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11-SEPTEMBER-2008 12:20:15 - Malnutrition Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. It most often refers to undernutrition resulting from inadequate consumption, poor absorption, or excessive loss of nutrients, but the term can also encompass overnutrition, resulting from overeating or excessive intake of specific nutrients. An individual will experience malnutrition if the appropriate amount of, or quality of nutrients comprising a healthy diet are not consumed for an extended period of time. An extended period of malnutrition can result in starvation, disease, and infection. Malnutrition is the lack of sufficient nutrients to maintain healthy bodily functions and is typically associated with extreme poverty in economically developing countries. It is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of the world affected by famine. 1 Malnutrition as the result of inappropriate dieting, overeating or the absence of a balanced diet is often observed in economically developed countries eg. as indicated by increasing levels of obesity. Most commonly, malnourished people either do not have enough calories in their diet, or are eating a diet that lacks protein, vitamins, or trace minerals. Medical problems arising from malnutrition are commonly referred to as deficiency diseases. Scurvy is a well-known and now rare form of malnutrition, in which the victim is deficient in vitamin C. Survivors of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp after the liberation Survivors of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp after the liberation Common forms of malnutrition include protein-energy malnutrition PEM and micronutrient malnutrition. PEM refers to inadequate availability or absorption of energy and proteins in the body. Micronutrient malnutrition refers to inadequate availability of some essential nutrients such as vitamins and trace elements that are required by the body in small quantities. Micronutrient deficiencies lead to a variety of diseases and impair normal functioning of the body. Deficiency in micronutrients such as Vitamin A reduces the capacity of the body to resist diseases. Deficiency in iron, iodine and vitamin A is widely prevalent and represent a major public health challenge. An array of afflictions ranging from stunted growth, reduced intelligence and various cognitive abilities, reduced sociability, reduced leadership and assertiveness, reduced activity and energy, reduced muscle growth and strength, and poorer health overall are directly implicated to nutrient deficiencies. Also, another, although rare, effect of malnutrition is black spots appearing on the skin. Hunger is the normal psychological response brought on by the physiological condition of needing food. Hunger can also affect the mental state of a person, and is often used as a metonym for general undernourishment. According to the World Health Organization, hunger and malnutrition is the gravest single threat to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases.2 Contents 1 Politics 2 Effects 2.1 Mortality due to malnutrition 2.2 Biological effects 3 Action on Malnutrition 4 Statistics 5 Overnourished vs undernourished 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Politics This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. May 2007 The orange ribbon-an awareness ribbon for malnutrition. The orange ribbon-an awareness ribbon for malnutrition. As of 2008, malnutrition continues to be a worldwide problem, particularly in lesser developed countries3. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 850 million people worldwide were undernourished in 1999 to 2005, the most recent years for which figures are available and the number of malnourished people has recently been increasing. An orange awareness ribbon is used to raise awareness of malnutrition in the world.4 The FAO calculates undernourishment by comparing the amount of food available in a country at national level with how many people live in the country. Some environmentalists claim that the fundamental issue causing malnutrition is that the human population exceeds the Earth's carrying capacity;5 however, Food First raises the issue of food sovereignty and claims that every country with the possible minor exceptions of some city-states has sufficient agricultural capacity to feed its own people, but that the free trade economic order associated with such institutions as the International Monetary Fund IMF and the World Bank prevent this from happening. At the other end of the spectrum, the World Bank itself claims to be part of the solution to malnutrition, asserting that the best way for countries to succeed in breaking the cycle of poverty and malnutrition is to build export-led economies that will give them the financial means to buy foodstuffs on the world market. Amartya Sen won a 1998 Nobel Prize in part for his work suggesting that famine is not typically the product of a lack of food; rather, famine may arise from problems in food distribution networks or from governmental policies in the developing world. The politics of food trade and food security are often difficult to grasp. Many people believe that sending food aid to the poor of the world is a worthy idea, but that each country should produce its own food. Countries that have become more open to international trade in recent years e.g. China, Vietnam or Peru have greatly reduced the prevalence of undernourishment as measured by the FAO food energy consumption below acceptable minimum or as measured by the World Health Organization by the percentage of children under five who are stunted, wasted or underweight. Countries that remained closed to external trade e.g. North Korea have not improved or have worsened their food situation. May 2007 Some anti-globalization groups advocate food sovereignty, stating that each country should be physically self sufficient in every food item consumed by their people; by this measure the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, and in fact almost all other countries in the world would be food insecure, and a desert nation like Saudi Arabia with its current population would not be viable as a country at all. One policy adopted in recent decades to alleviate world malnutrition is food aid, i.e. the physical donation of food from rich to poor countries. From the rich donor countries' point of view, this is a suitable way to reduce excess supply created by domestic agricultural subsidies, stabilizing farm prices in rich countries, even if the cost of supplying the food to its final beneficiaries is often disproportionately high. Food aid may be provided for short-term emergencies natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts and floods, or human-made like war and refugee flows or in the form of a long-term program for an extended period. From the viewpoint of recipient countries, the value of food-aid depends on the form it takes. Emergency food aid is welcome, though aid in cash may also be welcome because the food may often be purchased locally in zones not affected by the emergency, thus benefitting local farmers. Long-term foreign food aid has been criticized as discouraging local production and distorting markets. Instead, population control has been advocated as a much better approach to solve malnutrition/famine than merely providing food. 6 Effects Mortality due to malnutrition See also: child mortality According to the World Health Organization, hunger is the gravest single threat to the world's public health.2 According to Jean Ziegler the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008, mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: In the world, approximately 62 millions people, all causes of death combined, die each year. One in twelve people worldwide are malnourished.7 In 2006, more than 36 millions died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients8. The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-third is under-fed and one-third is starving. Every 3.6 seconds someone dies of hunger. 9 Hunger and malnutrition have an even bigger impact on children's health than was previously thought. According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Underweight births and inter-uterine growth restrictions cause 2.2 million child deaths a year. Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as lack of vitamin A or zinc, for example, account for 1 million. According to The Lancet, malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible. Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements. Their own children also tend to be smaller. Hunger was previously seen as something that exacerbates the problems of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhea. But malnutrition actually causes diseases as well, and can be fatal in its own right. This is the impact The Lancet seeks to identify.2 Biological effects Image:Scurvy Victims.jpg Prisoners who died from the malnutrition in Gulag. Painting by Nikolai Getman, provided by Jamestown Foundation An extended period of malnutrition can result in starvation or deficiency diseases such as scurvy. Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and infectious disease; for example, it is a major risk factor in the onset of active tuberculosis.10 Malnutrition appears to increase activity and movement in many animals - for example an experiment on spiders showed increased activity and predation in starved spiders, resulting in larger weight gain.11 This pattern is seen in many animals, including humans while sleeping.12 It even occurs in rats with their cerebral cortex or stomachs completely removed.13 Increased activity on hamster wheels occurred when rats were deprived not only of food, but also water or B vitamins such as thiamine14 This response may increase the animal's chance of finding food, though it has also been speculated the emigration response relieves pressure on the home population.12 Action on Malnutrition In recent years many foods, such as Spirulina and peanut butter, have been developed or refined for mass-production in hopes of combatting malnutrition and its effects. See IIMSAM and Plumpy'nut for more on these efforts. Breast-feeding advice, food supplements and better hygiene all make a big difference. Most countries know what to do and run pilot programs that work. But they rarely find the money for full-scale national efforts; the international outfits that might help are, in the words of the medical journal,The Lancet, fragmented and dysfunctional. According to The Lancet's research, money for improving nutrition would be the most effective sort of aid. At the moment, roughly $300 million of aid goes to basic nutrition each year, less than $2 for each child below two in the 20 worst affected countries. In contrast, HIV/AIDS, which causes fewer deaths than child malnutrition, received $2.2 billion-$67 per person with HIV in all countries, including rich ones.2 Statistics Number of undernourished people million in 2001-2003, according to the FAO, the following countries had 5 million or more undernourished people 1: Country Number of Undernourished million India 212.0 China 150.0 Bangladesh 43.1 Democratic Republic of Congo 37.0 Pakistan 35.2 Ethiopia 31.5 Tanzania 16.1 Philippines 15.2 Brazil 14.4 Indonesia 13.8 Vietnam 13.8 Thailand 13.4 Nigeria 11.5 Kenya 9.7 Sudan 8.8 Mozambique 8.3 North Korea 7.9 Yemen 7.1 Madagascar 7.1 Colombia 5.9 Zimbabwe 5.7 México 5.1 Zambia 5.1 Angola 5.0 Note: This table measures undernourishment, as defined by FAO, and represents the number of people consuming on average for years 2001 to 2003 less than the minimum amount of food energy measured in kilocalories per capita per day necessary for the average person to stay in good health while performing light physical activity. It is a conservative indicator that does not take into account the extra needs of people performing extraneous physical activity, nor seasonal variations in food consumption or other sources of variability such as inter-individual differences in energy requirements. Malnutrition and undernourishment are cumulative or average situations, and not the work of a single day's food intake or lack thereof. This table does not represent the number of people who went to bed hungry today. The U.S. Department of Agriculture reported that in 2003, only 1 out of 200 U.S. households with children became so severely food insecure that any of the children went hungry even once during the year. A substantially larger proportion of these same households 3.8 percent had adult members who were hungry at least one day during the year because of their households' inability to afford enough food.2 Overnourished vs undernourished In 2006, Professor Popkin from the University of North Carolina, said there were now more overweight people across the world than undernourished people.15 He told the International Association of Agricultural Economists the number of overweight people had topped one billion of which 300 million are obese, compared with 800 million undernourished.16 He added this transition from a starving world to an obese one was accelerating. See also List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment Anorexia nervosa Auxology Cachexia Copenhagen Consensus Dehydration Essential nutrient Famine Famine response Food price crisis Hunger Illnesses related to poor nutrition Nutrition NutritionDay Plumpy'nut Poverty List of famines United Nations World Food Programme Food Underweight References ^ Malnutrition Is Cheating Its Survivors, and Africa's Future article in the New York Times by Michael Wines, December 28, 2006 ^ a b c d Malnutrition The Starvelings ^ http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/topics/prevention_care/child/nutrition/malnutrition/en/ ^ FoodWatch Setback in the War Against Hunger. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. ^ Ron Nielsen, The Little Green Handbook: Seven Trends Shaping the Future of Our Planet, Picador, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0312425814 ^ Population control as better approach for fighting famines and malnutrition ^ http://library.thinkquest.org/C002291/high/present/stats.htm ^ Jean Ziegler, L'Empire de la honte, Fayard, 2007 Please add ISBNs for the books listed in this 978-2-253-12115-2. Listing ISBNs makes it easier to conduct research. Improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. p.130. ^ http://library.thinkquest.org/C002291/high/present/stats.htm ^ Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH 2007. Malnutrition and infection: complex mechanisms and global impacts. PLoS Med 4 5: e115. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040115. PMID 17472433. ^ Provencher, L.; Riechert, S.E. 1991 Short-Term Effects of Hunger Conditioning on Spider Behavior, Predation, and Gain of Weight Oikos 62:160-166 ^ a b Wald, G.; Jackson, B. 1944 Activity and Nutritional Deprivation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 30:255-263 ^ George Wald: The Origin of Death. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. ^ Guerrant, N.B., Dutcher, R.A. 1940 Journal of Nutrition 20:589. ^ Overweight 'top world's hungry' ^ Overweight people now outnumber the hungry External links Look up malnutrition, undernutrition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Action Against Hunger - Giving the most basic of Human Rights - The right to Food The CE-DAT Complex Emergency Database - A source of data on malnutrition and mortality in conflict-affected populations A Life Saver Called Plumpynut, CBS 60 Minutes, October 21, 2007 MSF Warns More Food Will Not Save Malnourished Children Group Calls for Increased and Expanded Use of New, Innovative Nutritional Products Micro-algae Algosophette Intergovernmental Institution for the use of Micro-algae Spirulina Against Malnutrition IIMSAM Reports on World Nutrition Situation The annual reports prepared by UN Standing Committee on Nutrition contain detailed information on common challenges, extent of malnutrition, efforts being taken to address them, and a wealth of other useful information. The Merck Manual - Malnutrition Physical Growth Nutritional status World Hunger Map from United Nations World Food Programme FAO country statistics HungryKids Info on malnutrition from HungryKids Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia Peter Middlebrook Meds Food for Kids - Fighting malnutrition in Haiti one child at a time. Malnutrition And why not Spirulina as solution? GAIN - Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition School Feeding Programs for Children Interviews with World Food Programme officials about the status of school feeding programs for children in developing countries v d e Nutrition disorders E40-68, 260-269 Malnutrition Kwashiorkor - Marasmus - Catabolysis Avitaminosis B vitamins: B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy, B2: Ariboflavinosis, B3: Pellagra, B6: Pyridoxine deficiency, B7: Biotin deficiency, B9: Folate deficiency, B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency other vitamins: A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots, C: Scurvy, D: Rickets/Osteomalacia Mineral deficiency Zinc deficiency - Iron deficiency - Magnesium deficiency - Chromium deficiency - Keshan disease Hyperalimentation Obesity - Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A, Hypervitaminosis D, Hypervitaminosis E Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Malnutrition Categories: Articles lacking ISBNs | Malnutrition | Public health | Humanitarian aid | Nutrition | Poverty | Health problems in IndiaHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2007 | Articles lacking sources from May 2007 | All articles lacking sources Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bân-lâm-gú Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français í•œêµì–´ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలà±?à°—à±? ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 9 September 2008, at 15:46
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