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14-September-2008 18:38:40 - Avoirdupois The avoirdupois IPA: /ˌævərdəˈpɔɪz/; French IPA: avwaʀdypwɑ system is a system of weights or, properly, mass based on a pound of sixteen ounces. It is the everyday system of weight used in the United States. It is still widely used by many people in Canada and the United Kingdom despite the official adoption of the metric system, including the compulsory introduction of metric units in shops. It is consideredcitation needed more modern than the alternative troy or apothecary or the medieval English mercantile and Tower systems. Contents 1 History of the term 2 Original forms 3 British adaptation 4 American customary system 5 Internationalization 6 See also 7 References History of the term Graph showing the relationships of English weight measures. Graph showing the relationships of English weight measures. The word avoirdupois is from French and Middle English Anglo-French avoir de pois, goods of weight or goods sold by weight, from Old French aveir de peis, literally goods of weight Old French aveir, property, goods, also to have, comes from the Latin habere, to have, to hold, to possess property; de = from, cf. Latin; peis = weight, from Latin pensum. This term originally referred to a class of merchandise: aveir de peis, goods of weight, things that were sold in bulk and were weighed on large steelyards or balances. Only later did it become identified with a particular system of units used to weigh such merchandise. The imaginative orthography of the day and the passage of the term through a series of languages Latin, Anglo-French and English has left many variants of the term, such as haberty-poie and haber de peyse. The Norman peis became the Parisian pois. In the 17th century de was replaced with du. Original forms These are the units in their original French forms: Table of mass units Unit Relative value Notes dram or drachm 1/256 1/16 once once 1/16 livre 1 quintal 100 tonne 2,000 20 quintaux Note: The plural of quintal is quintaux. British adaptation When people in Britain began to use this system they included the stone, which was eventually defined as fourteen avoirdupois pounds. The quarter, hundredweight, and ton were altered, respectively, to 28 lb, 112 lb, and 2,240 lb in order for masses to be easily converted between them and stones. The following are the units in the British or imperial adaptation of the avoirdupois system: Table of mass units Unit Relative value Metric value Notes dram or drachm 1/256 ~1.772 g 1/16 oz ounce oz 1/16 ~28.35 g 16 dr pound lb 1 ~453.6 g 16 oz stone st 14 ~6.35 kg ½ qtr quarter qtr 28 ~12.7 kg 2 st hundredweight cwt 112 ~50.8 kg 4 qtr ton t 2,240 ~1,016 kg 20 cwt Note: The plural form of stone is conventionally written the same as the singular when used after a number. American customary system The thirteen British colonies in North America not including those that formed Canada, however, adopted the French system as it was. In the United States, quarters, hundredweights, and tons remain defined as 25, 100, and 2,000 lb respectively. The quarter is now virtually unused, as is the hundredweight outside of agriculture and commodities. If disambiguation is required then they are referred to as the short units, as opposed to the British long units. Table of mass units Unit Relative value Metric value Notes dram dr 1/256 ~1.772 g 1/16 oz ounce oz 1/16 ~28.35 g 16 dr pound lb 1 ~453.6 g 16 oz quarter qtr 25 ~11.34 kg ¼ cwt hundredweight cwt 100 ~45.36 kg 4 qtr ton t 2,000 ~907.2 kg 20 cwt Internationalization In the avoirdupois system, all units are multiples or fractions of the pound, which is now defined as 0.45359237 kg in most of the English-speaking world since 1959. See the Mendenhall Order for references. Due to the ambiguous meanings of weight as referring to both mass and force, it is sometimes erroneously asserted that the pound is only a unit of force. However, as defined above the pound is a unit of mass, which agrees with common usage. Also see pound-force and pound-mass. See also Look up Avoirdupois in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. French units of measurement Apothecaries' system Imperial unit Troy weight United States customary units References v d e Systems of measurement Metric systems International System of Units · centimetre-gram-second · metre-tonne-second · gravitational system Natural units Geometric systems · Planck · Stoney · Schrödinger · Atomic · Electronic · Quantum electrodynamical Customary systems Avoirdupois · Troy · Apothecaries' · English · Imperial · Canadian · American · Danish · Dutch · Finnish · French · German · Maltese · Norwegian · Scottish · Spanish/Portuguese · Swedish · Polish · Romanian · Russian · Tatar · Hindu · Pegu · Chinese · Japanese · Taiwanese Ancient systems Greek · Roman · Egyptian · Hebrew · Arabic · Mesopotamian · Persian · Harappan Other systems Non-standard · Mesures usuelles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Avoirdupois Categories: Units of mass | Imperial units | Customary units in the United States | Systems of unitsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Česky Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Nederlands 日本語 Português This page was last modified on 25 July 2008, at 22:17
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