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11-SEPTEMBER-2008 12:20:15 - Adolphe Quetelet Adolphe Quetelet Born 22 February 1796 Ghent Died 17 February 1874 Nationality Belgium Fields astronomer mathematician statistician sociologist Institutions Brussels Observatory Alma mater University of Ghent Known for sociology Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet 22 February 1796 - 17 February 1874 was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist. He founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the social sciences. Some French-language sources give his last name as Quetelet, with no accent. Contents 1 Biography 2 Work 2.1 Social Physics 2.2 Criminology 2.3 Public health 3 Publications 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was born in Ghent, Belgium, on 22 February 1796. He studied at the lycée in Gent, where he started teaching mathematics in 1815, at the age of 19. In 1819 he moved to the athenaeum in Brussels and in the same year he completed his dissertation De quibusdam locis geometricis, necnon de curva focal - Of some new properties of the focal distance and some other curves. Quetelet received a doctorate in mathematics in 1819 from the University of Ghent. Shortly thereafter, the young man set out to convince government officials and private donors to build an astronomical observatory in Brussels; he succeeded in 1828. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1820. He lectured at the museum for sciences and letters and at the Belgian Military School. Quetelet also founded several statistical journals and societies, and was especially interested in creating international cooperation among statisticians. In 1855 Quetelet suffered from apoplexy, which diminished but did not end his scientific activity. He died in Brussels on 17 February 1874. Work His scientific research encompassed a wide range of different scientific disciplines: meteorology, astronomy, mathematics, statistics, demography, sociology, criminology and history of science. He made significant contributions to scientific development, but he also wrote several monographs directed to the general public. He founded the Royal Observatory of Belgium, founded or co-founded several national and international statistical societies and scientific journals, and presided over the first series of the International Statistical Congresses. Quetelet was a liberal and an anticlerical, but not an atheist or materialist nor a socialist. Social Physics The new science of probability and statistics was mainly used in astronomy at the time, to get a handle on measurement errors with the method of least squares. Quetelet was among the first who attempted to apply it to social science, planning what he called a social physics. He was keenly aware of the overwhelming complexity of social phenomena, and the many variables that needed measurement. His goal was to understand the statistical laws underlying such phenomena as crime rates, marriage rates or suicide rates. He wanted to explain the values of these variables by other social factors. These ideas were rather controversial among other scientists at the time who held that it contradicted a concept of freedom of choice. His most influential book was Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale, published in 1835 In English translation, entitled Treatise on Man. In it, he outlines the project of a social physics and describes his concept of the average man l'homme moyen who is characterized by the mean values of measured variables that follow a normal distribution. He collected data about many such variables. When Auguste Comte discovered that Quetelet had appropriated the term 'social physics', which Comte had originally introduced, Comte found it necessary to invent the term 'sociologie' sociology because he disagreed with Quetelet's collection of statistics. Criminology Quetelet was an influential figure in criminology. Along with Andre-Michel Guerry, he helped to establish the cartographic school and positivist schools of criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between crime and other social factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well as gender and crime. Other influential factors he found included climate, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption, with his research findings published in Of the Development of the Propensity to Crime.1 Public health Principal among these, in terms of influence over later public health agendas, was Quetelet's establishment of a simple measure for classifying people's weight relative to an ideal weight for their height. His proposal, the body mass index or Quetelet index, has endured with minor variations to the present day2. Publications 1823. Relation d'un voyage fait à la grotte de Han au mois d'août 1822'. 'With M.M. Kickx. 1827. Recherches sur la population, les naissances, les décès, les prisons, les dépôts de mendicité, etc., dans le royaume des Pays-Bas. 1829. Recherches statistiques sur le royaume des Pays-Bas. 1831. The Propensity to Crime. 1934. Astronomie élémentaire. 1835. Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale. 2 volumes. 1838. De l'influence des saisons sur la mortalité aux différens âges dans la Belgique. 1839. Catalogue des principales apparitions d'étoiles filantes. 1842. A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties. 1843. Sur l'emploi de la boussole dans les mines. 1845-1851. Sur le climat de la Belgique. 2 volumes. 1848. Du système social et des lois qui le régissent. 1848. Sur la statistique morale et les principes qui doivent en former la base. 1850. Mémoire sur les lois des naissances et de la mortalité à Bruxelles. 1853. Mémoire sur les variations périodiques et non périodiques de la température, d'après les observations faites, pendant vingt ans, à l'observatoire royal de Bruxelles. 1864. Histoire des sciences mathématiques et physiques chez les Belges. 1867. Météorologie de la Belgique comparée à celle du globe. 1867. Sciences mathématiques et physiques au commencement du XIXe siècle. 1869. Sur la physique du globe en Belgique. 1870. Anthropométrie, ou Mesure des différentes facultés de l'homme. References ^ Piers Beirne 1987. Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology. In; American Journal of Sociology 925: pp. 1140-1169. ^ Garabed Eknoyan 2008. Adolphe Quetelet 1796-1874 -the average man and indices of obesity. In: Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23 1: 47-51. Further reading Alain Desrosières 1998. The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning. Harvard University Press, chapter 3. Stigler 1999. Statistics on the Table. Harvard University Press, chapter 2. Philip Ball 2005. Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another. Arrow Books 2005, chapter 3. External links O'Connor, John J. Robertson, Edmund F., Adolphe Quetelet, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive v d e Visualization Fields Creative visualization · Chemical imaging · Crime mapping · Data visualization · Educational visualization · Flow visualization · Geovisualization · Information visualization · Medical imaging · Music visualization · Product visualization · Scientific visualization · Software visualization · Volume visualization Image types Chart · Computer graphics · Diagram · Graph of a function · Ideogram · Illustration · Information graphics · Map · Photograph · Pictogram · Statistical graphics · Table · Technical drawing Experts Jacques Bertin · Stuart Card · Thomas A. DeFanti · Michael Friendly · Nigel Holmes · Jock D. Mackinlay · Michael Maltz · Bruce H. McCormick · Charles Joseph Minard · Otto Neurath · William Playfair · Clifford A. Pickover · Arthur H. Robinson · Lawrence J. Rosenblum · Adolphe Quetelet · George G. Robertson · Ben Shneiderman · Edward Tufte Related topics Cartography · Computer graphics · Graph drawing · Graphic design · Imaging science · Information science · Mental visualisation · Neuroimaging · Spatial analysis · Visual analytics · Visual communication · Visual perception Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet Categories: 1796 births | 1874 deaths | Belgian scientists | Belgian astronomers | Belgian mathematicians | Belgian sociologists | Belgian statisticians | Belgian criminologists | Ghent University alumni | Information graphic designers | Visualization experts Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Deutsch Español Ù?ارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska Walon ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 8 September 2008, at 19:0
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