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11-SEPTEMBER-2008 12:20:15 - Chronic kidney disease Redirected from Chronic renal failure Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources ICD-10 N18. ICD-9 585 DiseasesDB 11288 eMedicine med/374 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease CKD, also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages. Each stage is a progression through an abnormally low and deteriorating glomerular filtration rate, which is usually determined indirectly by the creatinine level in blood serum.1 Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stage 5 CKD is a severe illness and requires some form of renal replacement therapy dialysis or renal transplant. Stage 5 CKD is also called end-stage renal disease ESRD, chronic kidney failure CKF or chronic renal failure CRF. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diagnosis 3 Stages 3.1 Stage 1 CKD 3.2 Stage 2 CKD 3.3 Stage 3 CKD 3.4 Stage 4 CKD 3.5 Stage 5 CKD 4 Causes 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 7 See also 8 Organizations 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms Initially it is without specific symptoms and can only be detected as an increase in serum creatinine or protein in the urine. As the kidney function decreases: blood pressure is increased due to fluid overload and production of vasoactive hormones, increasing one's risk of developing hypertension and/or suffering from congestive heart failure Urea accumulates, leading to azotemia and ultimately uremia symptoms ranging from lethargy to pericarditis and encephalopathy. Urea is excreted by sweating and crystallizes on skin uremic frost. Potassium accumulates in the blood known as hyperkalemia with a range of symptoms including malaise and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias Erythropoietin synthesis is decreased potentially leading to anemia, which causes fatigue Fluid volume overload - symptoms may range from mild edema to life-threatening pulmonary edema Hyperphosphatemia - due to reduced phosphate excretion, associated with hypocalcemia due to vitamin D3 deficiency. Later this progresses to tertiary hyperparathyroidism, with hypercalcaemia, renal osteodystrophy and vascular calcification that further impairs cardiac function. Metabolic acidosis, due to accumulation of sulfates, phosphates, uric acid etc. This may cause altered enzyme activity by excess acid acting on enzymes and also increased excitability of cardiac and neuronal membranes by the promotion of hyperkalemia due to excess acid acidemia2 People with chronic kidney disease suffer from accelerated atherosclerosis and are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than the general population. Patients afflicted with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease tend to have significantly worse prognoses than those suffering only from the latter. Diagnosis In many CKD patients, previous renal disease or other underlying diseases are already known. A small number presents with CKD of unknown cause. In these patients, a cause is occasionally identified retrospectively. It is important to differentiate CKD from acute renal failure ARF because ARF can be reversible. Abdominal ultrasound is commonly performed, in which the size of the kidneys are measured. Kidneys with CKD are usually smaller 9 cm than normal kidneys with notable exceptions such as in diabetic nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease. Another diagnostic clue that helps differentiate CKD and ARF is a gradual rise in serum creatinine over several months or years as opposed to a sudden increase in the serum creatinine several days to weeks. If these levels are unavailable because the patient has been well and has had no blood tests it is occasionally necessary to treat a patient briefly as having ARF until it has been established that the renal impairment is irreversible. Additional tests may include nuclear medicine MAG3 scan to confirm blood flows and establish the differential function between the two kidneys. DMSA scans are also used in renal imaging; with both MAG3 and DMSA being used chelated with the radioactive element Technetium-99. In chronic renal failure treated with standard dialysis, numerous uremic toxins accumulate. These toxins show various cytotoxic activities in the serum, have different molecular weights and some of them are bound to other proteins, primarily to albumin. Such toxic protein bound substances are receiving the attention of scientists who are interested in improving the standard chronic dialysis procedures used today. Stages All individuals with a Glomerular filtration rate GFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months are classified as having chronic kidney disease, irrespective of the presence or absence of kidney damage. The rationale for including these individuals is that reduction in kidney function to this level or lower represents loss of half or more of the adult level of normal kidney function, which may be associated with a number of complications.1 All individuals with kidney damage are classified as having chronic kidney disease, irrespective of the level of GFR. The rationale for including individuals with GFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 is that GFR may be sustained at normal or increased levels despite substantial kidney damage and that patients with kidney damage are at increased risk of the two major outcomes of chronic kidney disease: loss of kidney function and development of cardiovascular disease.1 Stage 1 CKD Slightly diminished function; Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Kidney damage is defined as pathologic abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine test or imaging studies.1 Stage 2 CKD Mild reduction in GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2 with kidney damage. Kidney damage is defined as pathologic abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine test or imaging studies.1 Stage 3 CKD Moderate reduction in GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m21 Stage 4 CKD Severe reduction in GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m21 Stage 5 CKD Established kidney failure GFR 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, or permanent renal replacement therapy RRT1 Causes The most common causes of CKD are diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Together, these cause approximately 75% of all adult cases. Certain geographic areas have a high incidence of HIV nephropathy. Historically, kidney disease has been classified according to the part of the renal anatomy that is involved, as:citation needed Vascular, includes large vessel disease such as bilateral renal artery stenosis and small vessel disease such as ischemic nephropathy, hemolytic-uremic syndrome and vasculitis Glomerular, comprising a diverse group and subclassified into Primary Glomerular disease such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and IgA nephritis Secondary Glomerular disease such as diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis Tubulointerstitial including polycystic kidney disease, drug and toxin-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and reflux nephropathy Obstructive such as with bilateral kidney stones and diseases of the prostate Treatment The goal of therapy is to slow down or halt the otherwise relentless progression of CKD to stage 5. Control of blood pressure and treatment of the original disease, whenever feasible, are the broad principles of management. Generally, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACEIs or angiotensin II receptor antagonists ARBs are used, as they have been found to slow the progression of CKD to stage 5.34 Replacement of erythropoietin and vitamin D3, two hormones processed by the kidney, is usually necessary, as is calcium. Phosphate binders are used to control the serum phosphate levels, which are usually elevated in chronic kidney disease. When one reaches stage 5 CKD, renal replacement therapy is required, in the form of either dialysis or a transplant. Prognosis The prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease is guarded as epidemiological data has shown that all cause mortality the overall death rate increases as kidney function decreases.5 The leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease, regardless of whether there is progression to stage 5.567 While renal replacement therapies can maintain patients indefinitely and prolong life, the quality of life is severely affected.89 Renal transplantation increases the survival of patients with stage 5 CKD significantly when compared to other therapeutic options;1011 however, it is associated with an increased short-term mortality due to complications of the surgery. Transplantation aside, high intensity home hemodialysis appears to be associated with improved survival and a greater quality of life, when compared to the conventional three times a week hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.12 See also Acute renal failure Dialysis Hepatorenal syndrome Renal failure Artificial kidney Organizations In the USA, the National Kidney Foundation is a national organization representing patients and professionals who treat kidney diseases. The Renal Support Network RSN is a nonprofit, patient-focused, patient-run organization that provides non-medical services to those affected by CKD. The American Association of Kidney Patients AAKP is a non-profit, patient-centric group focused on improving the health and well-being of CKD and dialysis patients. The Renal Physicians Association RPA is an association representing nephrology professionals. In the United Kingdom, the National Kidney Federation represents patients, and the Renal Association represents renal physicians and works closely with the National Service Framework for kidney disease. The International Society of Nephrology is an international body representing specialists in kidney diseases. References Find more about Chronic kidney disease on 's sister projects: Dictionary definitions Textbooks Quotations Source texts Images and media News stories Learning resources ^ a b c d e f g h National Kidney Foundation 2002. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease. Retrieved on 2008-06-29. ^ Adrogué HJ, Madias NE September 1981. Changes in plasma potassium concentration during acute acid-base disturbances. Am. J. Med. 71 3: 456-67. doi:10.1016/0002-93438190182-0. PMID 7025622. ^ Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Gaspari F, Benini R, Remuzzi G October 1998. Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia GISEN. Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet 352 9136: 1252-6. doi:10.1016/S0140-67369804433-X. PMID 9788454. ^ Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, et al July 1999. Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria. Lancet 354 9176: 359-64. doi:10.1016/S0140-67369810363-X. PMID 10437863. ^ a b Perazella MA, Khan S March 2006. Increased mortality in chronic kidney disease: a call to action. Am. J. Med. Sci. 331 3: 150-3. doi:10.1097/00000441-200603000-00007. PMID 16538076. ^ Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al October 2003. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108 17: 2154-69. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80. PMID 14581387. ^ Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al July 2006. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 7: 2034-47. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005101085. PMID 16738019. ^ Heidenheim AP, Kooistra MP, Lindsay RM 2004. Quality of life. Contrib Nephrol 145: 99-105. doi:10.1159/000081673. PMID 15496796. ^ de Francisco AL, Piñera C January 2006. Challenges and future of renal replacement therapy. Hemodial Int 10 Suppl 1: S19-23. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2006.01185.x. PMID 16441862. ^ Groothoff JW July 2005. Long-term outcomes of children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr. Nephrol. 20 7: 849-53. doi:10.1007/s00467-005-1878-9. PMID 15834618. ^ Giri M 2004. Choice of renal replacement therapy in patients with diabetic end stage renal disease. Edtna Erca J 30 3: 138-42. PMID 15715116. ^ Pierratos A, McFarlane P, Chan CT March 2005. Quotidian dialysis--update 2005. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 14 2: 119-24. PMID 15687837. External links National Kidney Foundation End Stage Kidney Disease Renal Failure, Chronic and Dialysis Complications - emedicine.com Chronic Renal Failure - emedicine.com v d e Urinary system - Pathology - Urologic disease N00-N39, 580-599 Abdominal Kidney/ nephropathy Glomerulus Nephritis/ glomerulonephritis by structure: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - Membranous glomerulonephritis/Membranous nephritis - IgA nephropathy/glomerulonephritis by disease: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Lupus nephritis other: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - Nephritic syndrome Nephrosis/ noninflammatory Glomerulosclerosis Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Diabetic nephropathy/glomerulosclerosis - Nephrotic syndrome Minimal change disease - Familial renal amyloidosis Tubulointerstitial/ Renal tubule Interstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis, Danubian endemic familial nephropathy Uropathy Obstructive uropathy, Hydronephrosis, Pyonephrosis Inborn errors of renal tubular transport Renal tubular acidosis, Gitelman syndrome Reflux nephropathy - Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - Renal papillary necrosis Renal failure Acute renal failure Acute tubular necrosis - Chronic renal failure Other Renal osteodystrophy - Nephroptosis - Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome vascular Renal artery stenosis, Hypertensive nephropathy, Renovascular hypertension Ureter Ureteritis - Ureterocele - Megaureter Pelvic Bladder Cystitis Interstitial cystitis, Trigonitis - Neurogenic bladder - Vesicointestinal fistula - Vesicoureteral reflux Urethra Urethritis Non-gonococcal urethritis - Urethral syndrome - Urethral stricture Other/general Urinary tract infection - Retroperitoneal fibrosis - Urolithiasis Kidney stone, Renal colic See also congenital, neoplasia, symptoms/signs Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease Categories: Nephrology | Kidney diseases | Organ failureHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since June 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages AzÉ™rbaycan БългарÑ?ки Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kapampangan 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Svenska This page was last modified on 7 September 2008, at 17:33
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