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14-September-2008 18:38:37 - Acacia For other uses, see Acacia disambiguation. Wattles redirects here. For the author, see Wallace Wattles. For other uses, see Wattle disambiguation. Acacia Acacia greggii Acacia greggii Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Tribe: Acacieae Genus: Acacia Miller Species About 1,300; see List of Acacia species Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described in Africa by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in 1773. Acacias are also known as thorntrees or wattles, including the yellow-fever acacia and umbrella acacias. There are roughly 1300 species of Acacia worldwide, about 960 of them native to Australia, with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, including Africa, southern Asia, and the Americas. Contents 1 Classification 2 Geography 3 Description 4 Symbiosis 5 Pests 6 Uses 6.1 Food uses 6.2 Gum 6.3 Medicinal uses 6.4 Ornamental uses 6.5 Paints 6.6 Perfume 6.7 Symbolism and ritual 6.8 Tannin 6.9 Wood 7 Phytochemistry of Acacia 7.1 Alkaloids 7.1.1 List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:30 7.2 Cyanogenic glycosides 8 Species 9 Famous acacia 10 Identification gallery 10.1 Flowers 10.2 Bark 10.3 Foliage 10.4 Seed pods 10.5 Seeds 10.6 Thorns 10.7 Tree 10.8 Wood 11 See also 12 Notes 13 General references 14 External links Classification Acacia berlandieri Acacia berlandieri Acacia pycnantha Acacia pycnantha The genus Acacia is apparently not monophyletic. This discovery has led to the breaking up of Acacia into five new genera as discussed in list of Acacia species. In common parlance the term acacia is occasionally misapplied to species of the genus Robinia, which also belongs in the pea family. Robinia pseudoacacia, an American species locally known as Black locust, is sometimes called false acacia in cultivation in the United Kingdom. Geography Acacia smallii Acacia smallii Acacia retinodes Acacia retinodes The southernmost species in the genus are Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle, Acacia longifolia Coast Wattle or Sydney Golden Wattle, Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle, and Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood, reaching 43°30' S in Tasmania, Australia, while Acacia caven Espinillo Negro reaches nearly as far south in northeastern Chubut Province of Argentina. Australian species are usually called wattles, while African and American species tend to be known as acacias. Acacia albida, Acacia tortilis and Acacia iraqensis can be found growing wild in the Sinai desert and the Jordan valley. It is found in the savanna vegetation of the tropical continental climate. Description Acacia dealbata Acacia dealbata The leaves of acacias are compound pinnate in general. In some species, however, more especially in the Australian and Pacific islands species, the leaflets are suppressed, and the leaf-stalks petioles become vertically flattened, and serve the purpose of leaves. These are known as phyllodes. The vertical orientation of the phyllodes protects them from intense sunlight, as with their edges towards the sky and earth they do not intercept light so fully as horizontally placed leaves. A few species such as Acacia glaucoptera lack leaves or phyllodes altogether, but possess instead cladodes, modified leaf-like photosynthetic stems functioning as leaves. The small flowers have five very small petals, almost hidden by the long stamens, and are arranged in dense globular or cylindrical clusters; they are yellow or cream-colored in most species, whitish in some, even purple Acacia purpureapetala or red Acacia leprosa Scarlet Blaze. The plants often bear spines, especially those species growing in arid regions. These sometimes represent branches which have become short, hard and pungent, or sometimes leaf-stipules. Acacia armata is the Kangaroo-thorn of Australia and Acacia erioloba is the Camelthorn of Africa. Symbiosis Acacia collinsii Thorns Acacia collinsii Thorns In the Central American Acacia sphaerocephala, Acacia cornigera, and Acacia collinsii collectively known as the bullthorn acacias, the large thorn-like stipules are hollow and afford shelter for ants, which feed on a secretion of sap on the leaf-stalk and small, lipid-rich food-bodies at the tips of the leaflets called Beltian bodies; in return they add protection to the plant against herbivores.1 Some species of ants will also fight off competing plants around the acacia, cutting off the offending plant's leaves with their jaws and ultimately killing it, while other ant species will do nothing to benefit their host. Pests Acacia tree near the end of its range in the Negev Desert of southern Israel. Acacia tree near the end of its range in the Negev Desert of southern Israel. In Australia, Acacia species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus including A. ligniveren. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Other Lepidoptera larvae which have been recorded feeding on Acacia include Brown-tail, Endoclita malabaricus and Turnip Moth. The leaf-mining larvae of some bucculatricid moths also feed on Acacia: Bucculatrix agilis feeds exclusively on Acacia horrida and Bucculatrix flexuosa feeds exclusively on Acacia nilotica. Acacias contain a number of organic compounds that defend them from pests and grazing animals.2 Uses Food uses Acacia seeds are often used for food and a variety of other products. In Burma, Laos and Thailand, the feathery shoots of Acacia pennata common name cha-om, ชะà¸à¸¡ and su pout ywet in Burmese are used in soups, curries, omelettes, and stir-fries. Honey made by bees using the acacia flower as forage is considered a delicacy, appreciated for its mild flowery taste, soft running texture and glass-like appearance. Acacia honey is one of the few honeys which does not crystalize.3 In Mexico the seeds are known as Guajes: Guajes or huajes are the flat, green pods of an acacia tree. The pods are sometimes light green or deep red in color -- both taste the same. Guaje seeds are about the size of a small lima bean and are eaten raw with guacamole, sometimes cooked and made into a sauce. They can also be made into fritters. The ground seeds are used to impart a slightly garlicy flavor to a mole called guaxmole huaxmole. The dried seeds may be toasted and salted and eaten as a snack referred to as cacalas. Purchase whole long pods fresh or dried at Mexican specialty markets. Acacia is listed as an ingredient in Fresca, a citrus soft drink, and Barq's root beer, as well as in Läkerol pastille candies, Altoids mints, and Wrigley's Eclipse chewing gum, and Strawberry-Lemonade POWERade.4 Gum Various species of acacia yield gum. True gum arabic is the product of Acacia senegal, abundant in dry tropical West Africa from Senegal to northern Nigeria. Acacia arabica is the gum-Arabic tree of India, but yields a gum inferior to the true gum-Arabic. Acacia covenyi Acacia covenyi Medicinal uses Many Acacia species have important uses in traditional medicine. Most all of the uses have been shown to have a scientific basis, since chemical compounds found in the various species have medicinal effects. In Ayurvedic medicine, Acacia nilotica is considered a remedy that is helpful for treating premature ejaculation. A 19th century Ethiopian medical text describes a potion made from an Ethiopian species of Acacia known as grar mixed with the root of the tacha, then boiled, as a cure for rabies.5 An astringent medicine, called catechu or cutch, is procured from several species, but more especially from Acacia catechu, by boiling down the wood and evaporating the solution so as to get an extract.6 Ornamental uses A few species are widely grown as ornamentals in gardens; the most popular perhaps is Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle, with its attractive glaucous to silvery leaves and bright yellow flowers; it is erroneously known as mimosa in some areas where it is cultivated, through confusion with the related genus Mimosa. Another ornamental acacia is Acacia xanthophloea Fever Tree. Southern European florists use Acacia baileyana, Acacia dealbata, Acacia pycnantha and Acacia retinodes as cut flowers and the common name there for them is mimosa.7 Ornamental species of acacia are also used by homeowners and landscape architects for home security.89 The sharp thorns of some species deter unauthorized persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. The aesthetic characteristics of acacia plants, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a considerable alternative to artificial fences and walls. Paints The ancient Egyptians used Acacia in paints.10 Perfume Acacia farnesiana Acacia farnesiana Acacia farnesiana is used in the perfume industry due to its strong fragrance. The use of Acacia as a fragrance dates back centuries. In The Bible, burning of acacia wood as a form of incense is mentioned several times. Symbolism and ritual The Acacia is used as a symbol in Freemasonry, to represent purity and endurance of the soul, and as funerary symbolism signifying resurrection and immortality. Several parts mainly bark, root and resin of Acacia are used to make incense for rituals. Acacia is used in incense mainly in India, Nepal, Tibet and China. Smoke from Acacia bark is thought to keep demons and ghosts away and to put the gods in a good mood. Roots and resin from Acacia are combined with rhododendron, acorus, cytisus, salvia and some other components of incense. Both people and elephants like an alcoholic beverage made from acacia fruit.11 According to Easton's Bible Dictionary, the Acacia tree may be the burning bush Exodus 3:2 which Moses encountered in the desert.12 Also, when God gave Moses the instructions for building the Tabernacle, he said to make an ark of acacia wood and make a table of acacia wood Exodus 25:10 23, Revised Standard Version Tannin A bottle of tannic acid. A bottle of tannic acid. The bark of various Australian species, known as wattles, is very rich in tannin and forms an important article of export; important species include Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle, Acacia decurrens Tan Wattle, Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle and Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle. Tannin Content of Various Acacia Species Bark Dried Leaves Seed Pods Species Tannins % Tannins % Tannins % Acacia albida 2-28%13 5-13%13 Acacia cavenia 32%14 Acacia dealbata 19.1%15 Acacia decurrens 37-40%15 Acacia farnesiana 23%15 Acacia mearnsii 25-35%13 Acacia melanoxylon 20%14 Acacia nilotica 18-23%13 Acacia penninervis 18%14 Acacia pycnantha 30-45%14 15-16%14 Acacia saligna 21.5%15 Inner bark Black Wattle is grown in plantations in South Africa. Most Australian acacia species introduced to South Africa have become an enormous problem, due to their naturally aggressive propagation. The pods of Acacia nilotica under the name of neb-neb, and of other African species are also rich in tannin and used by tanners. Wood Acacia koa Wood Acacia koa Wood Most acacia species are used for valuable timber; such are Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood from Australia, which attains a great size; its wood is used for furniture, and takes a high polish; and Acacia omalophylla Myall Wood, also Australian, which yields a fragrant timber, used as ornament. Acacia seyal is thought to be the Shittah-tree of the Bible, which supplied shittim-wood. According to the Book of Exodus, this was used in the construction of the Ark of the Covenant. Acacia koa from the Hawaiian Islands and Acacia heterophylla from Réunion island are both excellent timber trees. Acacia heterophylla Wood Acacia heterophylla Wood Approximate wood densities of various acacia species Density Heartwood Density Sapwood Density Species kg/m³ kg/m³ kg/m³ Acacia acuminata 104016 Acacia amythethophylla 117017 Acacia catechu 88018 Acacia confusa 690-75018 Acacia erioloba 123017 Acacia galpinii 80017 Acacia goetzii 102517 Acacia karoo 80017 Acacia leucophloea 76018 Acacia mellifera subsp. mellifera 110017 Acacia nilotica 70018 117017 Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens 827-94517 Acacia nilotica subsp. nilotica 80017 117017 Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha 70517 Acacia sieberiana 65517 In Indonesia mainly in Sumatra and in Malaysia mainly in Sarawak plantations of Acacia mangium are being established to supply pulpwood to the paper industry. Phytochemistry of Acacia Alkaloids Egyptian goddess Isis Egyptian goddess Isis As mentioned previously, Acacias contain a number of organic compounds that defend them from pests and grazing animals.2 Many of these compounds are psychoactive in humans. The alkaloids found in Acacias include dimethyltryptamine DMT, 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine 5-MeO-DMT and N-methyltryptamine NMT. The plant leaves, stems and/or roots are sometimes made into a brew together with some MAOI-containing plant and consumed orally for healing, ceremonial or religious uses. Egyptian mythology has associated the acacia tree with characteristics of the tree of life cf. article on the Legend of Osiris and Isis. Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive Alkaloids Acacia acuminata Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf19 Acacia adunca β-methyl-phenethylamine, 2.4% in leaves20 Acacia alpina Active principles in leaf21 Acacia aneura Ash used in Pituri.22 Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.23 Not known if psychoactive per se. Acacia angustissima β-methyl-phenethylamine24, NMT and DMT in leaf 1.1-10.2 ppm25 Acacia aroma Tryptamine alkaloids.26 Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.27 Acacia auriculiformis 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark28 Acacia baileyana 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman212930 Acacia beauverdiana Psychoactive31 Ash used in Pituri.22 Acacia berlandieri DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine32 Acacia catechu DMT33 and other tryptamines in leaf, bark Acacia caven Tryptamines Acacia chundra DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark Acacia colei DMT34 Acacia complanata 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine353637 Acacia concinna Nicotine38 Acacia confusa DMT NMT in leaf, stem bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.21 Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide39 Acacia constricta β-methyl-phenethylamine24 Acacia coriacea Ash used in Pituri.4022 Not known if psychoactive. Acacia cornigera Psychoactive,40 Tryptamines11 Acacia cultriformis Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem21 and seeds.27 Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds27 Acacia cuthbertsonii Psychoactive31 Acacia delibrata Psychoactive31 Acacia falcata Psychoactive,31 but less than 0.02% alkaloids30 Acacia farnesiana Traces of 5-MeO-DMT41 in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.42 Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.23 Alkaloids are present in the bark43 and leaves.44 Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.11 Acacia filiciana Added to Pulque, but not known if psychoactive40 Acacia floribunda Tryptamine, phenethylamine,45 in flowers27 other tryptamines,46 phenethylamines47 Acacia greggii N-methyl-β-phenethylamine,24 phenethylamine2 Acacia harpophylla Phenethylamine, hordenine at a ratio of 2:3 in dried leaves, 0.6% total20 Acacia holoserica Hordenine, 1.2% in bark20 Acacia horrida Psychoactive40 Acacia implexa Psychoactive48 Acacia jurema DMT, NMT Acacia karroo Psychoactive Acacia kempeana Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.40 Acacia kettlewelliae 1.520-1.88%49 alkaloids, 92% consisting of phenylethylamine.20 0.9% N-methyl-2- phenylethylamine found a different time.20 Acacia laeta DMT, in the leaf21 Acacia lingulata Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.40 Acacia longifolia 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,45 0.2% DMT in plant.50 Histamine alkaloids.30 Acacia longifolia var. sophorae Tryptamine in leaves, bark27 Acacia macradenia Tryptamine27 Acacia maidenii 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves21 Acacia mangium Psychoactive40 Acacia melanoxylon DMT, in the bark and leaf,51 but less than 0.02% total alkaloids30 Acacia mellifera DMT, in the leaf21 Acacia nilotica DMT, in the leaf21 Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf Acacia obtusifolia Tryptamine,46 DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,52 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.53 Acacia oerfota Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,5429 NMT Acacia penninervis Psychoactive31 Acacia phlebophylla 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT21 Acacia podalyriaefolia Tryptamine in the leaf,21 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts45 Acacia polyacantha DMT in leaf21 and other tryptamines in leaf, bark Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark55 Acacia prominens Phenylethylamine, β-methyl-phenethylamine4520 Acacia pruinocarpa Ash used in Pituri.2240 Not known if psychoactive. Acacia pycnantha Ash used in Pituri,40 but less than 0.02% total alkaloids.30 Not known if psychoactive. Acacia retinodes DMT, NMT,56 nicotine,11 but less than 0.02% total alkaloids found30 Acacia rigidula DMT, NMT, tryptamine, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others57 Acacia roemeriana β-methyl-phenethylamine24 Acacia salicina Ash used in Pituri.4022 Not known if psychoactive. Acacia sassa Psychoactive40 Acacia schaffneri β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine2 Amphetamines and mescaline also found.11 Acacia schottii β-methyl-phenethylamine24 Acacia senegal Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,21 NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,42 DMT in bark.27 Acacia seyal DMT, in the leaf.21 Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.23 Acacia sieberiana DMT, in the leaf21 Acacia simplex DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT5821 Acacia taxensis β-methyl-phenethylamine24 Acacia tortilis DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines52 Acacia vestita Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,21 but less than 0.02% total alkaloids30 Acacia victoriae Tryptamines,46 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine27 List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:30 0% \le C \le 0.02%, C...Concentration of Alkaloids % Acacia acinacea Acacia baileyana Acacia decurrens Acacia dealbata Acacia mearnsii Acacia drummondii Acacia elata Acacia falcata Acacia leprosa Acacia linearis Acacia melanoxylon Acacia pycnantha Acacia retinodes Acacia saligna Acacia stricta Acacia verticillata Acacia vestita Cyanogenic glycosides Nineteen different species of Acacia in the Americas contain cyanogenic glycosides, which, if exposed to an enzyme which specifically splits glycosides, can release hydrogen cyanide HCN in the acacia leaves.59 This sometimes results in the poisoning death of livestock. If fresh plant material spontaneously produces 200 ppm or more HCN, then it is potentially toxic. This corresponds to about 7.5 μmol HCN per gram of fresh plant material. It turns out that, if acacia leaves lack the specific glycoside-splitting enzyme, then they may be less toxic than otherwise, even those containing significant quantities of cyanic glycosides.30 Some Acacia species containing cyanogens: Acacia erioloba Acacia cunninghamii Acacia obtusifolia Acacia sieberiana Acacia sieberiana var. woodii60 Species There are over 1,300 species of Acacia. See List of Acacia species for a more complete listing. Famous acacia Perhaps the most famous acacia is the Arbre du Ténéré in Niger. The reason for the tree's fame is that it used to be the most isolated tree in the world, approximately 400 km from any other tree. The tree was knocked down by a truck driver in 1973. Identification gallery Flowers Acacia aneura Acacia catechu Acacia baileyana Acacia berlandieri Acacia confusa Acacia constricta, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA Acacia covenyi Acacia dealbata Acacia denticulosa Acacia drummodii Acacia erioloba Sossusvlei, Namibia Acacia fimbriata Australian National Botanic Gardens, Canberra Acacia heterophylla Acacia longifolia Acacia melanoxylon Nazaré, Portugal Acacia saligna Side, Turkey Acacia schinoides Australian National Botanic Gardens Acacia tetragonophylla Geelong Botanic Gardens, Victoria, Australia Acacia pennata in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India Bark Acacia aneura Bark Acacia auriculiformis Bark Acacia berlandieri Bark Acacia collinsii Bark Acacia confusa Bark, Hawaii, USA Acacia dealbata Acacia decurrens Acacia erioloba Acacia estrophiolata Bark Acacia greggii Bark Acacia heterophylla Bark Acacia pennata trunk in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Foliage Acacia catechu Acacia collinsii Foliage Acacia concinna Foliage Acacia denticulosa Foliage Acacia karroo Foliage Acacia leprosa Foliage Acacia pennata in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Seed pods Acacia aneura Acacia catechu Acacia confusa Acacia constricta Acacia dealbata Acacia heterophylla Acacia melanoxylon Seeds Acacia baileyana Acacia berlandieri Acacia confusa Acacia constricta Acacia cyclops Acacia dealbata Acacia decurrens Acacia farnesiana Acacia greggii Acacia longifolia Acacia mearnsii Acacia melanoxylon Acacia pycnantha Acacia rigidula Acacia tortuosa Thorns Acacia catechu Acacia collinsii Acacia cornigera Acacia horrida Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana Acacia pennata in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Tree Acacia aneura Acacia berlandieri Acacia confusa Acacia constricta Acacia dealbata Acacia heterophylla Acacia koa Acacia leprosa Wood Acacia koa Acacia heterophylla Acacia schaffneri See also List of Acacia species Plant defense against herbivory Psychedelic plants Notes ^ Evolutionary change from induced to constitutive expression of an indirect plant resistance : Abstract : Nature. www.nature.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. ^ a b c d Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas ^ Seggiano Honeys. www.seggiano.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. ^ 1 ^ Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1990, p. 97 ^ An OCR'd version of the US Dispensatory by Remington and Wood, 1918. ^ World Wide Wattle ^ Acacia, an article from Home Security Guru ^ Yard Protection: Your First Line of Defense, an article from Home Security Guru ^ Excerpt from A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Fifth ion Paperback Amazon.com ^ a b c d e Naturheilpraxis Fachforum German ^ Easton's Bible Dictionary: Bush ^ a b c d Purdue University ^ a b c d e Google Books Select Extra-tropical Plants Readily Eligible for Industrial Culture Or Naturalization By Ferdinand von Mueller ^ a b c d Plants for a Future Database ^ Aussie Fantom ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The timber properties of Acacia species and their uses ^ a b c d FAO ^ Lycaeum ^ a b c d e f g Fitzgerald, J.S. Alkaloids of the Australian Legumuminosae -- The Occurrence of Phenylethylame Derivatives in Acacia Species, Aust. J . Chem., 1964, 17, 160-2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Shaman Australis ^ a b c d e Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America ^ a b c Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06 ^ a b c d e f Glasby, John Stephen 1991. Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press, 2. ISBN 0850664233. ^ English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 Vol. 121 No. 1/2 175-190 ^ Maya Ethnobotanicals ^ a b c d e f g h Acacia Polish ^ Lycaeum ^ a b www.serendipity.com ^ a b c d e f g h i Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer ^ a b c d e www.bushfood.net ^ Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine ^ Sacred Elixirs ^ www.abc.net.au ^ Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies ^ Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens ^ Lycaeum ^ SBEPL ^ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3855025703 at 2 ^ Lycaeum ^ a b Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases ^ www.bpi.da.gov.ph ^ Purdue University ^ a b c d Hegnauer, Robert 1994. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer, 500. ISBN 3764329793. ^ a b c www.bluelight.ru ^ Lycaeum Acacia floribunda ^ wiki.magiskamolekyler.org Swedish ^ Acacia kettlewelliae ^ Lycaeum Acacia longifolia ^ extentech.sheetster.com ^ a b wiki.magiskamolekyler.org Swedish ^ Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies ^ Plants Containing DMT German ^ Hortipedia ^ Pflanzentabelle APB German ^ Magiska Molekylers wiki ^ Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie APB ^ Cyanogenic Glycosides in Ant-Acacias of Mexico and Central America David S. Seigler, John E. Ebinger The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 32, No. 4 Dec. 9, 1987, pp. 499-503 doi:10.2307/3671484 ^ FAO Kamal M. Ibrahim, The current state of knowledge on Prosopis juliflora... General references Clement, B.A., Goff, C.M., Forbes, T.D.A. Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia rigidula, Phytochem. 1998, 495, 1377. Shulgin, Alexander and Ann, TiHKAL the Continuation. Transform Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9 External links Wikispecies has information related to: Acacia Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Acacia World Wide Wattle Acacia-world Wayne's Word on The Unforgettable Acacias The genus Acacia and Entheogenic Tryptamines, with reference to Australian and related species, by mulga A description of Acacia from Pomet's 1709 reference book, History of Druggs www.serendipity.com Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Flora identification tools from the State Herbarium of South Australia Tannins in Some Interrelated Wattles List of Acacia Species in the U.S. FAO Timber Properties of Various Acacia Species FAO Comparison of Various Acacia Species as Forage Long-term effects of roller chopping on antiherbivore defenses in three shrub species, Jason R. Schindlera, Timothy E. Fulbright Vet. Path. ResultsAFIP Wednesday Slide Conference - No. 21 February 24, 1999 Acacia cyanophylla lindl as supplementary feed/for small stock in Libya Description of Acacia Morphology Nitrogen Fixaton in Acacias Acacias with Cyagenic Compounds Acacia Alarm System Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Acacia Categories: Acacia Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Avañe'ẽ БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქáƒ?რთული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలà±?à°—à±? Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька Walon ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 September 2008, at 17:4
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