Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 18:38:51 - ATPase Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate ATP into adenosine diphosphate ADP and a free phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme in most cases harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life. Some such enzymes are integral membrane proteins anchored within biological membranes, and move solutes across the membrane. These are called transmembrane ATPases. Contents 1 Functions 2 Mechanism 3 Transmembrane ATP synthases 3.1 Classification 3.2 P-ATPase 3.3 Human genes 4 See also 5 Additional images 6 External links Functions Na+/K+ATPase Na+/K+ATPase Transmembrane ATPases import many of the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. An important example is the sodium-potassium exchanger or Na+/K+ATPase, which establishes the ionic concentration balance that maintains the cell potential. Another example is the hydrogen potassium ATPase H+/K+ATPase or gastric proton pump that acidifies the contents of the stomach. Besides exchangers, other categories of transmembrane ATPase include co-transporters and pumps however, some exchangers are also pumps. Some of these, like the Na+/K+ATPase, cause a net flow of charge, but others do not. These are called electrogenic and nonelectrogenic transporters, respectively. Mechanism The coupling between ATP hydrolysis and transport is more or less a strict chemical reaction, in which a fixed number of solute molecules are transported for each ATP molecule that is hydrolyzed; for example, 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions inward per ATP hydrolyzed, for the Na+/K+ exchanger. Transmembrane ATPases harness the chemical potential energy of ATP, because they perform mechanical work: they transport solutes in a direction opposite to their thermodynamically preferred direction of movement-that is, from the side of the membrane where they are in low concentration to the side where they are in high concentration. This process is considered active transport. For example, the blocking of the vesicular H+-ATPAses would increase the pH inside vesicles and decrease the pH of the cytoplasm. Transmembrane ATP synthases Main article: ATP synthase The ATP synthase of mitochondria and chloroplasts is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane proton gradient as an energy source for adding an inorganic phosphate group to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate ADP to form a molecule of adenosine triphosphate ATP. This enzyme works when a proton moves down the concentration gradient, giving the enzyme a spinning motion. This unique spinning motion bonds ADP and P together to create ATP. ATP synthase can also function in reverse, that is, use energy released by ATP hydrolysis to pump protons against their thermodynamic gradient. Classification There are different types of ATPases, which can differ in function ATP synthesis and/or hydrolysis, structure F-, V- and A-ATPases contain rotary motors and in the type of ions they transport. F-ATPases F1F0-ATPases in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial plasma membranes are the prime producers of ATP, using the proton gradient generated by oxidative phosphorylation mitochondria or photosynthesis chloroplasts. V-ATPases V1V0-ATPases are primarily found in eukaryotic vacuoles, catalysing ATP hydrolysis to transport solutes and lower pH in organelles. A-ATPases A1A0-ATPases are found in Archaea and function like F-ATPases. P-ATPases E1E2-ATPases are found in bacteria, fungi and in eukaryotic plasma membranes and organelles, and function to transport a variety of different ions across membranes. E-ATPases are cell-surface enzymes that hydrolyse a range of NTPs, including extracellular ATP. P-ATPase Main article: P-ATPase P-ATPases sometime known as E1-E2 ATPases are found in bacteria and in a number of eukaryotic plasma membranes and organelles. P-ATPases function to transport a variety of different compounds, including ions and phospholipids, across a membrane using ATP hydrolysis for energy. There are many different classes of P-ATPases, each of which transports a specific type of ion: H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ag+ and Ag2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu+ and Cu2+. P-ATPases can be composed of one or two polypeptides, and can usually assume two main conformations called E1 and E2. Human genes Na+/K+ transporting: ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4, ATP1B1, ATP1B2, ATP1B3, ATP1B4 Ca++ transporting: ATP2A1, ATP2A2, ATP2A3, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B3, ATP2B4, ATP2C1 Mg++ transporting: ATP3 H+/K+ exchanging: ATP4A, ATP4B H+ transporting, mitochondrial: ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATP5C1, ATP5C2, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5H, ATP5I, ATP5J, ATP5J2, ATP5L, ATP5L2, ATP5O, ATP5S H+ transporting, lysosomal: ATP6AP1, ATP6AP2, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B1, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V1C1, ATP6V1C2, ATP6V1D, ATP6V1E1, ATP6V1E2, ATP6V1F, ATP6V1G1, ATP6V1G2, ATP6V1G3, ATP6V1H, ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0A2, ATP6V0A4, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V0D1, ATP6V0D2, ATP6V0E Cu++ transporting: ATP7A see also ATP7A, ATP7B see also ATP7B Class I, type 8: ATP8A1, ATP8B1, ATP8B2, ATP8B3, ATP8B4 Class II, type 9: ATP9A, ATP9B Class V, type 10: ATP10A, ATP10B, ATP10D Class VI, type 11: ATP11A, ATP11B, ATP11C H+/K+ transporting, nongastric: ATP12A type 13: ATP13A1, ATP13A2, ATP13A3, ATP13A4, ATP13A5 See also ATP synthase ATP synthase alpha/beta subunits AAA proteins P-ATPase Additional images AAA+ ATPases three examples External links ATP synthase - a splendid molecular machine MeSH ATPase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-5 - Proton or sodium translocating F- and V-type ATPases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-22 - Different conformations of P-type ATPase v d e Membrane transport protein: ion pumps Symporter, Cotransporter Na+/K+/2Cl- - Na/Pi3 - Na+/Cl- - Na/glucose - Na+/I- - Cl-/K+ 4, 5 Antiporter exchanger Na+/H+ - Na+/Ca2+ Na+/Ca2+-K+ - Cl-/HCO3- Band 3 - Cl-formate exchanger - Cl-oxalate exchanger ATPase Cu++ - Ca+ SERCA-ATP2A2, Plasma membrane - Na+/K+ - H+/K+ - ATP synthase - H+ F-type - H+ V-type Other Uniporter - Halorhodopsin - Proton pump v d e Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases EC 3.6 3.6.1 Pyrophosphatase Inorganic, Thiamine - Apyrase - Thiamine triphosphatase 3.6.3-4 ATPase 3.6.5 GTPase v d e Acid anhydride hydrolases: ATPases EC 3.6.3-3.6.4 3.6.3 Cu++ Menkes/ATP7A, Wilson/ATP7B Ca+ SERCA, Plasma membrane, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, ATP2A3, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B3, ATP2B4, ATP2C1 Na+/K+ ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4, ATP1B1, ATP1B2, ATP1B3, ATP1B4 H+/K+ - ATP synthase - H+ F-type - H+ V-type Other: ATP8B1 - ATP10A - ATP11B - ATP12A - ATP13A2 - ATP13A3 P-type ATPase 3.6.4 Dynein - Kinesin - Myosin Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/ATPase Categories: EC 3.6.3 | Integral membrane proteins Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ РуÑ?Ñ?кий This page was last modified on 9 September 2008, at 14:53
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.