sequences implied by the forms. The major traditional styles of tai chi have forms which differ somewhat cosmetically, but there are also many obvious similarities which point to their common origin. The solo forms, empty-hand and weapon, are catalogs of movements that are practiced individually in pushing hands and martial application scenarios to prepare students for self-defense training. In most traditional schools, different variations of the solo forms can be practiced: fast-slow, small circle-large circle, square-round which are different expressions of leverage through the joints, low sitting/high sitting the degree to which weight-bearing knees are kept bent throughout the form, for example. two Western students receive instruction in Pushing hands, one of the core training exercises of tai chi two Western students receive instruction in Pushing hands, one of the core training exercises of tai chi The philosophy of the style is that if one uses hardness to resist violent force, then both sides are certain to be injured at least to some degree. Such injury, according to tai chi theory, is a natural consequence of meeting brute force with brute force. Instead, students are taught not to directly fight or resist an incoming force, but to meet it in softness and follow its motion while remaining in physical contact until the incoming force of attack exhausts itself or can be safely redirected, meeting yang with yin. Done correctly, this yin/yang or yang/yin balance in combat, or in a broader philosophical sense, is a primary goal of tai chi chuan training. Lao Tzu provided the archetype for this in the Tao Te Ching when he wrote, The soft and the pliable will defeat the hard and strong. Tai chi's martial aspect relies on sensitivity to the opponent's movements and center of gravity dictating appropriate responses. Effectively affecting or capturing the opponent's center of gravity immediately upon contact is trained as the primary goal of the martial tai chi student.13 The sensitivity needed to capture the center is acquired over thousands of hours of first yin slow, repetitive, mative, low impact and then later adding yang realistic, active, fast, high impact martial training; forms, pushing hands and sparring. Tai chi trains in three basic ranges, close, medium and long, and then everything in between. Pushes and open hand strikes are more common than punches, and kicks are usually to the legs and lower torso, never higher than the hip depending on style. The fingers, fists, palms, sides of the hands, wrists, forearms, elbows, shoulders, back, hips, knees and feet are commonly used to strike, with strikes to the eyes, throat, heart, groin and other acupressure points trained by advanced students. Joint traps, locks and breaks chin na are also used. Most tai chi teachers expect their students to thoroughly learn defensive or neutralizing skills first, and a student will have to demonstrate proficiency with them before offensive skills will be extensively trained. There is also an emphasis in the traditional schools that one is expected to show wu te æ¦å¾·, martial virtue or heroism, to protect the defenseless and show mercy to one's opponents.14 In addition to the physical form, martial tai chi chuan schools also focus on how the energy of a strike effects the other person. Palm strikes that physically look the same may be performed in such a way that it has a completely different effect on the target's body. A palm strike could simply push the person forward, be focused in such a way as lift them vertically off the ground breaking their center of gravity, or terminate the force of the strike within the other person's body with the intent of causing internal damage. Other training exercises include: Weapons training and fencing applications employing the straight sword known as the jian or chien or gim jià n åŠ?, a heavier curved sabre, sometimes called a broadsword or tao dÄ?o 刀, which is actually considered a big knife, folding fan also called san, wooden staff 2 m known as kun æ£?, 7 foot 2 m spear and 13 foot 4 m lance both called qiÄ?ng æ§?. More exotic weapons still used by some traditional styles are the large Dadao or Ta Tao 大刀 and Pudao or P'u Tao 撲刀 sabres, halberd jÇ? 戟, cane, rope-dart, three sectional staff, Wind and fire wheels, lasso, whip, chain whip and steel whip. Two-person tournament sparring as part of push hands competitions and/or sanshou 散手; Breathing exercises; nei kung 內功 nèigÅ?ng or, more commonly, ch'i kung 氣功 qìgÅ?ng to develop ch'i æ°£ qì or breath energy in coordination with physical movement and post standing or combinations of the two. These were formerly taught only to disciples as a separate, complementary training system. In the last 50 years they have become better known to the general public. Modern tai chi Outdoor practice in Beijing's Temple of Heaven. Outdoor practice in Beijing's Temple of Heaven. Tai chi classes have become popular in hospitals, clinics, community and senior centers in the last twenty years or so, as baby boomers age and the art's reputation as a low stress training for seniors became more well-known.1516 As a result of this popularity, there has been some divergence between those who say they practice tai chi primarily for self-defense, those who practice it for its aesthetic appeal see wushu below, and those who are more interested in its benefits to physical and mental health. The wushu aspect is primarily for show; the forms taught for those purposes are designed to earn points in competition and are mostly unconcerned with either health maintenance or martial ability. More traditional stylists believe the two aspects of health and martial arts are equally necessary: the yin and yang of tai chi chuan. The tai chi family schools therefore still present their teachings in a martial art context, whatever the intention of their students in studying the art.17 Along with Yoga, tai chi is one of the fastest growing fitness and health maintenance activities in the United States.16 Tai chi as sport Taijijian event at the 10th All China Games Taijijian event at the 10th All China Games In order to standardize tai chi chuan for wushu tournament judging, and because many of the family tai chi chuan teachers had either moved out of China or had been forced to stop teaching after the Communist regime was established in 1949, the government sponsored the Chinese Sports Committee, who brought together four of their wushu teachers to truncate the Yang family hand form to 24 postures in 1956. They wanted to retain the look of tai chi chuan but create a routine that was less difficult to teach and much less difficult to learn than longer generally 88 to 108 posture, classical, solo hand forms. In 1976, they developed a slightly longer form also for the purposes of demonstration that still didn't involve the complete memory, balance and coordination requirements of the traditional forms. This was the Combined 48 Forms that were created by three wushu coaches, headed by Professor Men Hui Feng. The combined forms were created based on simplifying and combining some features of the classical forms from four of the original styles; Chen, Yang, Wu, and Sun. As tai chi again became popular on the mainland, more competitive forms were developed to be completed within a six-minute time limit. In the late-1980s, the Chinese Sports Committee standardized many different competition forms. They developed sets to represent the four major styles as well as combined forms. These five sets of forms were created by different teams, and later approved by a committee of wushu coaches in China. All sets of forms thus created were named after their style, e.g., the Chen Style National Competition Form is the 56 Forms, and so on. The combined forms are The 42 Form or simply the Competition Form. Another modern form is the 67 movements Combined Tai-Chi Chuan form, created in the 1950s, it contains characteristics of the Yang, Wu, Sun, Chen and Fu styles blended into a combined form. The wushu coach, Bow Sim Mark is a notable exponent of the 67 Combined. These modern versions of tai chi chuan sometimes listed using the pinyin romanization Tai ji quan have since become an integral part of international wushu tournament competition, and have been featured in several popular Chinese movies starring or choreographed by well known wushu competitors, such as Jet Li and Donnie Yen. In the 11th Asian Games of 1990, wushu was included as an item for competition for the first time with the 42 Form being chosen to represent tai chi. The International Wushu Federation IWUF applied for wushu to be part of the Olympic games, but will not count medals.18 Health benefits Tai chi is promoted as a method for the elderly or infirm to reclaim the natural vigor of youth. Tai chi is promoted as a method for the elderly or infirm to reclaim the natural vigor of youth. Before tai chi's introduction to Western students, the health benefits of tai chi chuan were largely explained through the lens of traditional Chinese medicine, which is based on a view of the body and healing mechanisms not always studied or supported by modern science. Today, some prominent tai chi teachers have advocated subjecting tai chi to rigorous scientific studies to gain acceptance in the West.19 Researchers have found that long-term tai chi practice shows some favorable but statistically insignificant effects on the promotion of balance control, flexibility and cardiovascular fitness and reduced the risk of falls in elderly patients.20 The studies also show some reduced pain, stress and anxiety in healthy subjects. Other studies have indicated improved cardiovascular and respiratory function in healthy subjects as well as those who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. Patients that suffer from heart failure, high blood pressure, heart attacks, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's may also benefit from tai chi. Tai chi, along with yoga, has reduced levels of LDLs 20-26 milligrams when practised for 12-14 weeks.21 However, a thorough review of most of these studies showed limitations or biases that made it difficult to draw firm conclusions on the benefits of tai chi.19 There have also been indications that tai chi might have some effect on noradrenaline and cortisol production with an effect on mood and heart rate. However, as with many of these studies, the effect may be no different than those derived from other types of physical exercise.22 In one study, tai chi has also been shown to reduce the symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD in 13 adolescents. The improvement in symptoms seem to persist after the tai chi sessions were terminated.23 Tai chi's gentle, low impact movements burn more calories than surfing and nearly as many as downhill skiing.24 In addition, a pilot study, which has not been published in a peer-reviewed medical journal, has found preliminary evidence that tai chi and related qigong may reduce the severity of diabetes.25 A recent study evaluated the effects of two types of behavioral intervention, tai chi and health education, on healthy adults, who after 16 weeks of the intervention, were vaccinated with VARIVAX, a live attenuated Oka/Merck Varicella zoster virus vaccine. The tai chi group showed higher and more significant levels of cell-mediated immunity to varicella zoster virus than the control group which received only health education. It appears that tai chi augments resting levels of varicella zoster virus-specific cell-mediated immunity and boosts the efficacy of the varicella vaccine. Tai chi alone does not lessen the effects or probability of a shingles attack, but it does improve the effects of the varicella zoster virus vaccine.26 Now that the majority of health studies have displayed a tangible benefit to the practice of tai chi, some health professionals have called for more in-depth studies to determine mitigating factors such as the most beneficial style, suggested duration of practice to show the best results, and whether tai chi is as effective as other forms of exercise.19 Tai chi chuan in fiction Tai chi and neijia in general play a large role in many wuxia novels, films, and television series; among which are Yuen Wo Ping's Tai Chi Master starring Jet Li, and the popular Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. A movie that features a traditional tai chi chuan teacher as the lead character is Pushing Hands, Ang Lee's first western film. It is also used as the basis for fictional Waterbending in Avatar the Last Airbender.In the video game Dead or Alive, Lei Fang uses Tai chi chuan. Internal concepts may even be the subject of parody, such as in Shaolin Soccer and Kung Fu Hustle. Fictional portrayals often refer to Zhang Sanfeng and the Taoist monasteries on Wudangshan. See also Taijijian Lee style Tai Chi Chuan List of Tai Chi Chuan forms Liuhebafa T'ai chi ch'uan philosophy Taoist Tai Chi Tchoung Ta-chen World Tai Chi and Qigong Day Wudang Tai Chi Chuan Notes ^ Wile 1995 ^ Wile 1983 ^ Cheng 1993, pg. 21 ^ a b c d e Wile, Douglas 2007. Taijiquan and Taoism from Religion to Martial Art and Martial Art to Religion. Journal of Asian Martial Arts 16 4. Via Media Publishing. ISSN 1057-8358. ^ Wile 1995 ^ T'ai Chi gently reduces blood pressure in elderly required registration. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. ^ Wu 2006 ^ Lam, Dr. Paul. What should I wear to practice Tai Chi?. Tai Chi Productions. Retrieved on 2008-07-14. ^ Fu 2006 ^ Wile 1995 ^ Lao, Cen April 1997. The Evolution of T'ai Chi Ch'uan. T'AI CHI The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan 21 2. Wayfarer Publications. ISSN 0730-1049. ^ Eberhard 1986 ^ Wu 2006 ^ Wile 1995 ^ Yip, Y. L. Autumn 2002. Pivot - Qi. The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health and Fitness 12 3. Insight Graphics Publishers. ISSN 1056-4004. ^ a b SGMA 2007 Sports Fitness Participation Report From the USA Sports Participation Study. SGMA. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. ^ Woolidge, Doug June 1997. T'AI CHI. The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan 21 3. Wayfarer Publications. ISSN 0730-1049. ^ Wushu likely to be a specially-set sport at Olympics. Chinese Olympic Committee 2006. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ a b c Wang, C; Collet JP Lau J 2004. The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine 164 5: 493-501. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.5.493. PMID 15006825. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ Wolf, SL; Sattin RW Kutner M 2003. Intense tai chi exercise training and fall occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 51 12: 1693-701. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51552.x. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ Brody, Jane E. 2007-08-21. Cutting Cholesterol, an Uphill Battle. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-07-14. ^ Jin, P 1989. Changes in Heart Rate, Noradrenaline, Cortisol and Mood During Tai Chi. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33 2: 197-206. doi:10.1016/0022-39998990047-0. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ Hernandez-Reif, M; Field, TM Thimas, E 2001. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: benefits from Tai Chi. Journal of Bodywork Movement Therapies 5 2: 120-123. doi:10.1054/jbmt.2000.0219. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ Calories burned during exercise. NutriStrategy. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ Pennington, LD 2006. Tai chi: an effective alternative exercise. DiabetesHealth. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ Irwin, MR; Olmstead, R Oxman, MN 2007. Augmenting Immune Responses to Varicella Zoster Virus in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Tai Chi. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55 4: 511-517. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01109.x. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. References Cheng Man-ch'ing. Cheng-Tzu's Thirteen Treatises on T'ai Chi Ch'uan 1993 North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-0938190455 Eberhard, Wolfram 1986. A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. Routledge Kegan Paul, London. ISBN 0415002281. Fu, Zhongwen 2006-06-09. Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1583941525. Wile, Douglas 1983. Tai Chi Touchstones: Yang Family Secret Transmissions. Sweet Ch'i Press. ISBN 978-0912059013. Wile, Douglas 1995. Lost T'ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty Chinese Philosophy and Culture. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791426548. Wu, Kung-tsao 2006. Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan å?³å®¶å¤ªæ¥µæ‹³. Chien-ch'uan T'ai-chi Ch'uan Association. ISBN 0-9780499-0-X. Further reading Medical Research on T'ai Chi Qigong Chi Kung. World Tai Chi Day. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. Tai Chi Boosts Immunity, Improves Physical Health in Seniors 2003. Acupuncture Today 04 11. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. Tai Chi: With slow movements as fluid as silk, the gentle Chinese practice of Tai Chi seems tailor-made for easing sore joints and muscles. . Arthritis Today. Retrieved on 2007-07-09. World T'ai Chi Qigong Day's Headline News. World Tai Chi Day. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tai chi chuan Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tai chi chuan Prime Minister Wen Jiabao of the PRC practices tai chi during a diplomatic visit to Japan at The New York Times Tai Chi Exercises: Fad Unsettles Indonesia Lee Scheele's links to T'ai Chi Ch'uan websites at Scheele Tai Chi 'improves body and mind' at BBC Videos of the major family styles Yang Zhenduo's Yang style at YouTube Wu Yinghua's Wu Jianquan style Chen Shitong's Chen style at Google Video Sun Jianyun's Sun style Hao Shaoru's Wu/Hao style Free On-line Taichi self learning lessons Example of Specially Tailored free on-line self learning lessons Contemporary Wushu v d e Main Taolu Events Sparring Changquan Dao Qiang Jian Gun Sanda Nanquan Nandao Nangun Related Taijiquan Taijijian International Wushu Federation World Wushu Championships v d e Martial arts by focus Martial arts are listed by area of primary focus. Note that they may include training in the other areas. Striking BÄ?jÃquán · Boxing · Capoeira · Dambe · Fistfight · Fujian White Crane · Karate · KenpÅ? · Kickboxing · Lethwei · Muay Thai · Pradal Serey · Savate · Silat · Subak · Shaolin kung fu · Taekwondo · Tangsoodo · Wing Chun Grappling Aikido · Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu · Glima · Judo · Jujutsu · Kinomichi · Malla-yuddha · Varzesh-e Pahlavani · Pehlwani · Sambo · Shuai Jiao · Ssireum · Sumo · Wrestling Weaponry BattÅ?jutsu · Eskrima · Egyptian stick fencing · Fencing · Gatka · IaidÅ? · Iaijutsu · JÅ?dÅ? · Kendo · Kenjutsu · KyÅ«dÅ? · KyÅ«jutsu · Shurikenjutsu · Silambam · SÅ?jutsu Mixed, hybrid, and multi-discipline Baguazhang · Bando · Bartitsu · Hapkido · Hung Ga · Hwa Rang Do · Jeet Kune Do · Kalarippayattu · Krav Maga · MCMAP · Northern Praying Mantis · Ninjutsu · Pankration · Pencak Silat · San Shou · Shootfighting · Systema · Tai chi chuan · Vajra Mushti · Xingyiquan v d e Martial arts by country of origin The Martial Arts Portal Brazil: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Capoeira Burma Myanmar: Bando Lethwei Cambodia: Bokator Pradal Serey Canada: Okichitaw China: Baguazhang BÄ?jÃquán Northern Praying Mantis Shaolin kung fu Shuai Jiao Tai chi chuan Wing Chun Xingyiquan Zui Quan Choi Lei Fut Egypt: Egyptian stick fencing France: Kinomichi Savate Greco-Roman wrestling Germany: German school of fencing Greece: Pankration Iceland: Glima India: Gatka Kalarippayattu Malla-yuddha Pehlwani Silambam Vajra Mushti Iran: Varzesh-e Pahlavani Ireland: Bataireacht Israel: Krav Maga Italy: Italian school of swordsmanship Japan: Aikido BattÅ?jutsu HojÅ?jutsu IaidÅ? Iaijutsu JÅ?dÅ? Judo Jujutsu JÅ«kendÅ? Juttejutsu Kendo KenpÅ? Kenjutsu KyÅ«dÅ? KyÅ«jutsu Naginatajutsu Ninjutsu Shurikenjutsu SÅ?jutsu Sumo Korea: Hapkido Hankumdo Hwa Rang Do Subak Ssireum Taekkyeon Taekwondo Tang Soo Do Philippines: Eskrima Modern Arnis Sikaran Yawyan Panantukan Nigeria: Dambe Portugal: Jogo do Pau Russia: Fistfight Sambo Systema RyÅ«kyÅ« Kingdom: Karate Okinawan kobudÅ? Switzerland: Schwingen Thailand: Muay Thai Turkey: YaÄŸlı GüreÅŸ Amarok Sayokan United Kingdom Bartitsu Catch wrestling United States of America: Jeet Kune Do Kajukenbo Marine Corps Martial Arts Program Modern Army Combatives Collegiate wrestling Uzbekistan Kurash Vietnam: Vovinam Unknown or no single origin: Boxing Fencing Silat Stick fighting Wrestling Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Tai_chi_chuan Categories: Contemporary wushu | Chinese martial arts | Tai chi chuan | Neijia | Taoism | Mation | Traditional Chinese medicine Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Brezhoneg Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Ù?ارسی Suomi Français Galego Hak-kâ-fa עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ 粵語 This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 12:30
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