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14-September-2008 18:38:40 - Bangladesh This article is about the People's Republic of Bangladesh. For other uses, see Bangladesh disambiguation. Featured article গণপà§?রজাতনà§?তà§?রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh Flag of Bangladesh Coat of arms of Bangladesh Flag Coat of arms Anthem: Amar Shonar Bangla My Golden Bengal Location of Bangladesh Capital and largest city Dhaka 23°42'N, 90°21'E Official languages Bengali or Bangla Demonym Bangladeshi Government Parliamentary republic1 - President Iajuddin Ahmed - Prime Minister vacant - Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed Independence from Pakistan - Declared March 26, 1971 - Victory Day December 16, 1971 Area - Total 147,570 km² 94th 55,599 sq mi - Water % 7.0 Population - 2007 estimate 150,448,3402 7th - Density 1045/km² 11th 2,706/sq mi GDP PPP 2007 estimate - Total $206.6 billion3 48th - Per capita $1,3003 153rd GDP nominal 2007 estimate - Total $72.4 billion3 58th - Per capita $4553 157th Gini 2000 31.8 medium HDI 2007 â–² 0.547 medium 140th Currency Taka BDT Time zone BDT UTC+6 - Summer DST not observed UTC+6 Internet TLD .bd Calling code +880 1 Adjusted population, p.4, Population Census 2001, Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 2001-08. Bangladesh help·info Bengali: বাংলাদেশ ˈbaÅ‹lad̪eʃ Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh Bengali: গণপà§?রজাতনà§?তà§?রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means Country of Bengal in the official Bengali language. The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947, when the region became the eastern wing of the newly-formed Pakistan. However, it was separated from the western wing by 1,600 kilometres 1,000 mi across India. Political and linguistic discrimination as well as economic neglect led to popular agitations against West Pakistan, which led to the war for independence in 1971 and the establishment of Bangladesh. However, the new state had to endure famines, natural disasters and widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative stability and economic progress. Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world and has a high poverty rate. Geographically the country straddles the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. The government is a parliamentary democracy; however, political rule has been suspended under emergency law since January 11, 2007. Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, SAARC, BIMSTEC, the OIC, and the D-8. As the World Bank notes in its July 2005 Country Brief, the country has made significant progress in human development in the areas of literacy, gender parity in schooling and reduction of population growth.4 Contents 1 History 2 Government and politics 3 Foreign policy and military 4 Divisions, districts, and upazilas 5 Geography and climate 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Religion 9 Culture 10 Sports 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History The Shaheed Minar, which commemorates the Language Movement, is a well known landmark in Bangladesh. The Shaheed Minar, which commemorates the Language Movement, is a well known landmark in Bangladesh. Main article: History of Bangladesh See also: History of Bengal Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years,5 when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC.6 After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the seventh century BC, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha and Maurya Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire from the third to the sixth centuries CE. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive yet short-lived kingdom. Shashanka is considered the first independent king in the history of Bangladesh. After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.7 Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkish general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. The region was ruled by dynasties of Sultans and feudal lords for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial centre of Mughal administration. European traders arrived late in the 15th century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757.8 The bloody rebellion of 1857, known as the Sepoy Mutiny, resulted in transfer of authority to the crown, with a British viceroy running the administration.9 During colonial rule, famine racked the Indian subcontinent many times, including the Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.10 Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.11 When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines, with the western part going to India and the eastern part joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal later renamed East Pakistan, with its capital at Dhaka.12 In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system.13 However, despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.14 Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founder of Bangladesh. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founder of Bangladesh. In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections,15 was blocked from taking office. After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him on the early hours of March 26, 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight,16 a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths .17 Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India LaPorte,18 p. 103. Estimates of those massacred throughout the war range from three hundred thousand to 3 million.19 Most of the Awami League leaders fled and set up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The guerrilla Mukti Bahini and Bengali regulars eventually received support from the Indian Armed Forces in December 1971. The Indian army, under the command of Lt. General J.S. Aurora, achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan on December 16, 1971, taking over 90,000 prisoners of war20 in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. After its independence, Bangladesh became a parliamentary democracy, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974,10 and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. On August 15, 1975, Mujib and his family were assassinated by mid-level military officers.21 A series of bloody coups and counter-coups in the following three months culminated in the ascent to power of General Ziaur Rahman, who reinstated multi-party politics and founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party BNP. Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated in 1981 by elements of the military.21 Bangladesh's next major ruler was General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who gained power in a bloodless coup in 1982 and ruled until 1990, when he was forced to resign under western donor pressure in a major shift in international policy after the end of communism when anti-communist dictators were no longer felt necessary. Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow, Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the general election in 1991 and became the first female Prime Minister in Bangladesh's history. However, the Awami League, headed by Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, clinched power at the next election in 1996 but lost to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party again in 2001. These two female ex-prime ministers are now in imprisonment in a sub-jail due to their suspected attachment with corruption. In January 11, 2007, following widespread violence, a caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election. The country had suffered from extensive corruption,22 disorder and political violence. The new caretaker government has made it a priority to root out corruption from all levels of government. To this end, many notable politicians and officials, along with large numbers of lesser officials and party members, have been arrested on corruption charges. The caretaker government claims to be paving the way for free and fair elections to be held before the end of 2008. Government and politics Main article: Politics of Bangladesh National symbols of Bangladesh Anthem Amar Shonar Bangla Animal Royal Bengal Tiger Bird Oriental Magpie Robin Fish Hilsa Flower White Water Lily Fruit Jackfruit Sport Kabadi Calendar Bengali calendar Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban houses the Parliament of Bangladesh. Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban houses the Parliament of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy with Islam as the state religion.23 Direct elections involving all citizens over the age 18 are held every five years for the unicameral parliament known as Jatia Sangsad. The parliament building is known as the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban designed by architect Louis Kahn and currently has 345 members including 45 reserved seats for women, elected from single-member constituencies. The Prime Minister, as the head of government, forms the cabinet and runs the day-to-day affairs of state. While the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the President, he or she must be an MP who commands the confidence of the majority of parliament. The President is the head of state, a largely ceremonial post elected by the parliament.24 However the President's powers are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, which is responsible for the conduct of elections and transfer of power. The officers of the caretaker government must be non-partisan and are given three months to complete their task. This transitional arrangement is an innovation that was pioneered by Bangladesh in its 1991 election and then institutionalised in 1996 through its 13th constitutional amendment.25 The Constitution of Bangladesh was drafted in 1972 and has undergone fourteen amendments.25 The highest judicial body is the Supreme Court. Justices are appointed by the President. The judicial and law enforcement institutions are weak.26 Separation of powers, judicial from executive was finally implemented on the 1st of November, 2007. It is expected that this separation will make the judiciary stronger and impartial. Laws are loosely based on English common law, but family laws such as marriage and inheritance are based on religious scripts, and therefore differ between religious communities. The two major parties in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Nationalist Party BNP and the Bangladesh Awami League. BNP is led by Khaleda Zia and finds its allies among Islamist parties like Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh and Islami Oikya Jot, while Sheikh Hasina's Awami League aligns with leftist and secularist parties. Hasina and Zia are bitter rivals who have dominated politics for 15 years; both are women and each is related to one of the leaders of the independence movement. Another important player is the Jatiya Party, headed by former military ruler Ershad. The Awami League-BNP rivalry has been bitter and punctuated by protests, violence and murder. Student politics is particularly strong in Bangladesh, a legacy from the liberation movement era. Almost all parties have highly active student wings, and students have been elected to the Parliament. Two radical Islamist parties, Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh JMJB and Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh JMB, were banned in February 2005. Bomb attacks taking place since 1999 have been blamed on those groups, and hundreds of suspected members have been detained in numerous security operations, including the head of those two parties in 2006. The first recorded case of a suicide bomb attack in Bangladesh took place in November 2005. The January 22, 2007 election was postponed indefinitely and emergency law declared in January 11, 2007 as Army backed caretaker government of Fakhruddin Ahmed aims to prepare a new voter list and crack down on corruption. The government aims to hold new elections by 2008 but a lack of coordination between the Election Commission and the Government and Political Parties threatens to undermine this deadline. Recent activities of Government have created uncertainty about Election while Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina, two leader of major Political parties BNP and Awami League who ruled the country for 15 years last, were detained and are facing criminal charges in court and the banned indoor politics is yet to be exercised. Meanwhile the Bangladesh Military has expressed their interest in controlling the country with statements like own brand of Democracy and making changes in the constitution to allow military participation in politics. 27 They are also assisting the interim Government of Bangladesh in a drive against corruption which seems to be mostly targeted against the politicians and opponents. The military has also imposed censorship of the national media and closing down/hampering private TV stations.28 Illegal detentions and torture to extract confessions have also become rampant. 29 Foreign policy and military Main articles: Foreign relations of Bangladesh and Military of Bangladesh Bangladesh pursues a moderate foreign policy that places heavy reliance on multinational diplomacy, especially at the United Nations. In 1974 Bangladesh joined both the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations and has since been elected to serve two terms on the Security Council in 1978-1979 and 2000-2001. In the 1980s, Bangladesh played a lead role in founding the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC in order to expand relations with other South Asian states. Since the founding of SAARC 1985, a Bangladeshi has held the post of Secretary General on two occasions. Bangladesh's most important and complex foreign relationships are with India and Pakistan. These relationships are informed by historical and cultural ties and form an important part of the domestic political discourse. Bangladesh's relationship with India began on a positive note because of India's assistance in the independence war and reconstruction. Throughout the years, relations between both countries have fluctuated for a number of reasons. The Washington Post reported on a major source of tension between Bangladesh and India, the Farakka Dam.30 In 1975, India constructed a dam on the Ganges River 11 miles 18 km from the Bangladeshi border. Bangladesh alleges that the dam diverts much needed water from Bangladesh and adds a man-made disaster to the country already plagued by natural disasters. The dam also has terrible ecological consequences.30 On the other hand, India has voiced concerns about anti-Indian separatists and Islamic militants allegedly being harboured across their 2,500-mile 4,000 km border, as well as the flow of illegal migrants, and is building a fence along most of it.31 But at the 2007 SAARC meeting both nations pledged to work cooperatively on security, economic and border issues.32 The current strength of the army is around 200,000, the air force 7,000,citation needed and navy 14,950.33 In addition to traditional defense roles, the military has been called on to provide support to civil authorities for disaster relief and internal security during periods of political unrest. Bangladesh is not currently active in any ongoing war, but it did contribute 2,300 troops to the coalition that fought in the 1991 Gulf War and Bangladesh is consistently a top contributor to UN peacekeeping forces around the world. As of May 2007, Bangladesh had major deployments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sudan, Timor-Leste and Cote d'Ivoire.34 Bangladesh enjoys relatively warm ties with the People's Republic of China which has, particularly in the past decade, increased economic cooperation with the South Asian nation. Between 2006-07, trade between the two nations rose by 28.5% and there have been agreements to grant various Bangladeshi commodities tariff-free access to the Chinese market. Military cooperation between the Military of Bangladesh and the People's Liberation Army is also increasing, with joint military agreements signed and Bangladesh procuring Chinese arms which range from small arms to large naval surface combatants such as the Chinese Type 053H1 Missile Frigate. Divisions, districts, and upazilas Administrative divisions of Bangladesh. This map shows the highest level unit called a Division. Administrative divisions of Bangladesh. This map shows the highest level unit called a Division. Dhaka Dhaka Main articles: Divisions of Bangladesh, Districts of Bangladesh, and Upazilas of Bangladesh Bangladesh is divided into six administrative divisions,2 each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal বরিশাল, Chittagong চটà§?টগà§?রাম, Dhaka ঢাকা, Khulna খà§?লনা, Rajshahi রাজশাহী, and Sylhet সিলেট. Divisions are subdivided into districts zila. There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila subdistricts or thana police stations. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional, district or upazila levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held for each union or ward, electing a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats out of twelve in every union for female candidates.35 Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Barisal.These metropolitan cities have mayoral elections, while other municipalities elect a chairperson. Mayors and chairpersons are elected for a span of five years. City City population36 Metro population36 Dhaka 11,918,442 23,024,863 Chittagong 6,920,222 11,256,369 Khulna 3,400,689 8,492,659 Rajshahi 2,727,083 4,983,641 Sylhet 1,339,368 2,658,025 Barisal 1,291,769 2,365,125 Geography and climate Satellite image presenting physical features of Bangladesh. Satellite image presenting physical features of Bangladesh. Main article: Geography of Bangladesh Bangladesh is located in the low-lying Ganges-Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges local name Padma or Pôdda, Brahmaputra Jamuna or Jomuna, and Meghna rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna main channel of the Brahmaputra and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 58 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve - in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.37 Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 metres 39 ft above the sea level, and it is believed that about 50% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by a metre 3 ft.38 The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 metres 3,451 ft in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country.39 A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.40 Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year,41 combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 kilometres 75 mi. In September 1998 Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding the modern world has seen. As the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 6,000 miles 9,700 km of road and 1,600 miles 2,600 km of embankment 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made homeless with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 square kilometres of land destroyed and 11,000 kilometres of roads damaged or destroyed. Two-thirds of the country was underwater. There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Trees that usually intercept rain water were cut down for firewood or to make space for animals.42 Economy Main article: Economy of Bangladesh Near the town of Cox's Bazaar in southern Bangladesh. Many industries in Bangladesh are still primitive by modern standards. Near the town of Cox's Bazaar in southern Bangladesh. Many industries in Bangladesh are still primitive by modern standards. Despite continuous domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation.43 Its per capita income in 2006 was US$2300 adjusted by purchasing power parity compared to the world average of $10,200.2 Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second World War and the late 1940s at 80%44 and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However, polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline. Bangladesh grows very significant quantities of ricechal, tea Cha and mustard. Although two-thirds of Bangladeshis are farmers, more than three quarters of Bangladesh's export earnings come from the garment industry,45 which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s due to cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 2002, the industry exported US$5 billion worth of products.46 The industry now employs more than 3 million workers, 90% of whom are women.47 A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes from the remittances sent by expatriates living in other countries. Worker in a paddy field - a common scene throughout Bangladesh. Two thirds of the population works in the agricultural sector. Worker in a paddy field - a common scene throughout Bangladesh. Two thirds of the population works in the agricultural sector. Obstacles to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, mismanaged port facilities, a growth in the labour force that has outpaced jobs, inefficient use of energy resources such as natural gas, insufficient power supplies, slow implementation of economic reforms, political infighting and corruption. According to the World Bank, among Bangladesh's most significant obstacles to growth are poor governance and weak public institutions.4 Bashundhara City, the largest shopping mall in South Asia. Bashundhara City, the largest shopping mall in South Asia. Despite these hurdles, the country has achieved an average annual growth rate of 5% since 1990, according to the World Bank. Bangladesh has seen expansion of its middle class, and its consumer industry has also grown. In December 2005, four years after its report on the emerging BRIC economies Brazil, Russia, India, and China, Goldman Sachs named Bangladesh one of the Next Eleven,48 along with Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and seven other countries. Bangladesh has seen a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment. A number of multinational corporations and local big business houses such as Beximco, Square, Akij Group, Ispahani, Navana Group, Habib Group, KDS Group and multinationals such as Unocal Corporation and Chevron, have made major investments, with the natural gas sector being a priority. In December 2005, the Central Bank of Bangladesh projected GDP growth around 6.5%.49 One significant contributor to the development of the economy has been the widespread propagation of microcr by Muhammad Yunus awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2006 through the Grameen Bank. By the late 1990s, Grameen Bank had 2.3 million members, along with 2.5 million members of other similar organisations.50 In order to enhance economic growth, the government set up several export processing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority. Demographics See also: Education in Bangladesh Main article: Demographics of Bangladesh Recent 2005-2007 estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the 7th most populous nation in the world. With a land area of 144,000 square kilometers, ranked 94th, the population density is remarkable. A striking comparison is offered by the fact that Russia's population is slightly smaller even though Russia has a land area of 17.5 million square kilometers, at least 120 times bigger than Bangladesh. Indeed Bangladesh has the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of city-states.51 Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the count grew from 50 to 90 million, but with the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate slowed. The total fertility rate is now 3.1 children per woman, compared with 6.2 thirty years ago.citation needed The population is relatively young, with the 0-25 age group comprising 60%, while 3% are 65 or older. Life expectancy is 63 years for both males and females.52 The majority ethnic group of Bangladesh are the Bengali people, comprising 98% of the population.53 The remainder are mostly Bihari migrants and indigenous tribal groups. There are thirteen tribal groups located in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the most populous of the tribes are the Chakmas. The region has been a source for ethnic tension since the inception of Bangladesh.54 The largest tribal groups outside the Hill Tracts are the Santhals and the Garos Achiks. There are also Kaibartta, Mundas, Oraons, and Zomi ethnic groups. Human trafficking has been a lingering problem in Bangladesh55 and illegal immigration has remained a cause of friction with Burma56 and India..57 The official and most widely used language in Bangladesh, as in West Bengal, is Bangla or Bengali,58 an Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit origin with its own script. English is used as second language among the middle and upper classes59 and in higher education. Since a President Order in 1987, Bangla is used for all official correspondence except those that are to foreign recipients.59 Health and education levels have recently improved as poverty levels have decreased. Most Bangladeshis are rural, living on subsistence farming. Health problems abound, ranging from surface water contamination, to arsenic contamination of groundwater,60 and diseases including malaria, leptospirosis and dengue. The literacy rate in Bangladesh is approximately 41%.61 There is gender disparity, though, as literacy rates are 50% among men and 31% among women, according to a 2004 UNICEF estimate.62 Literacy has gone up due to many programmes introduced in the country. Among the most successful ones are the Food for education FFE programme introduced in 1993,63 and a stipend programme for women at the primary and secondary levels.64 Religion Main articles: Religion in Bangladesh, Islam in Bangladesh, and Hinduism in Bangladesh The Star Mosque in Dhaka. The Star Mosque in Dhaka. The major religion practiced in Bangladesh is Islam 89.7% and a sizable minority adheres to Hinduism 9.2%.65 About 96% of the Muslims are Sunni while over 3% are Shi'a and remainders are Ahmadis. Ethnic Biharis are predominantly Shia Muslims. Other religious groups include Buddhists 0.7%, mostly Theravada, Christians 0.3%, mostly of the Roman Catholic denomination, and Animists 0.1%. Among Muslim-majority countries, Bangladesh ranks fourth after Indonesia, Pakistan and India by the number of Muslims, with over 130 million. Islam is the state religion of Bangladesh, but other religion may also be practiced in harmony.66 Religion practiced in the region, is fairly moderate in terms of Islam in politics and fairly high in family matters mainly concerned with marriage etc. After gaining independence, the constitution had a secular nationalist ideology created by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the principle of secularism was subsequently replaced by a commitment to the Islamic way of life through a series of constitutional amendments and government proclamations between 1977 and 1988. The Constitution establishes Islam as the state religion but provides for the right to practice--subject to law, public order, and morality--the religion of one's choice. 67 Culture Ruins of the ancient Buddhist monastery in Mahasthangarh, Bogra. Ruins of the ancient Buddhist monastery in Mahasthangarh, Bogra. Main article: Culture of Bangladesh See also: Public holidays in Bangladesh See also: Sport in Bangladesh A new state for an old nation, Bangladesh has a culture that encompasses elements both old and new. The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, which Bangladesh shares with the Indian state of West Bengal. The earliest literary text in Bangla is the eighth century Charyapada. Bangla literature in the medieval age was often either religious e.g. Chandidas, or adaptations from other languages e.g. Alaol. Bangla literature matured in the nineteenth century. Its greatest icons are the poets Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam. Bangladesh also has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by Maimansingha Gitika, Thakurmar Jhuli or stories related to Gopal Bhar. The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based Baniprodhan, with minimal instrumental accompaniment. The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bangla folk music, and there are numerous other musical traditions in Bangladesh, which vary from one region to the other. Gombhira, Bhatiali, Bhawaiya are a few of the better-known musical forms. Folk music of Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string. Other instruments include the dotara, dhol, flute, and tabla. Bangladesh also has an active heritage in North Indian classical music. Similarly, Bangladeshi dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance tradition.68 Bangladesh produces about 80 films a year.69 Mainstream Hindi films are also quite popular.70 Around 200 dailies are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 1800 periodicals. However, regular readership is low, nearly about 15% of the population.71 Bangladeshis listen to a variety of local and national radio programmes from Bangladesh Betar, as well as Bangla services from the BBC and Voice of America. There is a state-controlled television channel, but in the last few years, privately owned channels have grown considerably. Intricate design in a Nakshikatha, a traditional stitched quilt. Intricate design in a Nakshikatha, a traditional stitched quilt. The culinary tradition of Bangladesh has close relations to Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine as well as having many unique traits. Rice and curry are traditional favourites. Bangladeshis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products; some common ones are Rôshogolla, Chômchôm and Kalojam. The sari shaÅ—i is by far the most widely worn dress by Bangladeshi women. However, the salwar kameez shaloar kamiz is also quite popular, and in urban areas some women wear Western attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also use the kurta-paejama combination, often on religious occasions. The lungi, a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladeshi men. The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are the largest festivals in the Islamic calendar. The day before Eid ul-Fitr is called Chãd Rat the night of the Moon, and is often marked by firecrackers. Other Muslim holidays are also observed. Major Hindu festivals are Durga Puja and Saraswati Puja. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bôŗodin Great day in Bangla is celebrated by the minority Christian population. The most important secular festival is Pohela Baishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar. Other festivities include Nobanno, Poush parbon festival ofPoush and observance of national days like Shohid Dibosh. Sports Main article: Sports in Bangladesh Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh. In 2000, the Bangladeshi cricket team was granted Test cricket status and be able to play other test playing nations. Other popular sports include association football, field hockey, tennis, badminton, handball, volleyball, chess, carrom games, and kabadi a seven-a-side team-sport played without a ball or any other equipment, which is the national sport of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board regulates twenty-nine different sporting federations. See also v d e Flag of Bangladesh Bangladesh topics History History of Bengal · Rulers of Bengal · Magadha · Dynasties Brihadratha · Pradyota · Shishunaga · Nanda · Maurya · Sunga · Kanva · Gupta · Kamboja · Pala · Sena · Islamic empires in India · Delhi Sultanate · Khilji dynasty · Mughal Empire · Battle of Plassey · Black Hole of Calcutta · Bengal Renaissance · Partition of Bengal · East Bengal · Indian Independence movement · Muslim League · Lahore Resolution · Direct Action Day · Partition of India · East Pakistan · Language Movement · Six point movement · Bangladesh Liberation War · Sheikh Mujibur Rahman · Ziaur Rahman · Cyclones of 1970 / 1991 / 2007 Politics Government · Constitution · Elections · Foreign relations · Political parties · Awami League · Bangladesh Nationalist Party · Drishtipat · Rapid Action Battalion · Human rights · National Assembly Parliament · Supreme Court · Foreign Relations · President · Prime Minister · Military Army Infantry Regiment · Navy · Air Force · Bangladesh Rifles · Subdivisions Districts Geography Sundarbans · Cox's Bazar · Bay of Bengal · Ganges Delta · Ganges Fan · Ganga basin · Chittagong Hill Tracts · Jat Area · Rivers · Cities · National parks · Mountains · Islands · Lakes · Water supply and sanitation Economy Bangladeshi taka · Dhaka Stock Exchange · Chittagong Stock Exchange · Bangladesh Bank · Asia Energy PLC · Bangladesh Companies · Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development · Communications · Biman Bangladesh Airlines · Port of Chittagong · Transport Culture Bengali language · Literature · Cuisine · Music · Sports · Architecture · Theatre · wedding · Holidays · Bangla calendar · Pohela Baishakh · Baul · TV and radio Channels · Bangladeshi cricket team · Bangladesh national football team · Bangladeshi kabaddi team · Islam · Hinduism · Buddhism · List of Bangladeshis Symbols Flag · Coat of arms · Nymphaeaceae · Hilsa · Amar Shonar Bangla · Jatiyo Smriti Soudho · Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban · Shaheed Minar · Baitul Mukarram · Dhakeshwari Temple · Jamuna Bridge Categories Archaeological sites · Cities · Communications · Culture · Economy · Education · Geography · Government · History · Media · Military · People · Politics · Religion · Science and technology · Society · Sports · Subdivisions · Towns · Transport · Bangladesh stubs Portal Bangladesh portal References ^ Constitution of Bangladesh, Part V, Chapter 1, Article 66. ^ a b c CIA World Factbook 2007 ^ a b c d IMF World Economic Database, April 2008. GDP, GDP per capita, GDP-PPP and GDP-PPP per capita data for Bangladesh. Figures are for 2007 and 2008. ^ a b Bangladesh - Country Brief, World Bank, July 2005 ^ Bharadwaj, G 2003. The Ancient Period, in Majumdar, RC: History of Bengal. B.R. Publishing Corp. ^ 1989 Early History, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202, in James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden: Bangladesh: A country study. Library of Congress. ^ Eaton, R 1996. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20507-3. ^ Baxter, C 1997. Bangladesh, From a Nation to a State. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3632-5. ^ Baxter, pp.30-32 ^ a b Sen, Amartya 1973. Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828463-2. ^ Baxter, pp. 39-40 ^ Collins, L; D Lapierre 1986. Freedom at Midnight, Ed. 18. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi. ISBN 0-7069-2770-2. ^ Baxter, p. 72 ^ Baxter, pp. 62-63 ^ Baxter, pp. 78-79 ^ Salik, Siddiq 1978. Witness to Surrender. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577264-4. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900, ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, table 8.1. Rummel comments that, In East Pakistan now Bangladesh General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan and his top generals also planned to murder its Bengali intellectual, cultural, and political elite. They also planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. And they planned to destroy its economic base to insure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come. This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide. ^ LaPorte, R 1972. Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation. Asian Survey 122: 97-108. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900, ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calcualtions. ^ Burke, S 1973. The Postwar Diplomacy of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Asian Survey 13 11: 1036-1049. doi:10.1525/as.1973.13.11.01p0385c. ^ a b Mascarenhas, A 1986. Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. Hodder Stoughton, London. ISBN 0-340-39420-X. ^ Bangladesh tops most corrupt list. BBC News 2005-10-18. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. ^ http://www.pmo.gov.bd/constitution/index.htm Constitution of Bangladesh/ ^ Background Note: Bangladesh, US Department of State, May 2007 ^ a b Constitutional Amendments. Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved on 2006-07-14. ^ Bangladesh Today, Asia Report N°121, International Crisis Group, October 23, 2006 ^ Bangladesh to have own brand of democracy, Army chief says ^ Bangladesh Media Censorship ^ Bangladesh told to tackle torture, BBC News 2008-02-14. Retrieved on 2008-08-05. ^ a b Ali, M.M. March 1997. India's Major Gains and Losses in World Affairs in English, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. ^ India quietly ringing Bangladesh with barbed-wire, cutting off former neighbors, by Tim Sullivan, Associated Press, June 25, 2007 ^ Pattanaik, Smruti S., India-Bangladesh Relations after the Foreign Secretary Level Talks, IDSA Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007. ^ Including service and civilian personnel. See Bangladesh Navy. Retrieved July 17, 2007. ^ TOTAL BD PARTICIPATION IN UN DEPL COMPLETED in English. Bangladesh Army February 2007. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. ^ Local Government Act, No. 20, 1997. ^ a b Bangladesh: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population. world-gazetteer.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. ^ Trans-boundary Rivers. Banglapedia. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. ^ Ali, A 1996. Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 92 1-2: 171-179. doi:10.1007/BF00175563. ^ Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors. Retrieved 2006-04-13. ^ IUCN 1997. Sundarban wildlife sanctuaries Bangladesh. World Heritage Nomination-IUCN Technical Evaluation. ^ Alexander, David E. 1993. The Third World, Natural Disasters in English, 532. ISBN 0412047519. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. ^ Haggett, Peter 2002. The Indian Subcontinent, Encyclopedia of World Geography in English, 2,634. ISBN 0761473084. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. ^ Reproductive Health and Rights is Fundamental for Sound Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation, United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved July 17, 2007. ^ Jute. Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved on 2006-07-14. ^ Roland, B. Bangladesh Garments Aim to Compete, BBC. ^ Rahman, S 2004. Global Shift: Bangladesh Garment Industry in Perspective. Asian Affairs 26 1: 75-91. ^ Begum, N 2001. Enforcement of Safety Regulations in Garment sector in Bangladesh, Proc. Growth of Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Economic and Social dimension, 208-226. ^ South Korea, Another `BRIC' in Global Wall 2005-12-09. ^ Annual Report 2004-2005, Bangladesh Bank ^ Schreiner, Mark 2003. A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. Development Policy Review 21 3: 357-382. doi:10.1111/1467-7679.00215. ^ Countries of the World by highest population density in English. WorldAtlus.com February 2006. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. ^ World Health Report 2005. World Health Organization. ^ Background Note: Bangladesh. Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs March 2008. Accessed June 11, 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Rashiduzzaman, M 1998. Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns. Asian Survey 38 7: 653-670. doi:10.1525/as.1998.38.7.01p0370e. ^ Gazi, R; ZH Chowdhury, SMN Alam, E Chowdhury, F Ahmed, S Begum 2001. Trafficking of Women and Children in Bangladesh, Special Publication No. 11. ICDDR,B. ^ AI Index: ASA 16/005/2004, Amnesty International ^ report covering the issue, BBC News. ^ Constitution of Bangladesh, Part I, Article 5. ^ a b S. M. Mehdi Hasan, Condition of English in Bangladesh: Second Language or Foreign Language. Retrieved July 17, 2007. ^ Nickson, R; J McArthur, W Burgess, KM Ahmed, P Ravenscroft, M Rahman 1998. Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. Nature 395 6700: 338. doi:10.1038/26387. ^ 2005 Human Development Report. UNDP. ^ UNICEF: Bangladesh Statistics. ^ Ahmed, A; C del Nino 2002. The food for education programme in Bangladesh: An evaluation of its impact on educational attainment and food security, FCND DP No. 138. International Food Policy Research Institute. ^ Khandker, S; M Pitt, N Fuwa 2003. Subsidy to Promote Girls' Secondary Education: the Female Stipend Program in Bangladesh. World Bank, Washington, DC. ^ Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics ^ 1 State religion ^ 2 Article 2A ^ Hasan, Laila 2003, Dance, in Islam, Sirajul, Banglapedia: National encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, ISBN 9843205766 ^ Feature film in Banglapedia ^ Reuters 2006-09-25. Cinemas in Bangladesh, Pakistan squeezed by Bollywood in English, NewIndPress.Com. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. ^ Newspapers and periodicals in Banglapedia External links Image:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg This article contains Indic text. Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Find more about Bangladesh on 's sister projects: Dictionary definitions Textbooks Quotations Source texts Images and media News stories Learning resources Official Bangladesh Government Official Web Page. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Election Commission Secretariat. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Official parliamentary site. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Electronic forms from the Government of Bangladesh. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. National Board of Revenue. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board BTTB/TT. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Bangladesh Government Digitized Form. Retrieved on August 18, 2006. Others Banglapedia - National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. United Nations in Bangladesh. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Background Note: Bangladesh, U.S. Department of State Aug. 2005. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Various policies of Bangladesh. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Bangladesh entry at The World Factbook Geographic locale v d e Countries of South Asia Bangladesh · Bhutan · India · Maldives · Nepal · Pakistan · Sri Lanka Sometimes included: Afghanistan Iran Myanmar v d e Countries of Asia Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma · Cambodia · People's Republic of China · Republic of China Taiwan2 · Cyprus · Egypt3 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia4 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · North Korea · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · East Timor Timor-Leste4 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen3 For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory. 1 Partly or significantly in Europe. 2 The Republic of China Taiwan is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan. 3 Partly or significantly in Africa. 4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania. 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