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14-September-2008 18:38:50 - Association of Southeast Asian Nations Redirected from ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Flag Location of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Seat of Secretariat Jakarta, Indonesia Flag of Indonesia Official languages English Flag of the Philippines Flag of Singapore English Flag of Brunei Flag of Malaysia Flag of Singapore Malay Flag of Burma Burmese Flag of Singapore Chinese Mandarin Flag of the Philippines Filipino Flag of Indonesia Indonesian Flag of Cambodia Khmer Flag of Laos Lao Flag of Singapore Tamil Flag of Thailand Thai Flag of Vietnam Vietnamese Member states 10 Flag of Brunei Brunei Flag of Cambodia Cambodia Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Flag of Laos Laos Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Flag of Burma Burma Flag of the Philippines Philippines Flag of Singapore Singapore Flag of Thailand Thailand Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Leaders - Secretary General Surin Pitsuwan Flag of Thailand Area - Total 4,464,322 km² 1,723,684 sq mi Population - 2007 estimate 575.5 million - Density 129/km² 334.1/sq mi GDP PPP 2007 estimate - Total US$ 3,431.2 billion 2007 - Per capita US$ 5,962 GDP nominal 2007 estimate - Total US$ 1,281.9 billion 2007 - Per capita US$ 2,227 HDI 2007 â–² 0.742 medium 100th¹ Currency 10 Flag of Brunei Brunei dollar BND Flag of Indonesia Indonesian rupiah IDR Flag of Cambodia Cambodian riel KHR Flag of Laos Lao kip LAK Flag of Burma Myanma kyat MMK Flag of Malaysia Malaysian ringgit MYR Flag of the Philippines Philippine peso PHP Flag of Singapore Singapore dollar SGD Flag of Thailand Thai baht THB Flag of Vietnam Vietnamese đồng VND Time zone ASEAN Flag of Burma UTC+6:30 Flag of Cambodia Flag of Indonesia Flag of Laos Flag of Thailand Flag of Vietnam UTC+7 Flag of Brunei Flag of Indonesia Flag of Malaysia Flag of the Philippines Flag of Singapore UTC+8 Flag of Indonesia UTC+9 Website http://www.asean.org/ 1 If considered as a single entity. 2 Selected key basic ASEAN indicators 3 Annual growth 1.6% The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,1 commonly referred to as ASEAN, pronounced /ˈɑË?siË?É‘Ë?n/ AH-see-ahn in English the official language of the bloc2, is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.3 Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.4 In 2005, the bloc spanned over 1.1 billion acres with a combined GDP Nominal/PPP of about USD$896.5 billion/$2.728 billion growing at an average rate of around 5.6% per annum. Nominal GDP had grown to $1,073.9 billion in 2006. Contents 1 History 2 The ASEAN Way 2.1 Policies 3 Meetings 3.1 ASEAN Summit 3.2 East Asia Summit 3.3 Regional Forum 3.4 Other meetings 3.4.1 Plus Three 3.4.2 Asia-Europe Meeting 3.4.3 Russia Summit 4 Economic community 4.1 Free Trade Area 4.2 Investment Area 4.3 Trade in Services 4.4 Single Aviation Market 5 Cultural activities 5.1 S.E.A. Write Award 5.2 ASAIHL 5.3 Heritage Parks 5.3.1 List 5.4 Scholarship 5.5 University Network 6 Sports 6.1 Southeast Asian Games 6.2 Football Championship 6.3 ParaGames 7 Criticism 8 Comparison 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links 11.1 Organization 11.2 Summits 11.3 YouTube History ██ ASEAN full members ██ ASEAN observers ██ ASEAN candidate members ██ ASEAN Plus Three ███ East Asia Summit █████ ASEAN Regional Forum ██ ASEAN full members ██ ASEAN observers ██ ASEAN candidate members ██ ASEAN Plus Three ███ East Asia Summit █████ ASEAN Regional Forum See also: List of ASEAN member states Wikisource has original text related to this article: Bangkok Declaration ASEAN was preceded by an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on August 8, 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries - Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand - met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers - Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand - are considered as the organization's Founding Fathers.5 The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were the desire for a stable external environment so that its members' governing elite could concentrate on nation building, the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, as well as the aspiration for national economic development; not to mention Indonesia's ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework. Unlike the European Union, ASEAN was designed to serve nationalism.6 In 1976, the Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea was accorded observer status.7 Throughout the 1970s, the organization embarked on a program of economic cooperation, following the Bali Summit of 1976. This foundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc then grew when Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it joined on January 8, 1984, barely a week after the country became independent on January 1.8 On July 28, 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member. Laos and Myanmar joined two years later in July 23, 1997.9 Cambodia was to have joined together with Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The country later joined on April 30, 1999, following the stabilization of its government.9 During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership as well as in the drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus10 composing the then-members of ASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the APEC as well as in the Asian region as a whole.1112 This proposal, however, failed since it faced heavy opposition from Japan and the United States.1113 Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration. In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff CEPT scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the region's competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region. On 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed and took effect on 2001 after all member states have ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.14 Satellite image of the 2006 Southeast Asian haze over Borneo. Satellite image of the 2006 Southeast Asian haze over Borneo. At the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental prospective. The organization started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.15 Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organization include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,16 the ASEAN-Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,17 and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both of which are responses to Global Warming and the negative effects of climate change. Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.18 The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating organizations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter. In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.19 As a response, the organization awarded the status of dialogue partner to the United Nations.20 Furthermore, on July 23 that year, José Ramos-Horta, then Prime Minister of East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.2122 In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with the United States.23 On August 26, 2007, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.2425 In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an international legal entity.citation needed The ASEAN Way Demographics of the ASEAN Members Demographics of the ASEAN Members This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. May 2008 In the 1960s, the push for decolonization promoted the sovereignty of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore, among others. Since nation building is often messy and vulnerable to foreign intervention, the governing elite wanted to be free to implement independent policies with the knowledge that neighbors would refrain from interfering in their domestic affairs. Territorially small members such as Singapore and Brunei were consciously fearful of force and coercive measures from much bigger neighbors like Indonesia and Malaysia. As a result, non-interference, consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation became the key principles of the organization. On the surface, the process of consultations and consensus is supposed to be a democratic approach to decision making, but the ASEAN process has been managed through close interpersonal contacts among the top leaders only, who often share a reluctance to institutionalize and legalize co-operation which can undermine their regime's control over the conduct of regional co-operation. All of these features, namely non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalization, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation have constituted what is called the ASEAN Way. Since the late 1990s, many scholars have argued that the principle of non-interference has blunted ASEAN efforts in handling the problem of Myanmar, human rights abuses and haze pollution in the region. Meanwhile, with the consensus-based approach, every member in fact has a veto and decisions are usually reduced to the lowest common denominator. There has been a widespread belief that ASEAN members should have a less rigid view on these two cardinal principles when they wish to be seen as a cohesive and relevant community. Policies This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. May 2008 Apart from consultations and consensus, ASEAN's agenda-setting and decision-making processes can be usefully understood in terms of the so-called Track I and Track II. Track I refers to the practice of diplomacy among government channels. The participants stand as representatives of their respective states and reflect the official positions of their governments during negotiations and discussions. All official decisions are made in Track I. Track II on the other hand refers to diplomatic activities that are unofficial and includes participants from both government and non-government institutions such as the academic, economic communities and NGOs. This track enables governments to discuss controversial issues and test new ideas without making official statements or binding commitments, and, if necessary, backtrack on positions. Although Track II dialogues are sometimes cited as examples of the involvement of civil society in regional decision-making process by governments and other second track actors, NGOs have rarely got access to this track, meanwhile participants from the academic community are a dozen think-tanks. However, these think-tanks are, in most cases, very much linked to their respective governments, and dependent on government funding for their academic and policy-relevant activities. Their recommendations, especially in economic integration , are often closer to ASEAN's decisions than the rest of civil society's positions. The track that acts as a forum for civil society in Southeast Asia is called Track III, which is essentially people-to-people diplomacy undertaken mainly by CSOs. Track III networks claim to represent communities and people who are largely marginalised from political power centers and unable to achieve positive change without outside assistance. This track tries to influence government policies indirectly by lobbying, generating pressure through the media. Third-track actors also organise and/or attend meetings as well as conferences to get access to Track I officials. While Track II meetings and interactions with Track I actors have increased and intensified, rarely has the rest of civil society had the opportunity to interface with Track II. Those with Track I have been even rarer. In other words, the participation of the big majority of CSOs has been excluded from ASEAN's agenda-setting and decision-making. Looking at the three tracks, it is clear that until now, ASEAN has been run by government officials who, as far as ASEAN matters are concerned, are accountable only to their governments and not the people. In a lecture on the occasion of ASEAN's 38th anniversary, the incumbent Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono admitted: All the decisions about treaties and free trade areas, about declarations and plans of action, are made by Heads of Government, ministers and senior officials. And the fact that among the masses, there is little knowledge, let alone appreciation, of the large initiatives that ASEAN is taking on their behalf. Meetings ASEAN Summit The organization holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit, where heads of government of each member meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with other countries outside of the bloc with the intention of promoting external relations. The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. Its third meeting was held in Manila in 1987 and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years.26 Consequently, the fourth meeting was held in Singapore in 1992 where the leaders again agreed to meet more frequently, deciding to hold the summit every three years.26 In 2001, it was decided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabetical order except in the case of Myanmar which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the European Union.27 The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows: Leaders of member states would hold an internal organization meeting. Leaders of member states would hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum. A meeting, known as ASEAN Plus Three, is set for leaders of three Dialogue Partners People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea A separate meeting, known as ASEAN-CER, is set for another set of leaders of two Dialogue Partners Australia, New Zealand. ASEAN Formal Summits Date Country Host 1st February 23-24, 1976 Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Bali 2nd August 4-5, 1977 Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 3rd December 14-15, 1987 Flag of the Philippines Philippines Manila 4th January 27-29, 1992 Flag of Singapore Singapore Singapore 5th December 14-15, 1995 Flag of Thailand Thailand Bangkok 6th December 15-16, 1998 Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Hanoi 7th November 5-6, 2001 Flag of Brunei Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan 8th November 4-5, 2002 Flag of Cambodia Cambodia Phnom Penh 9th October 7-8, 2003 Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Bali 10th November 29-30, 2004 Flag of Laos Laos Vientiane 11th December 12-14, 2005 Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 12th January 11-14, 200712 Flag of the Philippines Philippines Cebu 13th November 18-22, 2007 Flag of Singapore Singapore Singapore 14th December, 2008 Flag of Thailand Thailand 15th 2009 Flag of Vietnam Vietnam 1 Postponed from December 10-14, 2006 due to Typhoon Seniang. 2 hosted the summit because Myanmar backed out due to enormous pressure from US and EU During the fifth Summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet informally between each formal summit:26 ASEAN Informal Summits Date Country Host 1st November 30, 1996 Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Jakarta 2nd December 14-16, 1997 Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 3rd November 27-28, 1999 Flag of the Philippines Philippines Manila 4th November 22-25, 2000 Flag of Singapore Singapore Singapore East Asia Summit Participants of the East Asia Summit: ASEAN ASEAN Plus Three Additional members Observer Participants of the East Asia Summit: ASEAN ASEAN Plus Three Additional members Observer Main article: East Asia Summit The East Asia Summit EAS is a pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The summit has discussed issues including trade, energy and security and the summit has a role in regional community building. The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN together with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand who combined represent almost half of the world's population. Russia has applied for membership of the summit and in 2005 was a guest for the First EAS at the invitation of the host - Malaysia.28 The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on December 14, 2005 and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders' Meeting. Meeting Country Location Date Note First EAS Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lumpur December 14, 2005 Russia attended as a guest. Second EAS Flag of the Philippines Philippines Cebu City January 15, 2007 Rescheduled from December 13, 2006. Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security Third EAS Flag of Singapore Singapore Singapore November 21, 2007 Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment29 Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia Fourth EAS Flag of Thailand Thailand TBC TBC TBC Regional Forum ██ ASEAN full members ██ ASEAN observers ██ ASEAN candidate members ██ ASEAN Plus Three ███ East Asia Summit ██████ ASEAN Regional Forum ██ ASEAN full members ██ ASEAN observers ██ ASEAN candidate members ██ ASEAN Plus Three ███ East Asia Summit ██████ ASEAN Regional Forum The ASEAN Regional Forum ARF is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27 participants. ARF objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.30 The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are as follows: all the ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-Leste, United States and Sri Lanka. 31The Republic of China also known as Taiwan has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait is neither discussed at the ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements. Other meetings Aside from the ones above, other regular32 meetings are also held.33 These include the annual ASEAN Ministerial Meeting34 as well as other smaller committees, such as the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.35 Meetings mostly focus on specific topics, such as defense32 or the environment,3236 and are attended by Ministers, instead of heads of government. Plus Three The ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between ASEAN, the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, and is primarily held during each ASEAN Summit. Asia-Europe Meeting The Asia-Europe Meeting ASEM is an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996, bringing together the European Union and the ASEAN Plus Three groupings.37 Russia Summit The ASEAN-Russia Summit is a meeting between leaders of member states and the President of Russia. Economic community This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. September 2008 ASEAN has emphasized regional cooperation in the three pillars of security, sociocultural and economic integration. The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic integration, aiming to create an ASEAN Economic Community AEC by 2015. The AEC would have a combined population of over 566 million and a GDP exceeding US$ 1.173 trillion. Free Trade Area The foundation of the AEC is the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA, a common external preferential tariff scheme to promote the free flow of goods within ASEAN. The ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA is an agreement by the member nations of ASEAN concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA agreement was signed on January 28, 1992 in Singapore. When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations. Investment Area The AIA will encourage the free flow of investment within ASEAN. The main principles of the AIA are as follows:citation needed All industries are to be opened up for investment, with exclusions to be phased out according to schedules National treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN investors with few exclusions Elimination of investment impediments Streamlining of investment process and procedures Enhancing transparency Undertaking investment facilitation measures Full realization of the AIA with the removal of temporary exclusion lists in manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most ASEAN members and by 2015 for the CLMV Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam countries. Trade in Services An ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995. Under the agreement, ASEAN members are negotiating intra-regional services liberalization in several sectors, including air transport, business services, construction, financial services, maritime transport, telecommunications and tourism. Although some sectors have liberalized faster, such as air transport, other sectors remain subject to continued negotiation. Efforts to expand the scope of the Framework Agreement also remain subject to continued negotiations. Single Aviation Market The ASEAN Single Aviation Market SAM, proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers, will introduce an open-sky arrangement to the region by 2015. Not only will the ASEAN SAM be expected to fully liberalize air travel between its Member States, it is also expected that SAM will further enhance tourism, trade, investment and services flows between Member States. Beginning January 1, 2009, there will be full liberalization of air freight services in the region, as well as removal of third and fourth freedom restrictions between capital cities of Member States for air passengers services. By January 1, 2011, there will be liberalization of fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities. Cultural activities Logo of the S.E.A. Write Award The organization hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region. These include sports and educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of these include the ASEAN University Network and the Singapore-sponsored ASEAN Scholarship. S.E.A. Write Award The S.E.A. Write Award is a literary award given to Southeast Asian poets and writers annually since 1979. The award is either given for a specific work or as a recognition of an author's lifetime achievement. Works that are honored vary and have included poetry, short stories, novels, plays, folklore as well as scholarly and religious works. Ceremonies are held in Bangkok and is presided by a member of the Thai royal family. ASAIHL ASAIHL or the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning is a non-governmental organization founded in 1956 that strives to strengthen higher learning institutions, espescially in teaching, research, and public service, with the intention of cultivating a sense of regional identity and interdependence. Heritage Parks ASEAN Heritage Parks38 is a list of nature parks launched 1984 and relaunched in 2004. It aims to protect the region's natural treasures. There are now 35 such protected areas, including the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park and the Kinabalu National Park.39 List ASEAN Heritage Sites Site Country Site Country Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park Flag of Burma Myanmar Ao Phang-nga Marine National Park Flag of Thailand Thailand Apo Natural Park Flag of the Philippines Philippines Ba Be National Park Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Gunung Leuser National Park Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Gunung Mulu National Park Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Ha Long Bay Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Hoang Lien Sa Pa National Park Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Iglit-Baco National Park Flag of the Philippines Philippines Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Flag of Burma Myanmar Inlé Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Flag of Burma Myanmar Kaeng Krachan National Park Flag of Thailand Thailand Kerinci Seblat National Park Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Khakaborazi National Park Flag of Burma Myanmar Khao Yai National Park Flag of Thailand Thailand Kinabalu National Park Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Komodo National Park Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Kon Ka Kinh National Park Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Lampi Marine National Park Flag of Burma Myanmar Lorentz National Park Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Meinmhala Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary Flag of Burma Myanmar Mu Ko Surin-Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park Flag of Thailand Thailand Nam Ha Protected Area Flag of Laos Laos Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Preah Monivong Bokor National Park Flag of Cambodia Cambodia Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park Flag of the Philippines Philippines Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Flag of Singapore Singapore Taman Negara National Park Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Tarutao Marine National Park Flag of Thailand Thailand Tasek Merimbun Wildlife Sanctuary Flag of Brunei Brunei Thung Yai-Huay Kha Khaeng National Park Flag of Thailand Thailand Tubbataha Reef Marine Park Flag of the Philippines Philippines Ujung Kulon National Park Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Virachey National Park Flag of Cambodia Cambodia Keraton Yogyakarta Flag of Indonesia Indonesia Scholarship The ASEAN Scholarship is a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees.40. University Network The ASEAN University Network AUN is a consortium of Southeast Asian universities. It was originally founded in November 1995 by 11 universities within the member states.41 Currently AUN comprises 21 Participating Universities.42 Sports This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. September 2008 Southeast Asian Games Flag of the Southeast Asian Games Federation The Southeast Asian Games, commonly known as the SEA Games, is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee IOC and the Olympic Council of Asia. Football Championship The ASEAN Football Championship is a biennial soccer competition organised by the ASEAN Football Federation, accred by FIFA and contested by the national teams of Southeast Asia nations. It was inaugurated in 1996 as Tiger Cup, but after Asia Pacific Breweries terminated the sponsorship deal, Tiger was renamed ASEAN. ParaGames The ASEAN ParaGames is a biennial multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian Games for athletes with physical disabilities. The games are participated by the 11 countries located in Southeast Asia. The games, patterned after the Paralympics, includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities, and those with cerebral palsy. Criticism Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. September 2008 Western countries have criticized ASEAN for being too soft in its approach to promoting human rights and democracy in the junta-led Myanmar.43 Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on peaceful protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Myanmar as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions.44 This has caused concern as the European Union, a potential trade partner, has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons.45 International observers view it as a talk shop,46 which implies that the organization is big on words but small on action.47 During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-globalization and anti-Arroyo rallies.48 According to the activists, the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their jobs.49 They also viewed the organization as imperialistic that threatens the country's sovereignty.49 A human rights lawyer from New Zealand was also present to protest about the human rights situation in the region in general.50 ASEAN has agreed to an ASEAN human rights body which will come into force in 2009. The Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand want this body to have an enforcement capacity, however Singapore, Viet Nam, Burma, Laos and Cambodia do not. Comparison Most active regional blocs as of 2004,citation needed except as noted Regional bloc1 Area Population GDP $US Member states1 km² sq mi in millions PPP in millions nominal per capita PPP per capita nominal AU 29,797,500 11,504,879 897,548,804 1,515,000 1,131,850 1,896 1,261 53 ASEAN 2007 est. 4,497,493 1,736,000 566,500,000 3,115,480 1,173,000 5,541 2,041 10 CACM 422,614 163,172 37,816,598 159,536 84,792 4,219 2,242 5 CARICOM 462,344 178,512 14,565,083 64,219 24,020 4,409 1,649 14+13 CCASG / GCC 2,285,844 882,569 35,869,438 536,223 717,800 14,949 20,011 6 CEFTA 298,148 115,116 28,929,682 222,041 122,001 7,675 4,217 7+13 EU 2007 est. 4,324,782 1,669,808 497,000,000 14,953,000 16,574,000 28,213 33,482 27 EurAsEC 20,789,100 8,026,720 208,067,618 1,689,137 1,125,528 8,118 5,409 6 EFTA 2007 est. 529,600 204,480 12,660,623 567,500 743,300 44,828 60,000 4 GAFTA 9,421,946 3,637,834 280,727,416 1,341,298 N/A 4,778 N/A 16+13 GUAM 810,506 312,938 63,764,600 456,173 106,469 7,154 1,670 4 NAFTA 2007 est. 21,783,850 8,410,792 445,000,000 15,857,000 15,723,000 35,491 35,564 3 PARTA 528,151 203,920 7,810,905 23,074 N/A 2,954 N/A 12+23 SAARC 5,136,740 1,983,306 1,467,255,669 4,074,031 N/A 2,777 N/A 8 Unasur / Unasul 17,339,153 6,694,684 370,158,470 2,868,430 N/A 7,749 N/A 12 UN and countries for reference2 Area Population GDP $US Units4 km² sq mi in millions PPP in millions nominal per capita PPP per capita nominal UN 133,178,011 51,420,318 6,411,682,270 55,167,630 48,245,198 8,604 7,524 192 Brazil 2007 est. 8,514,877 3,287,612 183,888,841 1,804,000 1,067,706 10,073 6,842 27 Canada 2007 est. 9,984,670 3,855,103 33,000,000 1,274,000 1,406,000 38,200 42,738 13 India 2007 est. 3,287,590 1,269,346 1,120,000,000 4,726,000 1,089,000 4,182 1,004 35 Japan 2007 est. 377,873 145,898 127,433,494 4,346,000 4,346,000 33,800 38,341 47 PR China5 2007 est. 9,596,960 3,705,407 1,321,851,888 7,043,000 3,420,000 5,300 2,800 33 Russia 2007 est. 17,075,200 6,592,772 142,500,000 2,076,000 1,286,000 14,600 9,056 83 USA 2007 est. 9,826,630 3,794,083 302,000,000 13,543,000 13,794,700 43,500 45,594 50 Source: CIA World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database, IMF nominal figures for 2006.citation needed Legend smallest value among the blocs compared largest value among the blocs compared Footnotes 1 Including data only for full and most active members. 2 Including the largest five countries by area, population not #4, GDP PPP not #5, and GDP nominal not #3 or #5. 3 Including non-sovereign autonomous areas of other states. 4 Members or administrative divisions. 5 Data for the People's Republic of China does not include Hong Kong, Macau, or Republic of China Taiwan. This box: view talk See also ASEAN kechil Asian Currency Unit SEATO Mekong-Ganga Cooperation Notes ^ Overview ^ ASEAN-10: Meeting the Challenges, by Termsak Chalermpalanupap, ASEAN Secretariat official website. Retrieved June 27, 2008 ^ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved March 14, 2007 ^ Overview, ASEAN Secretariat official website. Retrieved June 12, 2006 ^ Bernard Eccleston, Michael Dawson, Deborah J. McNamara 1998. The Asia-Pacific Profile. Routledge UK. ISBN 0415172799. ^ Muthiah Alagappa 1998. Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences. Stanford: Stanford University Press US. ISBN-10: 0804733473. ^ ASEAN secretariat ^ Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations. United States State Department. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. ^ a b Carolyn L. Gates, Mya Than 2001. ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812300813. ^ East Asia Economic Caucus. ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved March 14, 2007. ^ a b Whither East Asia? Asian Views. Retrieved March 14, 2007. ^ Asia's Reaction to NAFTA Nancy J. Hamilton. CRS - Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 14, 2007. ^ Japan Straddles Fence on Issue of East Asia Caucus International Herald tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2007. ^ Bangkok Treaty in alphabetical order At UNODA United Nations. Retrieved on September 4, 2008. ^ ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Extracted October 12, 2006 ^ East Asian leaders to promote biofuel, Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 13, 2007. ^ ASEAN Statement on Launching of the ASEAN Wildlife Law Enforcement Network ASEAN-WEN ^ Asean: Changing, but only slowly, BBC 2003-10-08. ^ RP resolution for observer status in UN assembly OK'd, Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 13, 2007. ^ Philippines to Represent Asean in Un Meetings in Ny, Geneva, Yahoo! News 2007-03-07. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. ^ East Timor ASEAN bid, The Sun-Herald, The Sydney Morning Herald 2007-01-28. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. ^ East Timor Needs Five Years to Join ASEAN: PM, ASEAN Secretariat July 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-03. ^ Forss, Pearl 2007-08-27. US and ASEAN seeking to enhance relationship: Dr Balaji, Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. ^ ASEAN to complete free trade agreements by 2013, Forbes 2007-08-26. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. ^ Ong, Christine 2007-08-27. ASEAN confident of concluding FTAs with partners by 2013, Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. ^ a b c ASEAN Structure, ASEAN Primer ^ Denis Hew 2005. Roadmap to an Asean Economic Community. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812303472. ^ Chairman's Statement of the First East Asia Summit Kuala Lumpur ^ Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment ^ About Us, ASEAN Regional Forum official website. Retrieved June 12, 2006 ^ Official Website of Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Retrived August 3, 2008 ^ a b c ASEAN Calendar of Meetings and Events November 2006, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved March 13, 2007. ^ BBC country profile/Asean leaders, BBC. Retrieved March 13, 2007. ^ ASEAN Ministerial Meetings, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved March 13, 2007. ^ 1, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved March 16, 2007. ^ Malaysians have had enough of haze woes, The Malaysian Bar. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. ^ Lay Hwee Yeo 2003. Asia and Europe: the development and different dimensions of ASEM. Routledge UK. ISBN 0415306973. ^ 2 ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity. Retrieved March 13, 2007. ^ ASEAN's Greatest Parks, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity. Retrieved March 13, 2007. ^ Ministry of Education, Singapore: ASEAN Scholarships ^ ASEAN University Network/Agreement ^ http://www.aun-sec.org/member_u.html ^ ADB president calls for building Asian economic integration, Peace Journalism 2007-01-03. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. ^ Japan Cancels Myanmar Grant, The Associated Press 2007-10-17. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. ^ Silp, Sai 2007-02-15. Burma an Issue in Asean-EU Trade Talks, The Irawaddy News Magazine Online ion. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. ^ Malaysian foreign minister says ASEAN is no 'talk shop' 2005-12-05. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. ^ BBC Country/Internatonal Organization Profile: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, BBC News 2007-01-11. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. ^ About 100 militants stage protest vs Asean Summit in Cebu, GMA News 2007-01-13. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. ^ a b ASEAN protests in Cebu will also underscore massive opposition to Charter Change, Kilusang Mayo Uno 2006-12-07. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. ^ NZ rights lawyer to join protests at ASEAN summit, News and Press 2006-12-07. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. External links Organization ASEAN Secretariat Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ASEAN Focus Group Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ASEAN Foundation Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ASEAN Regional Forum Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ASEAN Secretariat Related Sites Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ASEAN News Network headline news links Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ASEAN-Japan Centre Retrieved on March 13, 2007. BBC Country Profile/Asean Retrieved on March 13, 2007. Summits 13th ASEAN Summit Singapore official site. Retrieved on September 16, 2007. 12th ASEAN Summit Retrieved on March 13, 2007. 11th ASEAN Summit December 12-14, 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia official site. Retrieved on March 13, 2007. 11th ASEAN Summit December 12-14, 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved on March 13, 2007. Cebu Summit unofficial website/ASEAN Quick Guide and General Info Retrieved on March 13, 2007. The Council on East Asian Community Retrieved on March 13, 2007. 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