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11-SEPTEMBER-2008 13:54:10 - Futile cycle A Futile cycle is when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than wasting energy.1 For example, if glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were to be active at the same time, glucose would be converted to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, with an overall consumption of ATP.2 Futile cycles may have a role in metabolic regulation, where a futile cycle would be a system oscillating between two states and very sensitive to small changes in the activity of any of the enzymes involved.3 The cycle does generate heat, and may be used to maintain homeostasis. Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis This futile cycle is ATP + H_2 O \rightleftharpoons ADP + P_i + heat example of futile cycle: During glycolysis fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the help of the enzyme phosphofructokinasePFK. ATP+fructose-6-phosphate----------fructose-1,6-bisphosphate+ADP --------------1 But during gluconeogenesisi.e. synthesis of glucose from pyruvate and other compounds the revese reaction takes place being catalyzed by fructose-1,6-bisphosphataseFBPase-1. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate+H2O----------fructose-6-phosphate+Pi --------------2 the sum total of the two above reaction is- ATP+H2O------ADP+Pi+Heat that is, hydrolysis of ATP without any useful metabolic work being done. Clearly, if these two reactions were allowed to proceed simultaneously at a high rate in the same cell, a large amount of chemical energy would be dissipated as heat. This uneconomical process has been called a futile cycle. References ^ Schwender J, Ohlrogge J, Shachar-Hill Y 2004. Understanding flux in plant metabolic networks. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7 3: 309-17. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.016. PMID 15134752. ^ Boiteux A, Hess B 1981. Design of glycolysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 293 1063: 5-22. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0056. PMID 6115423. ^ Samoilov M, Plyasunov S, Arkin A 2005. Stochastic amplification and signaling in enzymatic futile cycles through noise-induced bistability with oscillations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 7: 2310-5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406841102. PMID 15701703. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Nelson, W1. H., Freeman, 4th Ed, 2004 External links MeSH Futile+cycles This biochemistry article is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Futile_cycle Categories: Metabolism | Glycolysis | Biochemistry stubs Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages 日本語 This page was last modified on 7 June 2008, at 19:06
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