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14-September-2008 18:38:50 - series and B-series This article is about philosophical terms. For the motor vehicle engines see BMC A-Series engine BMC B-Series engine. A-series and B-series are terms introduced by the Scottish idealist philosopher John McTaggart in 1908 which have become classic terms of reference in modern discussions of the philosophy of time, even outside the analytic tradition. According to McTaggart, there are two distinct modes in which all events can be ordered in time. In the first mode, events are ordered by way of the non-relational singular predicates is past, is present and is future. When we speak of time in this way, we are speaking in terms of a series of positions which run from the remote past through the recent past to the present, and from the present through the near future all the way to the remote future. The essential characteristic of this descriptive modality is that one must think of the series of temporal positions as being in continual transformation, in the sense that an event is first part of the future, then part of the present, and then past. Moreover, the assertions made according to this modality imply the temporal perspective of the person who utters them. This is the A-series of temporal events. From a second point of view, one can order events according to a different series of temporal positions by way of two-term relations which are asymmetric, irreflexive and transitive: comes before or precedes and comes after or follows. This is the B-series, and the philosophy which says all truths about time can be reduced to B-series statements is the B-Theory of time. The logic and the linguistic expression of the two series are radically different. The first is tensional and the second is non-tensional. For example, the assertion today it is raining is a tensional assertion because it depends on the temporal perspective -- the present -- of the person who utters it, while the assertion It rained on the 15th of June, 1996 is non-tensional because it does not so depend. It should be obvious that, from the point of view of their truth-values, the two propositions are identical both true or both false if the first assertion is made on June 15th, 1996. The non-temporal relation of precedence between two events, say E precedes F, does not change over time excluding from this discussion the issue of the relativity of temporal order of causally disconnected events in the theory of relativity. On the other hand, the character of being past, present or future of the events E or F does change with time. In the image of McTaggart: the passage of time consists in the fact that terms ever further in the future pass into the present...or that the present advances toward terms ever farther in the future. If we assume the first point of view, we speak as if the B-series slides along a fixed A-series. If we assume the second point of view, we speak as if the A-series slides along a fixed B-series. References McTaggart, J.E., The Unreality of Time, in Mind , 1908. McTaggart, J.E.,The Nature of Existence, vol. 1-2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968. Bradley, F.H., The Principles of Logic, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1922. External links Time---Notes on McTaggart and the Unreality of Time- Trinity College Seminar on Time. McTaggart's A-series and B-series entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy v d e Image:Hourglass.png Time Image:Hourglass.png Major concepts Time · Eternity · Arguments for eternity · Immortality Deep time · History · Past · Present · Future · Futurology Portal:Time Time Portal Measurement and Standards Chronometry · UTC · UT · TAI · Second · Minute · Hour · Sidereal time · Solar time · Time zone Clock · Horology · History of timekeeping devices · Astrarium · Marine chronometer · Sundial · Water clock Calendar · Day · Week · Month · Year · Tropical year · Julian · Gregorian · Islamic Intercalation · Leap second · Leap year Chronology Astronomical chronology · Geologic Time · Geological history · Geochronology · Archaeological dating Calendar era · Regnal year · Chronicle · Timeline · Periodization Religion and Mythology Time and fate deities · Wheel of time · KÄ?la · Kalachakra · Prophecy · Dreamtime Philosophy Causality · Eternalism · Eternal return · Event · The Unreality of Time · A-series and B-series · B-Theory of time Endurantism · Four dimensionalism · Perdurantism · Presentism · Temporal finitism · Temporal parts Physical Sciences Time in physics · Spacetime · Absolute time and space · T-symmetry Arrow of time · Chronon · Fourth dimension · Planck epoch · Planck time · Time domain Theory of relativity · Time dilation · Gravitational time dilation · Coordinate time · Proper time Biology Chronobiology · Circadian rhythms Psychology Consciousness and spacetime · Mental chronometry · Reaction time · Sense of time · Specious present Sociology and Anthropology Futures studies · Long Now Foundation · Time discipline · Time use research Economics Newtonian time in economics · Time value of money · Time Banking · Time-based currency Related topics Space · Duration · Time capsule · Time travel · Time signature · System time · Metric time · Hexadecimal time · Carpe diem · Tempus fugit v d e Time in philosophy Major subjects Time · Philosophy · Philosophy of space and time · A priori and a posteriori Eternity · Temporal finitism · Event Portal:Time Time Portal Causality Determinism · Deterministic system · Fatalism · Free will · Indeterminism · Compatibilism and incompatibilism Etiology · Post hoc ergo propter hoc Eternalism Eternal return · Four dimensionalism Presentism The Unreality of Time · A-series and B-series · B-Theory of time · Endurantism Perdurantism Temporal parts Related topics Growing block universe Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/A-series_and_B-series Categories: Philosophy of physics | Philosophy of time | Philosophical terminology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 18 March 2008, at 16:46
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