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14-September-2008 18:38:51 - Abbasid Caliphate October 2007 الخلاÙ?Ø© العباسية الإسلامية Islamic Abbasid Caliphate â†? 750 - 1258 → → Flag of Abbasid Caliphate Flag Location of Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent Capital Baghdad Languages Arabic official, Aramaic, Armenian, Berber languages, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Middle Persian, Turkishcitation needed Religion Islam Government Caliphate Amir al-Mu'minin¹ - 721-754 As-Saffah - 786-809 Harun al-Rashid - 1261-1262 Al-Mustansir - 1242-1258 Al-Musta'sim History - Established 750 - Disestablished 1258 Area 10,000,000 km² 3,861,022 sq mi Population - est. 50,000,000 Density 5 /km² 12.9 /sq mi Currency Abbasid Dinar ¹ Amir al-Mu'minin أمير المؤمنين, Caliph خليÙ?Ø© History of the Arab States Arab Caliphate Rashidun 632-661 Umayyads 661-750 Abbasids 750-1258 Fatimids 909-1171 Mashriq Dynasties AD Tulunids 868-905 Hamdanid dynasty 890-1004 Ikhshidid dynasty 935-969 Uqaylid Dynasty 990-1096 Zengid dynasty 1127-1250 Ayyubid dynasty 1171-1246 Bahri Mamluks 1250-1382 Burji Mamluks 1382-1517 Maghrib Dynasties Saadi dynasty 750-1258 Muhallabids 771-793 Rustamid Dynasty 776-909 Idrisid dynasty 788-985 Aghlabid 800-909 Almoravid dynasty 1073-1147 Almohad dynasty 1147-1269 Hafsid dynasty 1229-1574 Marinid dynasty 1258-1420 Wattasid dynasty 1420-1547 The Abbasid Caliphate Arabic: العبّاسيّون‎, al-'AbbÄ?sÄ«yÅ«n was the second of the two great Muslim caliphates of the Arab Empire. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al Andalus. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. Within 150 years of gaining power across Persia, they were forced to cede power to local dynastic amirs who only nominally acknowledged their power, and had to cede Al Andalus to an escaped Umayyad royal and the Maghreb and Ifriqiya to independent entities such as the Aghlabids and the Fatimids. Their rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. While they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt, the dynasty's secular authority had ended. Descendants of the Abbasids include the al-Abbasi tribe who live northeast of Tikrit in modern-day Iraq.citation needed Contents 1 Rise 2 Political Situation 2.1 Consolidation and schisms 2.2 Rift with the Arabs 2.3 Rift with the Shia 2.4 Loss of North Africa 2.5 Communication with Provinces 3 Fracture of Central Authority 3.1 Loss of Power 3.2 The end of the dynasty 4 Golden Age 4.1 Science under the Abbasids 5 Role of the Mamluks 6 List of Abbasid Caliphs 6.1 Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad 6.2 Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Rise The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the caliphate on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib 566 - 662, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, by virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to Ira Lapidus The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Marw with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali.1 The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of Arab culture and were perceived of as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II, Muhammad ibn Ali. During the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim the Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of Khorasan, Iran, he achieved considerable successes, but was captured in the year 747 and died in prison; some hold that he was assassinated. The quarrel was taken up by his brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who, with victory on the Greater Zab River 750, defeated the Umayyads and was proclaimed Caliph. Political Situation DE FACTO INDEPENDENT EMIRATES in the last years 820-853 ofAbassid's reign DE FACTO INDEPENDENT EMIRATES in the last years 820-853 ofAbassid's reign Consolidation and schisms The first change the Abbasids made was to move their the empire's capital from Damascus, in Syria, to Baghdad in Iraq. This was to both appease as well to be closer to the Persian mawali support base that existed in this region more influenced by Persian history and culture, and part of the Persian mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad was established on the Tigris River in 762. A new position, that of the vizier, was also established to delegate central authority, and even greater authority was delegated to local emirs. Eventually, this meant that many Abbasid caliphs were eventually relegated to a more ceremonial role than under the Umayyads, as the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy.2 Rift with the Arabs the fragmentations of Caliphate during Abassid's era the fragmentations of Caliphate during Abassid's era The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, al-Mansur, moved their capital from Damascus to the new city of Baghdad and welcomed non-Arab Muslims to their court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads. Abbasid coins during Al-Mu'tamid's reign Abbasid coins during Al-Mu'tamid's reign These fissures in their support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not destroyed. The only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family, which had been all but annihilated, ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir Abd ar-Rahman I, 756. In 929, Abd ar-Rahman III assumed the title of Caliph, establishing Al Andalus from Córdoba as a rival to Baghdad as the legitimate capital of the Islamic Empire. Rift with the Shia The Abbasids also found themselves at odds with the Shias, many of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads, since the Abbasids claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammed. Once in power, the Abbasids embraced Sunni Islam and disavowed any support for Shi'a beliefs. That led to numerous conflicts, culminating in an uprising in Mecca in 786, followed by widespread bloodshed and the flight of many Shi'a to the Maghreb, where the survivors established the Idrisid kingdom. Shortly thereafter, Berber Kharijites set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Loss of North Africa Within 50 years the Idrisids in the Maghreb and Aghlabids of Ifriqiya and a little later the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr were effectively independent in Africa. Communication with Provinces The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the eighth century 750-800, under several competent caliphs and their viziers to overcome the political challenges created by the far flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it and usher in the administrative changes to keep order.3 While the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, military operations during this period were minimal, as the caliphate focused on internal matters as local governors, who, as a matter of prodecure, operated mostly independently of central authority. The problem that the caliphs faced was that these governors had begun to exert greater autonomy, using their increasing power to make their positions herary.2 Fracture of Central Authority Part of a series on Sunni Islam Schools of Law Hanafi Shafi`i Maliki Hanbali Schools of Theology Maturidi Ash'ari Athari Mu'tazili Movements Deobandi Barelwi Salafi Five Pillars Shahada Salah Zakah Sawm Hajj Rightly Guided Caliphs Abu Bakr Umar ibn al-Khattab Uthman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Hadith Collections Sahih Bukhari Sahih Muslim Al-Sunan al-Sughra Sunan Abu Dawood Sunan al-Tirmidhi Sunan ibn Maja Al-Muwatta Sunan al-Darami This box: view talk Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, the Shia Hamdanids in Northern Syria, and the successive Tahirid, Alid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control to the growing Persian faction known as the Buwayhids that replaced the Samanids as the Buwayhids were quietly able to assume real power in the bureaucracy at Baghdad. All these autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with herary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliphal suzeranity, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury.3 The eventual rise of the Ghaznavid Empire and the Seljuks to displace all these factions marked the end of Abbasid political dominion over the area. Loss of Power Mahmud of Ghazni took the title of sultan, as opposed to the amir that had been in more common usage, signifying the Ghaznavid Empire's independence from Caliphial authority even as a matter of form. By the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs had gone even further, as the Seljuks, Khwarezmshahs, Almoravids and other Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph's name in the Friday Khutba, or struck it off their coinage3. The Fatimids contested the Abbasids for even the titular authority. The Buwayhids were defeated in the mid-11th century with the aid of the Seljuks under Toghril Beg; however, the Seljuks then themselves took over de facto lordship of the Empire, and the Caliph bestowed on Toghril Beg the title of Sultan of the East and the West. The Seljuks publicly pledged allegiance to the Caliph, but left him in control of little actual terrritory beyond Baghdad.3 Caliph Al-Muqtafi was the 1st Abbasid Caliph to regain the independence of the Caliphate,after nearly 250 years of foreign rule,he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs,thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. see Seljuk siege of Baghdad 1157 The end of the dynasty Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad on February 10, 1258, causing great loss of life. Muslims feared that supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of Al-Musta'sim, the last reigning Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, a direct descendent of Muhammad's uncle, was spilled. Despite the advice of the Learned Shiites of Persia that no such calamity had happened after the deaths of John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, or the Shiite saint Hosein, as a precaution, Hulagu, in accordance with a Mongol taboo which forbade spilling royal blood, had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses on February 20, 1258. The Al-Musta'sim family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son and a daughter who were sent to Mongolia to be slaves in the harem of Hulagu.4 The Abbasids still maintained a feeble show of authority, confined to religious matters, in Egypt under the Mamluks, but the dynasty finally disappeared with Al-Mutawakkil III, who was carried away as a prisoner of the palace to Constantinople by Selim I where he only had a ceremonial role, until his death when the Caliphate title was transferred to Selim I. Golden Age Main article: Islamic Golden Age Further information: Early Islamic philosophy and Inventions in the Muslim world A manuscript written under the Abbasid Era. A manuscript written under the Abbasid Era. The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad.5 The Abbassids were influenced by the Qur'anic injunctions and hadith such as the ink of scientists is more holy then the blood of martyrs stressing the value of knowledge.5 During this period the Muslim world became the unrivaled intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established a House of Wisdom in Baghdad; where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic.5 Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and later in turn translated into Turkish, Persian, Hebrew and Latin.5 During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Greek and Byzantine civilizations.5 At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Former supporters of the Abbasids had broken away to create a separate kingdom around Khorosan in northern Persia. Harun al-Rashid 786 - 809 turned on the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in power within the administration of the state. Science under the Abbasids Main article: Islamic science Further information: Alchemy Islam, Islamic astronomy, Islamic mathematics, Islamic medicine, and Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world Mustansiriya University in Baghdad. Mustansiriya University in Baghdad. The reigns of Harun al-Rashid 786 - 809 and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims. It is well established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled their administration on that of the Sassanids.6 One Abbasid caliph is even quoted as saying: The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for one or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.7, but this should'nt be taken literaly Umayyads built a large succesful Empires without any non-Arab help, so did pre-Islamic Arab states. A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. They contributed to making Aristotle known in Christian Europe. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed much further by other Islamic scholars, notably by Al-Biruni, and Abu Nasr Mansur. Algebra was also pioneered by Muhammad ibn MÅ«sÄ? al-KhwÄ?rizmÄ« during this time in his landmark text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, from which the term algebra is derived. The terms algorism and algorithm are also derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals and Hindu-Arabic numeral system beyond the Indian subcontinent. Medicine was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the ninth century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was discovered during this time. Famous scientist Ibn Sina known to the West as Avicenna produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and is often known as the father of modern medicine for his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the Renaissance and even later. Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. Role of the Mamluks In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, drawn mostly from Turkish slaves, known as Mamluks, with some Slavs and Berbers participating as well. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun 813 - 833, and his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim 833 - 842, prevented the further distintegration of the empire. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until al-Radi 934 - 941 was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to Mahommed bin Raik. In the following years, the Buwayhids, who were Shi'ites, seized power over Baghdad, ruling central Iraq for more than a century. List of Abbasid Caliphs Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad An overview of the genealogical history of the Abbasids. The names in bold are those of caliphs. An overview of the genealogical history of the Abbasids. The names in bold are those of caliphs. Abu'l Abbas As-Saffah 750 - 754 Al-Mansur 754 - 775 Al-Mahdi 775 - 785 Al-Hadi 785 - 786 Harun al-Rashid 786 - 809 Al-Amin 809 - 813 Al-Ma'mun 813 - 833 Al-Mu'tasim 833 - 842 Al-Wathiq 842 - 847 Al-Mutawakkil 847 - 861 Al-Muntasir 861 - 862 Al-Musta'in 862 - 866 Al-Mu'tazz 866 - 869 Al-Muhtadi 869 - 870 Al-Mu'tamid 870 - 892 Al-Mu'tadid 892 - 902 Al-Muktafi 902 - 908 Al-Muqtadir 908 - 932 Al-Qahir 932 - 934 Ar-Radi 934 - 940 Al-Muttaqi 940 - 944 Al-Mustakfi 944 - 946 Al-Muti 946 - 974 At-Ta'i 974 - 991 Al-Qadir 991 - 1031 Al-Qa'im 1031 - 1075 Al-Muqtadi 1075 - 1094 Al-Mustazhir 1094 - 1118 Al-Mustarshid 1118 - 1135 Ar-Rashid 1135 - 1136 Al-Muqtafi 1136 - 1160 Al-Mustanjid 1160 - 1170 Al-Mustadi 1170 - 1180 An-Nasir 1180 - 1225 Az-Zahir 1225 - 1226 Al-Mustansir 1226 - 1242 Al-Musta'sim 1242 - 1258 Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo Al-Mustansir 1261-1262 Al-Hakim I Cairo 1262-1302 Al-Mustakfi I of Cairo 1303-1340 Al-Wathiq I 1340-1341 Al-Hakim II 1341-1352 Al-Mu'tadid I 1352-1362 Al-Mutawakkil I 1362-1383 Al-Wathiq II 1383-1386 Al-Mu'tasim 1386-1389 Al-Mutawakkil I restored 1389-1406 Al-Musta'in 1406-1414 Al-Mu'tadid II 1414-1441 Al-Mustakfi II 1441-1451 Al-Qa'im 1451-1455 Al-Mustanjid 1455-1479 Al-Mutawakkil II 1479-1497 Al-Mustamsik 1497-1508 Al-Mutawakkil III 1508-1517 Notes ^ Ira Lapidus. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. 2002 ISBN 0-521-77056-4 p.54 ^ a b Applied History Research Group , University of Calgary, http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ The Islamic World to 1600, Last accessed August 26, 2006 ^ a b c d Brauer, Ralph W, Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography, Diane Publishing Co., Dec 1, 1995, ISBN 0-87169-856-0, pg 7-10. ^ Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad by Ian Frazier, in The New Yorker 25 April, 2005 ^ a b c d e Vartan Gregorian, Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith, Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26-38 ISBN 081573283X ^ Hamilton Gibb. Studies on the civilization of Islam. Princeton University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-691-05354-5 p.66 ^ Bertold Spuler. The Muslim World. Vol.I The Age of the Caliphs. Leiden. E.J. Brill. 1960 ISBN 0-685-23328-6 p.29 References Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Abbasids. This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh ion, a publication now in the public domain. External links Abbasids 750-1517 Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs Abbasid Caliphs In Our Time, Radio 4, in Streaming RealAudio An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid biased theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni. Abbasid Caliphate entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica v d e Timeline of the Caliphate v d e A History of Empires Ancient empires Akkadian Empire · Ancient Egypt · Neo-Assyrian Empire · Hittite Empire · Achaemenid Persian Empire · Athenian Empire · Macedonian Empire Ptolemaic Empire · Seleucid Empire · Carthaginian Empire · Maurya Indian Empire · Gupta Indian Empire · Qin Chinese Empire · Han Chinese Empire · Roman Empire Western Roman Empire · Eastern Roman Empire · Sassanid Persian Empire Medieval empires Byzantine Empire · Hunnic Empire · Arab Empire Rashidun Empire · Umayyad Empire · Abbasid Empire · Fatimid Empire · Almohad Empire · Ghaznavid Empire · Great Seljuq Empire · Khwarezmian Empire · Timurid Empire · Chola Indian Empire · Mongol Empire · Serbian Empire · Bulgarian Empire · Carolingian Empire · Holy Roman Empire · Angevin Empire · Mali Empire · Tang Chinese Empire · Song Chinese Empire · Yuan Chinese Empire · Inca Empire Modern empires Mughal Indian Empire · Ming Chinese Empire · Qing Chinese Empire · Ottoman Empire · Safavid Persian Empire · Ethiopian Empire · Portuguese Empire · Spanish Empire · Iberian Union Empire · Dutch Empire · British Empire · French Napoleonic Empire · French Colonial Empire · German Empire · German Colonial Empire · Russian Empire · Swedish Empire · Austro-Hungarian Empire · Brazilian Empire Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate Categories: Former countries in Africa | Former countries in Asia | Former empires | 750 establishments | 1258 disestablishments | Caliphates | Arab dynasties | Muslim dynasties | Abbasid Caliphate | History of IraqHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2007 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since November 2007 | Former country articles requiring maintenance | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages አማáˆáŠ› العربية AzÉ™rbaycan Bosanski Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Cebuano ÄŒesky Deutsch Eesti Español Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Kiswahili Kurdî / كوردی Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька اردو ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 22:1
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