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14-September-2008 18:38:39 - Atmosphere unit The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101,325 Pa and formerly used as unit of pressure symbol: atm.1 For practical purposes it has been replaced by the bar which is 100,000 Pa.1 The difference of about 1% is not significant for many applications, and is within the error range of common pressure gauges. Contents 1 History 2 Pressure units and equivalencies 3 Other applications 4 See also 5 References History In 1954 the 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures CGPM adopted standard atmosphere for general use and affirmed its definition of being precisely equal to 1,013,250 dynes per square centimeter 101,325 Pa.2 This value was intended to represent the mean atmospheric pressure at mean sea level at the latitude of Paris, France, and as a practical matter, truly reflects the mean sea level pressure for many of the industrialized nations those with latitudes similar to Paris. In chemistry, the original definition of Standard Temperature and Pressure STP was a reference temperature of 0 °C 273.15 K and pressure of 101.325 kPa 1 atm. However, in 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, the standard pressure should be defined as precisely 100 kPa exactly 1 bar.3 Pressure units and equivalencies Pressure Units pascal Pa bar bar technical atmosphere at atmosphere atm torr Torr pound-force per square inch psi 1 Pa ≡ 1 N/m2 10-5 1.0197×10-5 9.8692×10-6 7.5006×10-3 145.04×10-6 1 bar 100,000 ≡ 106 dyn/cm2 1.0197 0.98692 750.06 14.5037744 1 at 98,066.5 0.980665 ≡ 1 kgf/cm2 0.96784 735.56 14.223 1 atm 101,325 1.01325 1.0332 ≡ 1 atm 760 14.696 1 torr 133.322 1.3332×10-3 1.3595×10-3 1.3158×10-3 ≡ 1 Torr; ≈ 1 mmHg 19.337×10-3 1 psi 6,894.76 68.948×10-3 70.307×10-3 68.046×10-3 51.715 ≡ 1 lbf/in2 Example reading: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 10-5 bar = 10.197×10-6 at = 9.8692×10-6 atm, etc. Note: mmHg is an abbreviation for millimetres of mercury. A pressure of 1 atm can also be stated as: ≡1.013 25 bar ≡1013.25 hectopascal hPa ≡1013.25 millibars mbar, also mb ≡760 torr B ≈760.001 mm-Hg, 0 °C, subject to revision as more precise measurements of mercury's density become available B, C ≈29.9213 in-Hg, 0 °C, subject to revision as more precise measurements of mercury's density become available C ≈1.033 227 452 799 886 kgf/cm² ≈1.033 227 452 799 886 technical atmosphere ≈1033.227 452 799 886 cm-H2O, 4 °C A ≈406.782 461 732 2385 in-H2O, 4 °C A ≈14.695 948 775 5134 pounds-force per square inch psi ≈2116.216 623 673 94 pounds-force per square foot psf Notes: A This is the customarily-accepted value for cm-H2O, 4 °C. It is precisely the product of 1 kg-force per square centimeter one technical atmosphere times 1.013 25 bar/atmosphere divided by 0.980 665 one gram-force. It is not accepted practice to define the value for water column based on a true physical realization of water which would be 99.997 495% of this value because the true maximum density of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water is 0.999 974 95 kg/l at 3.984 °C. Also, this physical realization would still ignore the 8.285 cm-H2O reduction that would actually occur in a true physical realization due to the vapor pressure over water at 3.984 °C. B Torr and mm-Hg, 0°C are often taken to be identical. For most practical purposes to 5 significant digits, they are interchangeable. C NIST value of 13.595 0785 g/ml assumed for the density of Hg at 0 °C Other applications In the United Kingdom, scuba divers and others often use the word atmosphere loosely the correct term is ambient pressure to mean 1 bar. The old European unit technical atmosphere at is roughly equal to the gauge pressure under 10 m of water; 1 at = 98066.5 Pa. See also Standard conditions for temperature and pressure Atmospheric pressure Bar unit References ^ a b British Standard BS 350:2004 Conversion Factors for Units ^ BIPM Definition of the standard atmosphere ^ IUPAC.org, Gold Book, Standard Pressure Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Atmosphere_unit Categories: Units of pressure | Atmosphere | Chemical engineering | Environmental engineering | Mechanical engineering | Physical chemistry | Standards | Thermodynamics Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 05:58
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