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14-September-2008 18:38:39 - Stamen Redirected from Anther For the physician, see Stamen Grigorov. Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects collecting nectar unintentionally transfer pollen to other flowers, causing pollination Insects collecting nectar unintentionally transfer pollen to other flowers, causing pollination The stamen plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp is the male organ of a flower. Each stamen generally has a stalk called the filament from Latin filum, meaning thread, and, on top of the filament, an anther from Ancient Greek anthera, feminine of antheros flowery, from anthos flower, and pollen sacs, called microsporangia. The development of the microsporangia and the contained haploid gametophytes, called pollen-grains is closely comparable with that of the microsporangia in gymnosperms or heterosporous ferns. The pollen is set free by the opening dehiscence of the anther, generally by means of longitudinal slits, but sometimes by pores, as in the heath family Ericaceae, or by valves, as in the barberry family Berberidaceae. It is then dropped, or carried by some external agent - wind, water or some member of the animal kingdom - onto the receptive surface of the carpel of the same or another flower, which is thus pollinated. Typical flowers have six stamens inside a perianth the petals and sepals together, arranged in a whorl around the carpel pistil. But in some species there are many more than six present in a flower see, for example, the spider tree flower, below. Collectively, the stamens are called an androecium from Greek andros oikia: man's house. They are positioned just below the gynoecium. The anthers are bilocular, i.e. they have two locules. Each locule contains a microsporangium. The tissue between the locules and the cells is called the connective. In an immature, unopened flower bud, the filaments are still short. Their function is then to transport nutrients to the developing pollen. They start to lengthen once the bud opens. The anther can be attached to the filament in two ways: basifixed : attached at its base to the filament; this gives rise to a longitudinal dehiscence opening along its length to release pollen versatile : attached at its center to the filament; pollen is then released through pores poricidal dehiscence. Scanning electron microscope image of Penta lanceolata anthers, with pollen grains on surface Scanning electron microscope image of Penta lanceolata anthers, with pollen grains on surface Stamens can be connate fused or joined in the same whorl: monadelphous : fused into a single, compound structure diadelphous : joined partially into two androecial structures synantherous : only the anthers are connate such as in the Asteraceae Stamens can also be adnate fused or joined from more than one whorl: epipetalous : adnate to the corolla didynamous : occurring in two pairs of different length tetradynamos : occurring as a set of six filaments with two shorter ones exserted : extending beyond the corolla included : not extending from the corolla. Plant sexuality Main article: Plant sexuality Stamen with pollinia and its anther cap. Phalaenopsis orchid. Stamen with pollinia and its anther cap. Phalaenopsis orchid. In the typical flower that is, the majority of flowering plant species each flower has both a pistil and stamens. Bisexual plants are named hermaphrodites or perfect flowers. In some species, however, the flowers are unisexual with only either male or female parts monoecious = on the same plant; dioecious = on different plants. A flower with only male reproductive parts is called androecious. A flower with only female reproductive parts is called gynoecious. A flower having only functional stamens is called a staminate flower. An abortive or rudimentary stamen is called a staminodium, such as in Scrophularia nodosa. The pistil and the stamens of orchids are fused into a column. The top part of the column is formed by the anther. This is covered by an anther cap. Gallery Flower of the spider tree Crateva religiosa with its numerous conspicuous stamens Flowers of wheat at anthesis showing stamens. Stamens of a daylily Hemerocallis, thickly covered in pollen Flowers of the silk tree Albizia julibrissin have many long thread-like stamens Stamens of a passion flower Passiflora caerulea showing interesting symmetry References This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh ion, a publication now in the public domain. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stamen and anther Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Stamen Categories: Plant anatomy | Plant morphology | Plant sexuality | Reproductive system | Pollination Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 7 September 2008, at 02:3
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