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11-SEPTEMBER-2008 12:20:15 - Appetite For the mineral, see Apatite. The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher lifeforms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract, adipose tissue and the brain. Decreased desire to eat is termed anorexia, while polyphagia or hyperphagia is increased eating. Disregulation of appetite contributes to anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, cachexia, overeating, and binge eating disorder. Contents 1 Regulation 1.1 Effector 1.2 Sensor 2 Role in disease 3 Pharmacology 4 Further reading Regulation The regulation of appetite has been the subject of much research in the last decade. Breakthroughs included the discovery, in 1994, of leptin, a hormone that appeared to provide negative feedback. Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract, many hormones, and both the central and autonomic nervous systems. Effector The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is the main regulatory organ for human appetite. The neurons that regulate appetite appear to be mainly serotonergic, although neuropeptide Y NPY and Agouti-related peptide AGRP also play a vital role. Hypothalamocortical and hypothalamolimbic projections contribute to the awareness of hunger, and the somatic processes controlled by the hypothalamus include vagal tone the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, stimulation of the thyroid thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a large number of other mechanisms. Sensor The hypothalamus senses external stimuli mainly through a number of hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, PYY 3-36, orexin and cholecystokinin; all modify the hypothalamic response. They are produced by the digestive tract and by adipose tissue leptin. Systemic mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNFα, interleukins 1 and 6 and corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH influence appetite negatively; this mechanism explains why ill people often eat less. In addition, the biological clock which is regulated by the hypothalamus modifies hunger. Processes from other cerebral loci, such as from the limbic system and the cerebral cortex, project on the hypothalamus and modify appetite. This explains why in clinical depression and stress, energy intake can change quite drastically. Role in disease A limited or excessive appetite is not necessarily pathological. Abnormal appetite could be defined as eating habits causing malnutrition on the one side or obesity and its related problems on the other. Both genetic and environmental factors may regulate appetite, and abnormalities in either may lead to abnormal appetite. Poor appetite anorexia may have numerous causes, but may be a result of physical infectious, autoimmune or malignant disease or psychological stress, mental disorders factors. Likewise, hyperphagia excessive eating may be a result of hormonal imbalances, mental disorders e.g. depression and others. Dysregulation of appetite lies at the root of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. In addition, decreased response to satiety may promote development of obesity. Various herary forms of obesity have been traced to defects in hypothalamic signalling such as the leptin receptor and the MC-4 receptor, or are still awaiting characterisation Prader-Willi syndrome. Pharmacology Mechanisms controlling appetite are a potential target for weight loss drugs. Early anorectics were fenfluramine and phentermine. A more recent addition is sibutramine which increases serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the central nervous system. In addition, recent reports on recombinant PYY 3-36 suggest that this agent may contribute to weight loss by suppressing appetite. Given the epidemic proportions of obesity in the Western world, developments in this area are expected to snowball in the near future, as dieting alone is ineffective in most obese adults. Further reading Neary NM, Goldstone AP, Bloom SR. Appetite regulation: from the gut to the hypothalamus. Clin Endocrinol Oxford 2004;60:153-60. PMID 14725674. Wynne K, Stanley S, Bloom S. The gut and regulation of body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2576-82. PMID 15181026. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Appetite Categories: Endocrinology | Food and drink Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Español Français עברית Lietuvių 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Suomi Тоҷикӣ УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 6 July 2008, at 20:02
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So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
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