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11-SEPTEMBER-2008 12:20:15 - Ronald Reagan Semi-protected Reagan redirects here. For other uses, see Reagan disambiguation. Ronald Wilson Reagan Ronald Reagan 40th President of the United States In office January 20, 1981 - January 20, 1989 Vice President George H. W. Bush Preceded by Jimmy Carter Succeeded by George H. W. Bush 33rd Governor of California In office January 3, 1967 - January 7, 1975 Lieutenant Robert Finch 1967-1969 Ed Reinecke 1969-1974 John L. Harmer 1974-1975 Preceded by Edmund G. Pat Brown, Sr. Succeeded by Edmund G. Jerry Brown, Jr. Born February 6, 19111911-02-06 Tampico, Illinois Died June 5, 2004 aged 93 Bel Air, Los Angeles, California Nationality American Political party Republican Spouse 1 Jane Wyman married 1940, divorced 1948 2 Nancy Davis married 1952 Alma mater Eureka College Occupation Actor Religion Baptized Disciples of Christ, later attended Presbyterian churches Signature Ronald Reagan's signature Ronald Wilson Reagan February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004 was the 40th President of the United States 1981-1989 and the 33rd Governor of California 1967-1975. Born in Illinois, Reagan moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1930s, where he was an actor, president of the Screen Actors Guild SAG, and a spokesman for General Electric GE. His start in politics occurred during his work for GE; originally a member of the Democratic Party, he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and election in 1980. As president, Reagan implemented bold new political and economic initiatives. His supply side economic policies, dubbed Reaganomics, included substantial tax cuts implemented in 1981. In his first term he survived an assassination attempt, took a hard line against organized labor, and ordered military actions in Grenada. He was reelected in a landslide in 1984. Reagan's second term was primarily marked by foreign matters, namely the ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the revelation of the Iran-Contra affair. The president had previously ordered a massive military buildup in an arms race with the Soviet Union, forgoing the strategy of détente. He publicly portrayed the USSR as an evil empire and supported anti-Communist movements worldwide. He negotiated with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, resulting in the INF Treaty and the decrease of both countries' nuclear arsenals. Reagan left office in 1989; in 1994 the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier in the year and died ten years later at the age of ninety-three. He ranks highly among former U.S. presidents in terms of approval rating. Contents 1 Early life 2 Entertainment career 2.1 Radio and film 2.2 Military service 2.3 SAG president and television 3 Marriages and children 3.1 Jane Wyman 3.2 Nancy Davis 4 Early political career 5 Governor of California, 1967-1975 6 1976 presidential campaign 7 1980 presidential campaign 8 Presidency, 1981-1989 8.1 First term, 1981-1985 8.1.1 Assassination attempt 8.1.2 Air traffic controllers' strike 8.1.3 Reaganomics and the economy 8.1.4 Lebanon and Grenada, 1983 8.1.5 Escalation of the Cold War 8.1.6 1984 presidential campaign 8.2 Second term, 1985-1989 8.2.1 War on Drugs 8.2.2 Challenger disaster 8.2.3 Libya bombing 8.2.4 Immigration 8.2.5 Iran-Contra Affair 8.2.6 End of the Cold War 8.2.7 Health and well-being 8.3 Judiciary 9 Post-presidential years, 1989-2004 9.1 Alzheimer's disease 9.1.1 Announcement and reaction 9.1.2 Progression 10 Death 11 Legacy 11.1 Cold War 11.2 U.S. politics 11.3 Cultural and political image 11.4 Honors 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early life Ronald Reagan as a teenager in Dixon, Illinois Ronald Reagan as a teenager in Dixon, Illinois Ronald Reagan was born in an apartment above the local bank building in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911 to John Jack Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan.1 As a boy, Reagan's father nicknamed him Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance, and his Dutchboy haircut;2 the nickname stuck with Ronald throughout his youth.2 Reagan's family briefly lived in several Illinois towns, including Monmouth, Galesburg and Chicago, until 1919, when they returned to Tampico and lived above the H.C. Pitney Variety Store.1 After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, Reagan would quip that he was living above the store again.3 According to Paul Kengor, author of God and Ronald Reagan, Reagan had a particularly strong faith in the goodness of people, which stemmed from the optimistic faith of his mother, Nelle,4 and the Disciples of Christ faith,4 which he was baptized into in 1922.5 For the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning.6 Following the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920, the Reagans moved to Dixon;7 the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Ronald.8 He attended Dixon High School,9 where he developed interests in acting, sports, and storytelling.10 His first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park, near Dixon, in 1926. I saved 77 lives, Reagan said in an interview, and mentioned that he notched a mark on a wooden log for every life he saved.10 After high school, Reagan attended Eureka College, where he was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, majored in economics and sociology, and was very active in sports, including football.11 Entertainment career See also: Ronald Reagan filmography Radio and film Reagan starred in Cowboy From Brooklyn in 1938. Reagan starred in Cowboy From Brooklyn in 1938. After graduating from Eureka in 1932, Reagan drove himself to Iowa, where he auditioned for a job at many small-town radio stations.12 He got a job broadcasting University of Iowa home football games for the Hawkeyes. He was paid ten dollars per game.12 Soon after, a staff announcer's job opened at radio station WOC in Davenport, and Reagan was hired, now earning $100 per month.12 Due to his persuasive voice,12 he moved to WHO radio in Des Moines as an announcer for Chicago Cubs baseball games.13 His specialty was creating play-by-play accounts of games that the station received by wire.12 While traveling with the Cubs in California, Reagan took a screen test in 1937 that led to a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers studios.14 His first screen cr was the starring role in the 1937 movie Love Is on the Air, and by the end of 1939 he had already appeared in 19 films.15 Before the film Santa Fe Trail in 1940, he played the role of George The Gipper Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American; from it, he acquired the lifelong nickname the Gipper.16 Reagan's favorite acting role was in 1942's Kings Row,17 but his performance did not meet with universal approval: one reviewer felt that Reagan had made only casual acquaintance with the character.18 Reagan also acted in Tennessee's Partner, Hellcats of the Navy, This Is the Army, Dark Victory, Bedtime for Bonzo, Cattle Queen of Montana, and The Killers his final film in a 1964 remake.19 He spent the majority of his Hollywood career in the B film division, where, Reagan joked, the producers didn't want them good, they wanted them Thursday.12 While often overshadowed by more famous actors, Reagan's films did receive many good reviews.12 Military service After completing fourteen home-study Army Extension Courses, Reagan enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve20 on April 29, 1937, as a private assigned to Troop B, 322nd Cavalry at Des Moines, Iowa.21 He was appointed Second Lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Cavalry on May 25, 1937, and on June 18 was assigned to the 323rd Cavalry.22 Reagan was ordered to active duty for the first time on April 18, 1942. Due to his nearsightedness, he was classified for limited service only, which excluded him from serving overseas.23 His first assignment was at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation at Fort Mason, California, as a liaison officer of the Port and Transportation Office.24 Upon the approval of the Army Air Force AAF, he applied for a transfer from the Cavalry to the AAF on May 15, 1942, and was assigned to AAF Public Relations and subsequently to the 1st Motion Picture Unit officially, the 18th AAF Base Unitin Culver City, California.24 On January 14, 1943 he was promoted to First Lieutenant and was sent to the Provisional Task Force Show Unit of This Is The Army at Burbank, California.24 He returned to the 1st Motion Picture Unit after completing this duty and was promoted to Captain on July 22, 1943.21 In January 1944, Captain Reagan was ordered to temporary duty in New York City to participate in the opening of the sixth War Loan Drive. He was re-assigned to the 18th AAF Base Unit on November 14, 1944, where he remained until the end of World War II.21 He was recommended for promotion to Major on February 2, 1945, but this recommendation was disapproved on July 17 of that year.25 He returned to Fort MacArthur, California, where he was separated from active duty on December 9, 1945.25 By the end of the war, his units had produced some 400 training films for the AAF.21 SAG president and television Television star Ronald Reagan as the host of General Electric Theater. Television star Ronald Reagan as the host of General Electric Theater. Reagan was first elected to the Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild in 1941, serving as an alternate. Following World War II, he resumed service and became 3rd Vice president in 1946.26 The adoption of conflict-of-interest bylaws in 1947 led the SAG president and six board members to resign; Reagan was nominated in a special election for the position of president and subsequently elected.26 He would subsequently be chosen by the membership to seven additional one-year terms, from 1947 to 1952 and in 1959.26 Reagan led SAG through eventful years that were marked by labor-management disputes, the Taft-Hartley Act, House Committee on Un-American Activities HUAC hearings and the Hollywood blacklist era.26 In 1947, as SAG president, Reagan testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee regarding the influence of communists in the motion picture industry.27 Strongly opposed to communism, he reaffirmed his commitment to democratic principles, stating, As a citizen, I would hesitate to see any political party outlawed on the basis of its political ideology. However, if it is proven that an organization is an agent of foreign power, or in any way not a legitimate political party-and I think the government is capable of proving that-then that is another matter... But at the same time I never as a citizen want to see our country become urged, by either fear or resentment of this group, that we ever compromise with any of our democratic principles through that fear or resentment.27 Though an early critic of television, Reagan landed fewer film roles in the late 1950s and decided to join the medium.12 He was hired as the host of General Electric Theater, a series of weekly dramas that became very popular.12 His contract required him to tour GE plants ten weeks out of the year, often demanding of him fourteen speeches per day.12 He earned approximately $125,000 per year about $1,000,000 in 2008 dollars in this role. His final work as a professional actor was as host and performer from 1964 to 1965 on the television series Death Valley Days.19 Marriages and children Ronald and Nancy Reagan aboard a boat in California in 1964 Ronald and Nancy Reagan aboard a boat in California in 1964 Jane Wyman In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film Brother Rat with actress Jane Wyman 1917-2007. They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre,28 and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California.29 Together they had two children, Maureen 1941-2001 and Christine born and died June 26, 1947, and adopted a third, Michael born 1945.30 Reagan and Wyman divorced on June 28, 1948 finalized in 194931 following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions,16 making him the only U.S. president to have been divorced.32 Nancy Davis Reagan met actress Nancy Davis born 192133 in 1949 after she contacted him in his capacity as president of the Screen Actors Guild to help her with issues regarding her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis. She described their meeting by saying, I don't know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close.34 They were engaged at Chasen's restaurant in Los Angeles and were married on March 4, 1952 at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley.35 They had two children: Patti born 1952 and Ron born 1958. Observers described the Reagans' relationship as close, real, and intimate.36 During his presidency they were reported as frequently displaying their affection for one another; one press secretary said, They never took each other for granted. They never stopped courting.3437 He often called her Mommy; she called him Ronnie.37 He once wrote to her, whatever I treasure and enjoy... all would be without meaning if I didn't have you.38 When he was in the hospital after the assassination attempt in 1981, she slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by his scent.39 In a letter to U.S. citizens written in 1994, Reagan wrote I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's disease... I only wish there was some way I could spare Nancy from this painful experience,34 and in 1998, while he was severely affected by Alzheimer's, Nancy told Vanity Fair, Our relationship is very special. We were very much in love and still are. When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, it's true. It did. I can't imagine life without him.34 Early political career A registered Democrat and admirer of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Reagan supported the New Deal40 By the early 1950s, Reagan began to shift rightwards out of a desire for a more limited federal government,40 endorsing presidential candidacies of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 as well as Richard Nixon in 1960.41 In his position with General Electric, Reagan was required to tour GE plants and give speeches. Often, these speeches were politically motivated and held a conservative, pro-business message.40 He wrote his own speeches, laboring diligently and daily upon his prose. Although he had speechwriters later in the White House, he continued ing, and even occasionally writing, many of his speeches.42 Eventually, the speeches became too controversial for the company's liking, and Reagan was fired by General Electric in 1962.40 Reagan formally switched to the Republican Party that same year, saying I didn't leave the Democratic Party. The party left me.43 Two years after switching parties, Reagan joined the campaign of conservative presidential contender Barry Goldwater. Speaking on Goldwater's behalf, Reagan stressed his belief in the importance of smaller government. He revealed his ideological motivation in a famed speech given on October 27, 1964: The Founding Fathers knew a government can't control the economy without controlling people. And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. So we have come to a time for choosing.44 The speech raised $1 million for Goldwater's campaign, 12 and soon became known as the Time for Choosing speech. It is considered the event that launched Reagan's political career.45 Governor of California, 1967-1975 Ronald and Nancy Reagan celebrate Reagan's gubernatorial victory at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. Ronald and Nancy Reagan celebrate Reagan's gubernatorial victory at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. California Republicans were impressed with Reagan's political views and charisma after his Time for Choosing speech,46 and nominated him for Governor of California in 1966. In Reagan's campaign, he emphasized two main themes: to send the welfare bums back to work, and in reference to burgeoning anti-war and anti-establishment student protests at the University of California at Berkeley, to clean up the mess at Berkeley.47 He was elected, defeating two-term governor Edmund G. Pat Brown, and was sworn in on January 3, 1967. In his first term, he froze government hiring and approved tax hikes to balance the budget.48 Shortly after the beginning of his term, Reagan tested the presidential waters in 1968 as part of a Stop Nixon movement, hoping to cut into Nixon's Southern support49 and be a compromise candidate50 if neither Nixon nor second-place Nelson Rockefeller received enough delegates to win on the first ballot at the Republican convention. However, by the time of the convention Nixon had 692 delegate votes, 25 more than he needed to secure the nomination, followed by Rockefeller with Reagan in third place.49 The Reagans meet with then-President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon in July 1970 The Reagans meet with then-President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon in July 1970 Reagan was involved in high-profile conflicts with the protest movements of the era. On May 15, 1969, during the People's Park protests at UC Berkeley, Reagan sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to quell the protests, in an incident that became known as Bloody Thursday.5152 Reagan then called out 2,200 state National Guard troops to occupy the city of Berkeley for two weeks in order to crack down on the protesters.51 When the Symbionese Liberation Army kidnapped Patty Hearst in Berkeley and demanded the distribution of food to the poor, Reagan joked, It's just too bad we can't have an epidemic of botulism.53 Early in 1967, the national debate on abortion was beginning. Democratic California state senator Anthony Beilenson introduced the Therapeutic Abortion Act, in an effort to reduce the number of back-room abortions performed in California.51 The State Legislature sent the bill to Reagan's desk where, after many days of indecision, he signed it.54 About two million abortions would be performed as a result, most because of a provision in the bill allowing abortions for the well-being of the mother.54 Reagan had been in office for only four months when he signed the bill, and stated that had he been more experienced as governor, it would not have been signed. After he recognized what he called the consequences of the bill, he announced that he was pro-life.54 He maintained that position later in his political career, writing extensively about abortion.55 Reagan was re-elected in 1970, defeating Big Daddy Jesse Unruh, but chose not to seek a third term. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned capital punishment, which he strongly supported.17 His efforts to enforce the state's laws in this area were thwarted when the Supreme Court of California issued its People v. Anderson decision, which invalidated all death sentences issued in California prior to 1972, though the decision was later overturned by a constitutional amendment. The only execution during Reagan's governorship was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's sentence was carried out by the state in San Quentin's gas chamber.56 Reagan's terms as governor helped to shape the policies he would pursue in his later political career as president. By campaigning on a platform of sending the welfare bums back to work, he spoke out against the idea of the welfare state. He also strongly advocated the Republican ideal of less government regulation of the economy, including that of undue federal taxation.57 1976 presidential campaign Main article: Republican Party United States presidential primaries, 1976 Ronald Reagan on the podium with Gerald Ford at the 1976 Republican National Convention after narrowly losing the presidential nomination. Ronald Reagan on the podium with Gerald Ford at the 1976 Republican National Convention after narrowly losing the presidential nomination. In 1976, Reagan challenged incumbent President Gerald Ford in a bid to become the Republican Party's candidate for president. Reagan soon established himself as the conservative candidate with the support of like-minded organizations such as the American Conservative Union which became key components of his political base, while President Ford was considered a more moderate Republican.58 Reagan's campaign relied on a strategy crafted by campaign manager John Sears of winning a few primaries early to seriously damage the lift-off of Ford's campaign, such as his victories in North Carolina, Texas, and California, but the strategy disintegrated.59 Reagan ended up losing New Hampshire and later Florida.60 As the party's 1976 convention in Kansas City, Missouri neared, Ford appeared close to victory. Acknowledging his party's moderate wing, Reagan chose moderate Republican Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania as his running mate. Nonetheless, Ford narrowly won, with 1,187 delegates to Reagan's 1,070.60 Reagan's concession speech emphasized the dangers of nuclear war and the threat posed by the Soviet Union. Although he lost the nomination, Reagan received 307 write-in votes in New Hampshire, 388 votes as an Independent on Wyoming's ballot, and a single electoral vote from a Washington State faithless elector in the November election,61 in which Ford lost to the Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter. 1980 presidential campaign Main article: United States presidential election, 1980 Reagan campaigns with Nancy and Senator Strom Thurmond right in South Carolina, 1980 Reagan campaigns with Nancy and Senator Strom Thurmond right in South Carolina, 1980 The 1980 presidential campaign between Reagan and incumbent President Jimmy Carter was conducted during domestic concerns as well as the ongoing Iran hostage crisis. His campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles: lower taxes to stimulate the economy,62 less government interference in peoples' lives,63 states' rights,64 and a strong national defense.63 After receiving the Republican nomination, he selected one of his primary opponents, George H.W. Bush, to be his running mate. His showing in the October televised debates boosted his campaign. Reagan won the election, carrying 44 states with 489 electoral votes to 49 electoral votes for Carter representing six states and Washington, D.C.. Reagan won 50.7% of the popular vote while Carter took 41%, and Independent John B. Anderson a liberal Republican received 6.7%.65 Republicans captured the Senate for the first time since 1952, and gained 34 House seats, but the Democrats retained a majority. Presidency, 1981-1989 Main articles: Presidency of Ronald Reagan, Domestic policy of the Reagan administration, Foreign policy of the Reagan administration, and Electoral history of Ronald Reagan During his Presidency, Ronald Reagan pursued policies that reflected his personal belief in individual freedom, brought changes domestically, both to the U.S. economy and expanded military, and contributed to the end of the Cold War.66 The Reagan Revolution, proponents claimed, would reinvigorate American morale, and reduce the people's reliance upon government.66 As president, Reagan kept a series of diaries in which he commented about daily occurrences of his presidency and his views on current issues, frequently mentioning his wife, Nancy. The diaries were published in May 2007 into the bestselling book, The Reagan Diaries.67 First term, 1981-1985 The Reagans wave from the limousine taking them down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House, right after the president's inauguration The Reagans wave from the limousine taking them down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House, right after the president's inauguration To date, Reagan is the oldest man elected to the office of the presidency.68 In his first inaugural address on January 20, 1981, which Reagan himself wrote,69 he addressed the country's economic malaise arguing: Government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem. The Reagan Presidency began in a dramatic manner: as Reagan was giving his inaugural address, 52 U.S. hostages, held by Iran for 444 days were set free.70 Assassination attempt Main article: Reagan assassination attempt On March 30, 1981, Reagan, along with his press secretary James Brady and two others, were shot by a would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr. Missing Reagan's heart by less than one inch71 the bullet instead pierced his left lung.71 He began coughing up blood in the limousine and was rushed to George Washington University Hospital, where it was determined that his lung had collapsed;71 he endured emergency surgery to remove the bullet.72 In the operating room, Reagan joked to the surgeons, I hope you're all Republicans!73 Though they were not, Dr. Joseph Giordano replied, Today, Mr. President, we're all Republicans. The bullet was removed and the surgery was deemed a success.72 It was later determined, however, that the president's life had been in serious danger due to rapid blood loss and severe breathing difficulties.74 He was able to turn the grave situation into a more light-hearted one though, for when Nancy Reagan came to see him he told her, Honey, I forgot to duck using Jack Dempsey's quip.73 The president was released from the hospital on April 11, and recovered relatively quickly.75 The assassination attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%.76 Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he may go on to fulfill a greater purpose.77 Air traffic controllers' strike Main article: Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization 1968 Only a short time into his administration, federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a regulation prohibiting government unions from striking.78 Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft Hartley Act, Reagan held a press conference in the White House Rose Garden, where he stated that if the air traffic controllers do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated.79 Despite fear from some members of his cabinet over a potential political backlash,80 on August 5, Reagan fired 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order to return to work,81 busting the union.82 According to Charles Craver, a labor law professor at George Washington University Law School, the move gave Americans a new view of Reagan, who sent a message to the private employer community that it would be all right to go up against the unions.82 Reaganomics and the economy Main articles: Reaganomics and Reaganomics and the economy Ronald Reagan's official White House portrait Ronald Reagan's official White House portrait When Reagan entered office the United States inflation rate stood at 11.83%83 and unemployment at 7.5%.84 Reagan implemented policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a laissez-faire philosophy,85 seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts.8687 Citing the economic theories of Arthur Laffer, Reagan promoted the proposed tax cuts as potentially stimulating the economy enough to expand the tax base, offsetting the revenue loss due to reduced rates of taxation, a theory that entered political discussion as the Laffer curve. Reaganomics was the subject of debate with supporters pointing to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success, and critics pointing to large increases in federal budget deficits and the national debt. His policy of peace through strength also described as firm but fair resulted in a record peacetime defense buildup including a 40% real increase in defense spending between 1981 and 1985.88 During Reagan's presidency federal income tax rates were lowered significantly with the signing of the bipartisan Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981.89 Real gross domestic product GDP growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession and grew during his eight years in office at an annual rate of 3.4% per year.90 Unemployment peaked at 10.8% percent in December 1982-higher than any time since the Great Depression then dropped during the rest of Reagan's presidency.87 Sixteen million new jobs were created, while inflation significantly decreased.91 The net effect of all Reagan-era tax bills was a 1% decrease in government revenues.92 Reagan also revised the tax code with the bipartisan Tax Reform Act of 1986.93 Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office, outlining his plan for Tax Reduction Legislation in July 1981 Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office, outlining his plan for Tax Reduction Legislation in July 1981 The policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment,94 which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages. Critics labeled this trickle-down economics-the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will create a trickle-down effect to the poor.95 Questions arose as to whether Reagan's policies benefitted the wealthy more than those living in poverty,96 and many poor and minority citizens viewed Reagan as indifferent to their struggles.96 In accordance with Reagan's less-government intervention views, the budget,97 and government programs98 including Medicaid, Food Stamps, and federal education programs97 were cut during his tenure. Funding for the EPA was also reduced.99 Reagan protected entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare.100 However, his administration attempted to purge tens of thousands of allegedly disabled people from the Social Security disability roles.101 The administration's stance toward the Savings and Loan industry contributed to the Savings and Loan crisis.102 It is also suggested, by a minority of Reaganomics critics, that the policies partially influenced the stock market crash of 1987,103 but there is no consensus regarding a single source for the crash.104 In order to cover newly-spawned federal budget deficits, the United States borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $700 billion to $3 trillion.105 Reagan described the new debt as the greatest disappointment of his presidency.105 He reappointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, and in 1987 appointed monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. Some economists, such as Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert A. Mundell, argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s.106 Other economists, such as Nobel Prize winner Robert Solow, argue that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, reneged on a campaign promise and raised taxes.106 Lebanon and Grenada, 1983 Main articles: Beirut barracks bombing and Invasion of Grenada Reagan meets with Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica in the Oval Office about ongoing events in Grenada Reagan meets with Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica in the Oval Office about ongoing events in Grenada American peacekeeping forces in Beirut, a part of a multinational force MNF during the Lebanese Civil War who had been earlier deployed by Reagan, were attacked on October 23, 1983. The Beirut barracks bombing resulted in the deaths of 241 American servicemen by suicide bombers. Reagan called the attack despicable, pledged to keep a military force in Lebanon, and planned to target the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, training ground for Hezbollah fighters,107108 but the mission was later aborted. On February 7, 1984, President Reagan ordered the Marines to begin withdrawal from Lebanon. On October 25, 1983, only two days later, Reagan ordered U.S. forces to invade Grenada, where a 1979 coup d'état had established a Marxist-Leninist government aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba. On October 13, a faction led by Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard seized power. A formal appeal from the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States OECS led to the intervention of U.S. forces; President Reagan also cited the regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean and concern for the safety of several hundred American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. In the first major operation conducted by the U.S. military since the Vietnam War, several days of fighting commenced, resulting in a U.S. victory,109 with 19 American fatalities and 116 wounded American soldiers.110 In mid-December, after a new government was appointed by the Governor-General, U.S. forces withdrew.109 Escalation of the Cold War See also: Cold War and Cold War 1979-1985 Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which began in 1979 following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.111 Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the United States Military88 and implemented new policies towards the Soviet Union: reviving the B-1 bomber program that had been canceled by the Carter administration, and producing the MX Peacekeeper missile.112 In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, Reagan oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing II missile in West Germany.113 Reagan, the first American president ever to address the British Parliament, predicts Marxism-Leninism will be left on the ash-heap of history. Reagan, the first American president ever to address the British Parliament, predicts Marxism-Leninism will be left on the ash-heap of history.114 Reagan, as well as Britain's prime minister Margaret Thatcher, denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms.115 In a famous address on June 8, 1982 to the British Parliament, Reagan called the Soviet Union an Evil Empire that would be consigned to the ash heap of history. On March 3, 1983, he predicted that communism would collapse, stating, Communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages even now are being written.43 After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on September 1, 1983, Reagan labeled the act a massacre and declared that the Soviets had turned against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere.116 The Reagan administration responded to the incident by suspending all Soviet passenger air service to the United States, and dropped several agreements being negotiated with the Soviets, wounding them financially.116 In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative SDI, a defense project117 that would have used ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles.118 Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible,117119 but disbelief that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI Star Wars and argue that the technological objective was unattainable.117 The Soviets became concerned about the possible effects SDI would have;120 leader Yuri Andropov said it would put the entire world in jeopardy.121 For those reasons, David Gergen, former aide to President Reagan, believes that in retrospect, SDI hastened the end of the Cold War.122 Reagan's foreign policies were criticized variously as aggressive, imperialistic, and chided as warmongering.120 These events occurred before a reformer, Mikhail Gorbachev, rose to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. To confront the USSR's serious economic problems, Gorbachev implemented new policies for openness and reform: glasnost and perestroika. Reagan displayed humor throughout his presidency,123 including one notable joke regarding the Cold War. As a sound check prior to his weekly radio address in August 1984, Reagan made the following gaffe as a way to test the microphone: My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes.124 1984 presidential campaign Main article: United States presidential election, 1984 1984 presidential electoral votes by state. Reagan red won every state, with the exception of Minnesota, and Washington, D.C. 1984 presidential electoral votes by state. Reagan red won every state, with the exception of Minnesota, and Washington, D.C. Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of positive feeling. He proclaimed that it was morning again in America,12 in reference to the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the Los Angeles Olympics that summer, among other things. He became the first American president to open an Olympic Games held in the United States.125 Reagan's opponent in the 1984 presidential election was former Vice President Walter Mondale. With questions about Reagan's age, and a weak performance in the first presidential debate, it was questioned whether he was capable to be president for another term.126127 Reagan rebounded in the second debate, and confronted questions about his age, quipping, I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience, which generated applause and laughter from members of the audience, and even from Mondale himself.128 That November, Reagan was re-elected, winning 49 of 50 states.129 The president's landslide victory saw Mondale carry only his home state of Minnesota by 3800 votes and the District of Columbia. Reagan won a record 525 electoral votes, the most so of any candidate in United States history,130 and received 58.8% of the popular vote to Mondale's 40.6%.129 Second term, 1985-1989 Reagan was sworn in as president for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private ceremony at the White House. The public ceremony took place in the Capitol Rotunda the next day, because January 20 fell on a Sunday, thus no public celebration was held. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C., and due to the low temperatures and large snowfall the night before, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol. Ronald Reagan is sworn in for a second term as president in the Capitol Rotunda Ronald Reagan is sworn in for a second term as president in the Capitol Rotunda In 1985, Reagan visited a German military cemetery in Bitburg to lay a wreath with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. It was determined that the cemetery held the graves of 49 members of the Waffen-SS. Reagan issued a statement that called the Nazi soldiers buried in that cemetery victims, which ignited a stir over whether Reagan had equated the SS men to Holocaust victims; Pat Buchanan, Director of Communications under Reagan, argued that the notion was false.131 Now strongly urged to cancel the visit,132 the president responded that it would be wrong to back down on a promise he had made to Chancellor Kohl. He attended the ceremony where two military generals laid a wreath.133 The Reagan administration was criticized for its slow response to the growing HIV-AIDS epidemic.134 As thousands became infected with the virus, President Reagan did not increase funding to try and discover cures, rather he downplayed the situation and only acknowledged that it was an issue of concern at the May 31, 1987 Third International Conference on AIDS in Washington.134 War on Drugs Midway into his second term, Reagan declared more militant policies in the War on Drugs. He said that drugs were menacing our society and promised to fight for drug-free schools and workplaces, expanded drug treatment, stronger law enforcement and drug interdiction efforts, and greater public awareness.135136 On October 27, 1986, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that budgeted $1.7 billion dollars to fund the War on Drugs and specified a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses.137 The bill was criticized for promoting significant racial disparities in the prison population, because of the differences in sentencing for crack and powder cocaine.137 Critics also charged that the administration's policies did little to actually reduce the availability of drugs or crime on the street, while resulting in a great financial and human cost for American society.138 Defenders of the effort point to success in reducing rates of adolescent drug use.139140 First Lady Nancy Reagan made the War on Drugs one of her main priorities by founding the Just Say No drug awareness campaign, which aimed to discourage children and teenagers from engaging in recreational drug use by offering various ways of saying no. Mrs. Reagan traveled to 65 cities in 33 states, raising awareness about the dangers of drugs and alcohol.141 Challenger disaster Reagan addresses the nation from the Oval Office regarding the Challenger disaster Reagan addresses the nation from the Oval Office regarding the Challenger disaster The disintegration of the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986 proved a pivotal moment in Reagan's presidency. The shuttle had left Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 11:38 EST, and disintegrated 73 seconds after lift off.142 All seven astronauts aboard, including Christa McAuliffe, who was to be the first teacher in space, were killed.142 On the night of the disaster, Reagan had been scheduled to deliver his annual State of the Union Address, but he postponed the address and gave a national address from the Oval Office on the Challenger disaster. The speech was largely written by Peggy Noonan; Reagan said the following that night: The future doesn't belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave. The Challenger crew was pulling us into the future, and we'll continue to follow them... We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and 'slipped the surly bonds of Earth' to 'touch the face of God.'143 Historians and commentators largely lauded Reagan's speech;122 John Robert Greene, Professor of History at Cazenovia College, said The defining Reagan moment for me was the Challenger disaster. Ronald Reagan exhibited that quality that I call the 'Chief Soother'.122 Three days later, the Reagans traveled to the Johnson Space Center to attend a memorial service honoring the astronauts.144 Libya bombing Main article: Bombing of Libya Relationships between Libya and the United States under President Reagan were continually contentious, beginning with the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981. These tensions were later revived in early April 1986, when a bomb exploded in a Berlin discotheque, resulting in the injuries of 63 American military personnel and one death of a serviceman.145 Citing that there was irrefutable proof that Libya had directed the terrorist bombing, Reagan authorized the use of force against the country.145 In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the US launched a series of air strikes on ground targets in Libya.145 The attack was designed to halt Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's ability to export terrorism, offering him incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior.145 The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks had commenced, stating, When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes, we will respond so long as I'm in this office.146 He justified the attack by accusing Libya of direct responsibility for terrorism aimed at the U.S.146 Immigration In 1986, Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act IRCA. The act made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants, required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, and granted amnesty to approximately 3 million illegal immigrants who entered the United States prior to January 1, 1982 and had lived in the country continuously. Critics of the act claim that its laws subjecting employers to sanctions were without teeth and that it failed to stem illegal immigration.147 Upon signing the act at a ceremony held beside the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty, Reagan said, The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in the shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society. Very soon many of these men and women will be able to step into the sunlight and, ultimately, if they choose, they may become Americans.148 Iran-Contra Affair Main articles: Iran-Contra Affair and Reagan administration scandals President Reagan receives the Tower Report in the Cabinet Room of the White House, 1987 President Reagan receives the Tower Report in the Cabinet Room of the White House, 1987 In 1986, a scandal shook the administration stemming from the use of proceeds from covert arms sales to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua, which had been specifically outlawed by an act of Congress.149 The Iran-Contra affair became the largest political scandal in the United States during the 1980s.150 The International Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction to decide the case was disputed,151 ruled that the U.S. had violated international law in Nicaragua due to its obligations not to intervene in the affairs of other states.152 President Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence. He appointed two Republicans and one Democrat John Tower, Brent Scowcroft and Edmund Muskie, known as the Tower Commission to investigate the scandal. The commission could not find direct evidence that Reagan had prior knowledge of the program, but criticized him heavily for his disengagement from managing his staff, making the diversion of funds possible.153 A separate report by Congress concluded that If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have.153 Reagan's popularity declined from 67 percent to 46 percent in less than a week, the greatest and quickest decline ever for a president.154 The scandal resulted in fourteen indictments within Reagan's staff, and eleven convictions.155 Many Central Americans criticize Reagan for his support of the Contras, saying he was an anti-communist zealot, blinded to human rights abuses, while many others say he saved Central America.156 Daniel Ortega, former Sandinistan and current president of Nicaragua, said that he hoped God would forgive Reagan for his dirty war against Nicaragua.156 End of the Cold War See also: Cold War 1985-1991 Ronald Reagan speaks at the Berlin Wall's Brandenberg Gate, challenging Gorbachev to tear down this wall! Ronald Reagan speaks at the Berlin Wall's Brandenberg Gate, challenging Gorbachev to tear down this wall! By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Previously, the U.S. had relied on the qualitative superiority of its weapons to essentially frighten the Soviets, but the gap had been narrowed.157 After President Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not further dramatically build up its military;158 the enormous military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture and inefficient planned manufacturing, were a heavy burden for the Soviet economy.159 At the same time, the Reagan Administration persuaded Saudi Arabia to increase oil production,160 which resulted in a three times drop of oil prices in 1985; oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues.159 These factors gradually brought the Soviet economy to a stagnant state during Gorbachev's tenure.159 Ronald Reagan recognized the change in the direction of the Soviet leadership with Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet Leader to pursue substantial arms agreements. Gorbachev agreed to meet Reagan in four summit conferences around the world: the first in Geneva, Switzerland, the second in Reykjavík, Iceland, the third held in Washington, D.C., along with the fourth summit in Moscow, Russia.161 Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of Communism.162 Speaking at the Berlin Wall, on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further: General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Reagan and Gorbachev sign the INF Treaty at the White House in 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev sign the INF Treaty at the White House in 1987 Prior to Gorbachev visiting Washington, D.C. for the third summit in 1987, the Soviet Leader announced his intention to pursue significant arms agreements.163 The timing of the announcement led Western diplomats to state that Gorbachev was offering major concessions to the United States on the levels of conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and policy in Eastern Europe;163 however, Gorbachev denied ever doing so. He and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces INF Treaty at the White House they finalized it a year later, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.164 When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by Russians. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. No, he replied, I was talking about another time, another era.165 At Gorbachev's request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at the Moscow State University.166 In his autobiography An American Life, Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted, his warm feelings for Gorbachev, and his concern for Gorbachev's safety because he pushed reforms so hard: I was concerned for his safety, Reagan wrote. I've still worried about him. How hard and fast can he push reforms without risking his life?167 The Berlin Wall was torn down starting in 1989 and two years later the Soviet Union collapsed. Health and well-being On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery at Bethesda Naval Hospital to remove cancerous polyps from his colon. This caused the first-ever invocation of the acting president clause of the 25th Amendment.168 The surgery lasted just under three hours and was successful.169 Reagan resumed the powers of the presidency later that day.170 In August of that year, he underwent an operation to remove skin cancer cells from his nose.171 In October, additional skin cancer cells that were detected on his nose were removed.172 Two years later, on January 5, Reagan underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate which caused further worries about his health. No cancerous growths were found, however, and he was not sedated during the operation.173 In July of that year, aged 76, he underwent a third skin cancer operation on his nose.174 Earlier in his presidency, Reagan started wearing a custom, technologically-advanced hearing aid, first in his right ear175 and later in his left as well.176 His decision to go public with his wearing the small, audio-amplifying device boosted their sales.177 Judiciary During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice.178 That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart. In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice, and named Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. In 1987 when Associate Justice Louis Powell retired, Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court. Within 45 minutes of Bork's nomination, Senator Ted Kennedy, a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, declaring, Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions and blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters.179 The comments stunned the Reagan White House; though conservatives considered Kennedy's accusations slanderous smears,180 the attacks went unanswered for two and a half months.181 Bork's nomination was rejected 58-42;182 Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place.183 Reagan appointed many leading conservative academics to the intermediate United States Courts of Appeals, including Bork, Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Richard Posner, and Frank Easterbrook. Post-presidential years, 1989-2004 Ronald and Nancy Reagan in Los Angeles after leaving the White House, early 1990s Ronald and Nancy Reagan in Los Angeles after leaving the White House, early 1990s For the first five years after the end of Reagan's presidency in 1989, the Reagans traveled from their Bel Air home to the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara every few months. They regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church184 and occasionally made appearances on behalf of the Republican Party, including a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention.185 Previously on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. At the dedication ceremonies, five presidents were all in attendance, as well as six first ladies, marking the first time five presidents were in the same location together.186 He continued to publicly speak in favor of a line-item veto, a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget, and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits a president from serving more than two terms.187 In 1992 Reagan established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the newly formed Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation.188 His final public speech was on February 3, 1994, during a tribute in Washington, D.C., and his last major public appearance was at the funeral of fellow Republican President Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994. Alzheimer's disease Announcement and reaction In August 1994, at the age of 83, Ronald Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease,189 an incurable neurological disorder which ultimately causes brain cells to die.189190 In November he informed the nation via a hand-written letter,189 writing in part, I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease... At the moment I feel just fine. I intend to live the remainder of the years God gives me on this earth doing the things I have always done... I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you.191 After his diagnosis, letters of support from well-wishers poured into his California home.192 But there was also speculation over how long Reagan had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration.193 Former CBS White House Press Corps Lesley Stahl recalls an interview when he was president where a vacant Reagan barely seemed to realize anyone else was in the room, and that before he reemerged into alertness she recalls that I had come that close to reporting that Reagan was senile.194 But Dr. Lawrence K. Altman, a physician employed as a reporter for the New York Times, noted that the line between mere forgetfulness and the beginning of Alzheimer's can be fuzzy195 and all four of Reagan's White House doctors said that they saw no evidence of Alzheimer's while he was president.195 Dr. John E. Hutton, Reagan's primary physician from 1984 to 1989, said the president absolutely did not show any signs of dementia or Alzheimer's.195 Reagan did experience occasional memory laspses, though, especially with names.195 Once, while meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, he repeatedly referred to Vice President Bush as Prime Minister Bush.196 Reagan's doctors, however, note that he only began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992197 or 1993,195 several years after he had left office. His former Chief of Staff James Baker considered ludicrous the idea of Reagan sleeping during cabinet meetings.198 Other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of Alzheimer's while president.195 The Reagans with a model of the USS Ronald Reagan, May 1996 The Reagans with a model of the USS Ronald Reagan, May 1996 Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year.189190 Nancy Reagan asserts that her husband's 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease,190 citing what doctors told her,190 although head trauma has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimer's.199200 Reagan's one-time physician, Dr. Daniel Ruge, has said, however, it is possible, but not certain, that the horse accident affected the course of Reagan's memory.201 Progression As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed Reagan's mental capacity.195 He was only able to recognize a few people, other than his wife, Nancy.195 He remained active, however; he took walks through parks near his home and on beaches, played golf regularly, and often went to his office in nearby Century City.195 Reagan suffered a fall at his Bel Air home on January 13, 2001, resulting in a broken hip.202 The fracture was repaired the following day203 and the 89 year old Reagan returned home later that week, although he faced difficult physical therapy at home.204 On February 6, 2001, Reagan reached the age of 90, becoming the third former president to do so the other two being John Adams and Herbert Hoover, and later Gerald Ford.205 Reagan's public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease, and as a result, his family decided that he would live in quiet isolation. Nancy Reagan told CNN's Larry King in 2001 that very few visitors were allowed to see her husband because she felt that Ronnie would want people to remember him as he was.206 Since his diagnosis and death, Mrs. Reagan has become a stem-cell research advocate, urging Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research, something President Bush opposes. Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.207 Death Ronald Reagan's casket, on a horse-drawn caisson, being pulled down Constitution Avenue to the Capitol Building Ronald Reagan's casket, on a horse-drawn caisson, being pulled down Constitution Avenue to the Capitol Building Main article: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan Reagan died at his home in Bel Air, California on June 5, 2004.208 A short time after his death, Nancy Reagan released a statement saying: My family and I would like the world to know that President Ronald Reagan has passed away after 10 years of Alzheimer's Disease at 93 years of age. We appreciate everyone's prayers.208 President George W. Bush declared June 11 a National Day of Mourning,209 and international tributes came in from around the world.210 Reagan's body was taken to the Kingsley and Gates Funeral Home in Santa Monica, California later in the day, where well-wishers paid tribute by laying flowers and American flags in the grass.211 On June 7, his body was removed and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where a brief family funeral service was held. His body lay in repose in the Library lobby until June 9; over 100,000 people viewed the coffin.212 On June 9, Reagan's body was flown to Washington D.C. where he became the tenth United States president to lie in state. In the thirty-four hours that it lay there, 104,684 people filed past the coffin.213 On June 11, a state funeral was conducted in the Washington National Cathedral, and presided over by President George W. Bush. Eulogies were given by former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher,214 former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and both Presidents Bush. Also in attendance were Mikhail Gorbachev, and many world leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, and interim presidents Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, and Ghazi al-Yawer of Iraq. After the funeral service, the Reagan entourage was flown back to California-to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library-where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred.215 He is the second longest-lived president in U.S. history and was the first United States president to die in the 21st century. His was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973. His burial site is inscribed with the words he delivered at the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library: I know in my heart that man is good, that what is right will always eventually triumph and that there is purpose and worth to each and every life.216 Legacy Ronald Reagan at a rally for Senator David Durenberger in Bloomington, Minnesota 1982 Ronald Reagan at a rally for Senator David Durenberger in Bloomington, Minnesota 1982 Reagan's legacy is mixed, with supporters pointing to a more efficient and prosperous economy217 and a peaceful end to the Cold War.218 Critics argue that his economic policies caused huge budget deficits, quadrupling the United States national debt,105 and that the Iran-Contra affair lowered American credibility.219 Edwin Feulner, President of the Heritage Foundation, said that Reagan helped create a safer, freer world and said of his economic policies: He took an America suffering from 'malaise'... and made its citizens believe again in their destiny.220 However, Mark Weisbrot, co-Director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said that Reagan's economic policies were mostly a failure,221 and Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post stated that Reagan was a far more controversial figure in his time than the largely gushing obits on television would suggest.222 Cold War The Cold War was a major political and economic endeavor for over four decades, but the confrontation and depleted relations between the two superpowers decreased dramatically by the end of Reagan's presidency.223 The significance of Reagan's role in ending the Cold War has spurred contentious and opinionated debate.224225 That Reagan had some role in contributing to the downfall of the Soviet Union is collectively agreed, but the extent of this role is continuously debated,226 with many believing that Reagan's defense policies, hard line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and Communism, as well as summits with General Secretary Gorbachev played a significant part in ending the War.22696 Reagan and Gorbachev relax at the Reagan ranch in California in 1992, a year after the fall of the Soviet Union Reagan and Gorbachev relax at the Reagan ranch in California in 1992, a year after the fall of the Soviet Union He was notable amongst post-World War II presidents as being convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with,226 but his strong rhetoric toward the nation had mixed effects; Jeffery W. Knopf, Ph.D. observes that being labeled evil probably made no difference to the Soviets but gave encouragement to the East-European citizens opposed to communism.226 That Reagan had little or no effect in ending the Cold War is argued with equal weight; that Communism's internal weakness had become apparent, and the Soviet Union would have collapsed in the end regardless of who was in power.226 President Harry Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of Communism, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself.225 General Secretary Gorbachev said of his former rival's Cold War role: He was a man who was instrumental in bringing about the end of the Cold War,227 but labeled him as a hawk in the 1980s.227 Gorbachev does not acknowledge a win or loss in the war, but rather a peaceful end; he said he was not intimidated by Reagan's harsh rhetoric.228 Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said of Reagan, he warned that the Soviet Union had an insatiable drive for military power... but he also sensed it was being eaten away by systemic failures impossible to reform.229 She later stated, Ronald Reagan had a higher claim than any other leader to have won the Cold War for liberty and he did it without a shot being fired.230 Said Brian Mulroney, former Prime Minister of Canada: He enters history as a strong and dramatic player in the Cold War.231 Former President Lech Wałęsa of Poland acknowledged, Reagan was one of the world leaders who made a major contribution to communism's collapse.232 U.S. politics Ronald Reagan reshaped the Republican party, gave rise to the modern conservative movement, and altered the political dynamic of the United States.233 More men voted Republican under Reagan, and Reagan tapped into religious voters.233 The so-called Reagan Democrats were a result of his presidency.233 Bill Schneider, senior political analyst at CNN, said, The whole Republican Party traces its lineage, its legitimacy to this one man.233 Since leaving office, Reagan has become an iconic influence within the Republican party.234 His policies and beliefs have been frequently invoked by Republican presidential candidates since 1989.12 The 2008 Republican presidential candidates were no exception, for they aimed to liken themselves to him during the primary debates, even imitating his campaign stategies.235 Republican nominee John McCain frequently states that he came to office as a foot soldier in the Reagan Revolution.236 Cultural and political image According to columnist Chuck Raasch, Reagan transformed the American presidency in ways that only a few have been able to.237 He redefined the political agenda of the times, advocating lower taxes, a liberal economic philosophy, and a stronger military.238 His role in the Cold War further enhanced his image as a different kind of leader.239240 Ronald Reagan's Approval Ratings Date Event Approval % Disapproval % March 30, 1981 Shot by Hinckley 73 19 January 22, 1983 High unemployment 42 54 April 26, 1986 Libya bombing 70 26 February 26, 1987 Iran-Contra affair 44 51 January 20, 1989 End of presidency 64 n/a Career Average 57 39 July 30, 2001 Retrospective241 64 27 Reagan did not have the highest approval ratings as president,242 but his popularity has increased since 1989. A Gallup Organization February 2001 poll asked respondents to name the greatest president in U.S. history; Reagan came in first, capturing 18% of the vote.243 In February 2007, another Gallup poll ranked him as number two with 16% of the vote after Abraham Lincoln.244 He ranked third with a 72% approval rating in a Rasmussen Reports July 2007 poll on presidents who served after World War II,245 fifth in an ABC 2000 poll of the public, and ninth in another Rasmussen 2007 poll of Americans. In a Siena College survey of over 200 historians, however, Reagan ranked sixteenth out of 42.246 Ronald Reagan's approval ratings Gallup 1981-89 Ronald Reagan's approval ratings Gallup 1981-89 Reagan's ability to connect with the American people247 earned him the laudatory moniker The Great Communicator.248 Of it, Reagan said I won the nickname the great communicator. But I never thought it was my style that made a difference - it was the content. I wasn't a great communicator, but I communicated great things.249 Reagan earned the nickname the Teflon President as well, which meant that public perceptions of him were not tarnished by the negative aspects of his administration.250 According to Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder and reporter Howard Kurtz, the epithet referred to Reagan's ability to do almost anything wrong250 and not get blamed for it.251247 Public reaction to Reagan was always mixed; the oldest president was supported by young voters, and began an alliance that shifted many of them to the Republican party.252 He was not popular with all minority groups, especially blacks.130 He emphasized family values in his campaigns and during his presidency, although he was the first president to have been divorced.253 The president's way of speaking, pro-America rhetoric, negotiation skills, as well as use of the growing media market played his part in defining the 1980s and his future legacy.238254 Reagan was known to gibe frequently during his lifetime, and was famous for his storytelling.255 His numerous jokes and one-liners have been labeled classic quips and legendary.256 Former aide David Gergen commented, It was that humor... that I think endeared people to Reagan.122 Honors Further information: List of honors named for Ronald Reagan Reagan received a number of awards in his pre- and post-presidential years. Following his election as president, Reagan received a lifetime gold membership in the Screen Actors Guild, as well as the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award.257 Reagan received an honorary British knighthood, The Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1989. This entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters GCB, but did not entitle him to be known as Sir Ronald Reagan. Only two American presidents have received the honor-Reagan and George H.W. Bush.258 Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second American president to receive the award, but the first to have it given to him for personal reasons Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of US-Japanese relations.259 On January 18, 1993, Reagan's former Vice-President and sitting President George H.W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that the United States can bestow.260 Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate.261 Former President Ronald Reagan returns to the White House to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H.W. Bush in 1993 Former President Ronald Reagan returns to the White House to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H.W. Bush in 1993 On Reagan's 87th birthday, in 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Clinton. That same year, the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center was dedicated in Washington, D.C.262 He was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people in 1999; two years later, the USS Ronald Reagan was christened by Nancy Reagan and the United States Navy. It is one of few Navy ships christened in honor of a living person, and the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president.263 Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property.264 On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself.265 Following Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005.266 Later in the year, CNN, along with the ors of Time magazine, named him the most fascinating person of the network's first 25 years;267 Time listed Reagan one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century as well.268 The Discovery Channel asked its viewers to vote for The Greatest American in an unscientific poll on June 26, 2005; Reagan received the honorary title.269 In 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Reagan into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.270 The following year, Polish President Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Reagan the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, saying that Reagan inspired the Polish people to work for change and helped to unseat the repressive communist regime; Kaczyński said it would not have been possible if it was not for the tough-mindedness, determination, and feeling of mission of President Ronald Reagan.271 Reagan backed the nation of Poland throughout his presidency, supporting the anti-communist Solidarity movement, along with Pope John Paul II.272 Footnotes ^ a b Ward, Michael. 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Actor, Governor, President, Icon, The Washington Post, p. A01. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. ^ Wills, Gary 1987, pp. 109-110 ^ Biography A Hero from the Heartland. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. ^ Ronald Reagan Hollywood Years. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. ^ a b Cannon, Lou 2001, p. 15 ^ a b Reagan, Ronald 1965. Where's the Rest of Me?. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. ^ Crowther, Bosley 1942-02-03. The Screen; 'Kings Row,' With Ann Sheridan and Claude Rains, a Heavy, Rambling Film, Has Its First Showing Here at the Astor, The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-29. ^ a b Ronald Reagan. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. ^ U.S. Army Reserve-History. Global Security.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. ^ a b c d Military service of Ronald Reagan. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. ^ History of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. 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Retrieved on 2008-03-21. ^ President Kaczyński Presents Order of the White Eagle to Late President Ronald Reagan. United States Department of State July 18, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. ^ Bernstein, Carl. February 24, 1992. The Holy Alliance. Time. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. References Appleby, Joyce; Alan Brinkley, James M. McPherson 2003. The American Journey. Woodland Hills, California: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 0078241294. Beschloss, Michael 2007. Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How they Changed America 1789-1989. Simon Schuster. Bumgarner, John R 1994. The Health of the Presidents: The 41 United States Presidents Through 1993 from a Physician's Point of View. Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland Company. ISBN 0899509568. Cannon, Lou 2000. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620916. Cannon, Lou; Michael Beschloss 2001. Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio: A History Illustrated from the Collection of the Ronald Reagan Library and Museum. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1891620843. Fischer, Klaus 2006. America in White, Black, and Gray: The Stormy 1960s. London: Continuum. Freidel, Frank; Hugh Sidey 1995. The Presidents of the United States of America. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. ISBN 0912308575. Karaagac, John 2000. Ronald Reagan and Conservative Reformism. Lexington Books. Kengor, Paul 2004. God and Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life. New York: Regan Books. Gaidar, Yegor October 17, 2007. Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia in Russian. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 5824307598. Murray, Robert K.; Tim H. Blessing 1993. Greatness in the White House. Penn State Press. Reagan, Nancy 2002. I Love You, Ronnie: The Letters of Ronald Reagan to Nancy Reagan. United States: Random House. ISBN 0375760512. Reagan, Ronald 1990. An American Life. New York: Simon Schuster. ISBN 0743400259. Reeves, Richard 2005. President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination. New York: Simon Schuster. ISBN 0743230221. Wills, Garry 1987. Reagan's America: Innocents at Home. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. Further reading Further information: Ronald Reagan Bibliography External links Find more about Ronald Reagan on 's sister projects: Dictionary definitions Textbooks Quotations Source texts Images and media News stories Learning resources Official sites Ronald Reagan's White House biography Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Ronald Reagan's major speeches Ronald Reagan from Eureka College Essays and historiographies Extensive essay on Ronald Reagan and essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Ronald Reagan from George Mason University News entries Ronald Reagan from The New York Times Ronald Reagan from The Washington Post Ronald Reagan CNN coverage Ronald Reagan BBC biography Media Ronald Reagan audio selection from NPR Oral History Transcripts on the Reagan administration from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Site directories Ronald Reagan in the Newseum archive of front page images from 06/06/2004 Ronald Reagan at the Internet Movie Database Ronald Reagan at Allmovie Ronald Reagan at Find A Grave Reagan's quip about bombing Russia help·info Featured article Political offices Preceded by Pat Brown Governor of California 1967 - 1975 Succeeded by Jerry Brown Preceded by Jimmy Carter President of the United States January 20, 1981 - January 20, 1989 Succeeded by George H. W. Bush Preceded by François Mitterrand France Chair of the G8 1983 Succeeded by Margaret Thatcher United Kingdom Party political offices Preceded by Richard Nixon Republican Party nominee for Governor of California 1966, 1970 Succeeded by Houston I. Flournoy Preceded by Gerald Ford Republican Party presidential candidate 1980, 1984 Succeeded by George H. W. Bush Non-profit organization positions Preceded by Robert Montgomery President of Screen Actors Guild 1947 - 1952 Succeeded by Walter Pidgeon Preceded by Howard Keel President of Screen Actors Guild 1959 - 1960 Succeeded by George Chandler Honorary titles Preceded by Ayatollah Khomeini Time's Man of the Year 1980 Succeeded by Lech Wałęsa Preceded by Richard Nixon Oldest U.S. President still living January 20, 1981 - June 5, 2004 Succeeded by Gerald Ford Preceded by The Computer Time's Men of the Year 1983 with Yuri Andropov Succeeded by Peter Ueberroth Preceded by John Gibson and Jacob Chestnut Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda June 9-June 11, 2004 Succeeded by Rosa Parks v d e Ronald Reagan Early life Birthplace · Pitney Store · Boyhood home · Films Family Nancy Davis Reagan wife · Jane Wyman first wife · Maureen Reagan Revell daughter · Michael Edward Reagan son · Patricia Reagan Davis daughter · Ronald Prescott Reagan son · Nelle Wilson Reagan mother Speeches A Time for Choosing · First inaugural address · Berlin Wall address Presidency Domestic policy · Economic policy · Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 · Tax Reform Act of 1986 · Assassination attempt · Strategic Defense Initiative · Foreign policy · Reagan Doctrine · Cold War: first term, second term · Iran-Contra · Positions Later life Presidential Library · Alzheimer's letter · Death and state funeral · Honors Books An American Life autobiography · The Reagan Diaries · Biographical works Elections Governor: 1966 · 1970 · President: 1976 · 1980 · 1984 · Electoral history v d e Presidents of the United States George Washington · John Adams · Thomas Jefferson · James Madison · James Monroe · John Quincy Adams · Andrew Jackson · Martin Van Buren · William Henry Harrison · John Tyler · James K. Polk · Zachary Taylor · Millard Fillmore · Franklin Pierce · James Buchanan · Abraham Lincoln · Andrew Johnson · Ulysses S. Grant · Rutherford B. Hayes · James A. Garfield · Chester A. Arthur · Grover Cleveland · Benjamin Harrison · Grover Cleveland · William McKinley · Theodore Roosevelt · William Howard Taft · Woodrow Wilson · Warren G. Harding · Calvin Coolidge · Herbert Hoover · Franklin D. Roosevelt · Harry S. Truman · Dwight D. Eisenhower · John F. Kennedy · Lyndon B. Johnson · Richard Nixon · Gerald Ford · Jimmy Carter · Ronald Reagan · George H. W. Bush · Bill Clinton · George W. Bush Seal of the President of the United States v d e United States Republican Party presidential nominees John C. Frémont · Abraham Lincoln · Ulysses S. Grant · Rutherford B. Hayes · James A. Garfield · James G. Blaine · Benjamin Harrison · William McKinley · Theodore Roosevelt · William Howard Taft · Charles Evans Hughes · Warren G. Harding · Calvin Coolidge · Herbert Hoover · Alf Landon · Wendell Willkie · Thomas E. Dewey · Dwight D. Eisenhower · Richard Nixon · Barry Goldwater · Richard Nixon · Gerald Ford · Ronald Reagan · George H. W. Bush · Bob Dole · George W. Bush · John McCain v d e Governors of California Pre-Statehood Portolà · Fages · Rivera · Neve · Fages · Roméu · Arrillaga · Borica · Alberní · Arrillaga · J. Argüello · Solá · L. Argüello · Echeandía · Victoria · P. Pico · Zamorano / Echeandía · Figueroa · Castro · Gutierrez · Chico · Gutierrez · Alvarado · Carrillo · Alvarado · Micheltorena · P. Pico · Flores · A. Pico · Ide · Sloat · Stockton · Frémont · Kearny · Mason · Smith · Riley State Seal of California State Burnett · McDougall · Bigler · J. Johnson · Weller · Latham · Downey · Stanford · Low · Haight · Booth · Pacheco · Irwin · Perkins · Stoneman · Bartlett · Waterman · Markham · Budd · Gage · Pardee · Gillett · H. Johnson · Stephens · Richardson · Young · Rolph · Merriam · Olson · Warren · Knight · P. Brown · Reagan · J. Brown · Deukmejian · Wilson · Davis · Schwarzenegger v d e Cold War Participants NATO · Non-Aligned Movement · People's Republic of China · Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference · Operation Unthinkable · Potsdam Conference · Gouzenko Affair · Iran crisis · Chinese Civil War · Greek Civil War · Restatement of Policy on Germany · Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan · Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia · Tito-Stalin split · Berlin Blockade · Western Betrayal 1950s Korean War · First Indochina War · 1953 Iranian coup d'état · 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état · Uprising of 1953 in East Germany · First Taiwan Strait Crisis · Poznań 1956 protests · Hungarian Revolution of 1956 · Suez Crisis · Sputnik crisis · Second Taiwan Strait Crisis · Cuban Revolution · Kitchen Debate 1960s Congo Crisis · Sino-Soviet split · U-2 Crisis of 1960 · Bay of Pigs Invasion · Cuban Missile Crisis · Berlin Wall · Vietnam War · 1964 Brazilian coup d'état · U.S. Invasion of Dominican Republic · South African Border War · Transition to the New Order · Bangkok Declaration · Laotian Civil War · Greek military junta of 1967-1974 · Cultural Revolution · Prague Spring · Goulash Communism · Sino-Soviet border conflict 1970s Détente · Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty · Black September in Jordan · Cambodian Civil War · Ping Pong Diplomacy · Four Power Agreement on Berlin · 1972 Nixon visit to China · 1973 Chilean coup d'état · Yom Kippur War · Strategic Arms Limitation Talks · Angolan Civil War · Mozambican Civil War · Ogaden War · Sino-Vietnamese War · Iranian Revolution 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan · Olympic boycotts · Polish Solidarity Movement · Central American Crisis · Able Archer 83 · Strategic Defense Initiative · Invasion of Grenada · Romanian Revolution · Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 · Singing Revolution · Fall of the Berlin Wall · Revolutions of 1989 1990s Breakup of Yugoslavia · Dissolution of the USSR See also Bricker Amendment · Glasnost · Iron Curtain · McCarthyism · Operation Condor · Operation Gladio · Perestroika · Soviet espionage in US · Soviet-United States relations Establishments Central Intelligence Agency · Comecon · European Community · KGB · Stasi Races Arms race · Nuclear arms race · Space Race Ideologies Capitalism · Liberal democracy · Communism · Stalinism · Trotskyism · Maoism Propaganda Pravda · Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty · Voice of America · Voice of Russia Foreign policy Brezhnev Doctrine · Ulbricht Doctrine · Carter Doctrine · Containment · Domino theory · Eisenhower Doctrine · Johnson Doctrine · Kennedy Doctrine · Nixon Doctrine · Ostpolitik · Peaceful coexistence · Reagan Doctrine · Rollback · Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan Timeline of events · Portal · Category v d e Notable figures of the Cold War Cold War United States Harry S. Truman · Dwight D. Eisenhower · John F. Kennedy · Lyndon B. Johnson · Richard Nixon · Henry Kissinger Secretary of State · Gerald Ford · Jimmy Carter · Ronald Reagan · George H. W. Bush Soviet Union Joseph Stalin · Nikita Khrushchev · Leonid Brezhnev · Yuri Andropov · Konstantin Chernenko · Mikhail Gorbachev · Boris Yeltsin · Andrei Gromyko foreign minister · Anatoly Dobrynin ambassador to the U.S. United Kingdom Winston Churchill · Clement Attlee · Harold Macmillan · Harold Wilson · Margaret Thatcher West Germany / Germany Konrad Adenauer · Willy Brandt · Helmut Schmidt · Helmut Kohl People's Republic of China Mao Zedong · Zhou Enlai Premier · Hua Guofeng · Deng Xiaoping · Zhao Ziyang General Secretary France Charles de Gaulle · Alain Poher · Georges Pompidou · Valéry Giscard d'Estaing · François Mitterrand Eastern Europe Enver Hoxha Albania · Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia · Imre Nagy Hungary · Nicolae Ceauşescu Romania · Alexander Dub�?ek Czechoslovakia · Erich Honecker East Germany · Lech Wałęsa Poland · Pope John Paul II Poland/Vatican City Far East Chiang Kai-shek · Chiang Ching-kuo Republic of China · Syngman Rhee · Park Chung-hee South Korea · Kim Il-sung North Korea · Ho Chi Minh North Vietnam · Ngo Dinh Diem South Vietnam · Pol Pot Cambodia · Jawaharlal Nehru · India · Sukarno · Suharto · Indonesia · Ferdinand Marcos Philippines Latin America Fidel Castro Cuba · Che Guevara Argentina/Cuba · Daniel Ortega Nicaragua · Salvador Allende · Augusto Pinochet · Chile Middle East Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Ayatollah Khomeini Iran · Gamal Abdel Nasser · Anwar El Sadat Egypt · Muammar al-Gaddafi Libya Africa Patrice Lumumba · Mobutu Sese Seko Congo/Zaire · Kwame Nkrumah · Ghana· Agostinho Neto · José Eduardo dos Santos · Jonas Savimbi · Angola · Mengistu Haile Mariam Ethiopia Timeline of events · Portal · Category v d e Time Persons of the Year Jimmy Carter 1976 · Anwar Sadat 1977 · Deng Xiaoping 1978 · Ayatollah Khomeini 1979 · Ronald Reagan 1980 · Lech Wałęsa 1981 · The Computer 1982 · Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov 1983 · Peter Ueberroth 1984 · Deng Xiaoping 1985 · Corazon Aquino 1986 · Mikhail Gorbachev 1987 · The Endangered Earth 1988 · Mikhail Gorbachev 1989 · George H. W. Bush 1990 · Ted Turner 1991 · Bill Clinton 1992 · The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F.W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin 1993 · Pope John Paul II 1994 · Newt Gingrich 1995 · David Ho 1996 · Andrew Grove 1997 · Bill Clinton / Kenneth Starr 1998 · Jeffrey P. Bezos 1999 · George W. Bush 2000 Complete roster · 1927-1950 · 1951-1975 · 1976-2000 · 2001-present Persondata NAME Reagan, Ronald Wilson ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ronald Reagan SHORT DESCRIPTION American actor and politician, 33rd Governor of California, 40th President of the United States DATE OF BIRTH February 6, 1911 PLACE OF BIRTH Tampico, Illinois, United States DATE OF DEATH June 5, 2004 PLACE OF DEATH Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California, United States Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Categories: Featured articles | 1911 births | 2004 deaths | Ronald Reagan | American actor-politicians | American adoptive parents | American anti-communists | American B-movie actors | American Disciples of Christ | American film actors | American military personnel of World War II | American Presbyterians | California actors | California Republicans | Conservatives | Cold War leaders | Congressional Gold Medal recipients | Deaths from Alzheimer's disease | Former liberals | Governors of California | Golden Boot Award winners | History of the United States 1980-1991 | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Illinois actors | Iran-Contra affair | Irish-American politicians | Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath | NAB Hall of Fame | People from Dixon, Illinois | People from Lee County, Illinois | People from Los Angeles, California | People from Whiteside County, Illinois | Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients | Presidents of the United States | Reagan family | Republican Party United States presidential nominees | Shooting survivors | Time magazine Persons of the Year | United States Army officers | United States presidential candidates, 1968 | United States presidential candidates, 1976 | United States presidential candidates, 1980 | United States presidential candidates, 1984Hidden category: Semi-protected against vandalism Views Article Discussion View source History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Arpetan বাংলা Белару�?ка�? Bosanski Българ�?ки Català Česky Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara �?ارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन�?दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia �?slenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქ�?რთული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmål‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Occitan Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Ру�?�?кий Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Sloven�?ina Slovenš�?ina Срп�?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Срп�?кохрват�?ки Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ�? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe Україн�?ька ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 22:38

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