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14-September-2008 18:38:42 - Cabbage This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. April 2008 For other uses, see Cabbage disambiguation. Cabbage Cabbage, cultivar unknown Cabbage, cultivar unknown Species Brassica oleracea Cultivar group Capitata Group Origin Merranean, 1st century Cultivar group members Many; see text. Cabbage, raw Nutritional value per 100 g 3.5 oz Energy 20 kcal 100 kJ Carbohydrates 5.8 g - Sugars 3.2 g - Dietary fiber 2.5 g Fat 0.1 g Protein 1.28 g Thiamin Vit. B1 0.061 mg 5% Riboflavin Vit. B2 0.040 mg 3% Niacin Vit. B3 0.234 mg 2% Pantothenic acid B5 0.212 mg 4% Vitamin B6 0.124 mg 10% Folate Vit. B9 53 μg 13% Vitamin C 36.6 mg 61% Calcium 40 mg 4% Iron 0.47 mg 4% Magnesium 12 mg 3% Phosphorus 26 mg 4% Potassium 170 mg 4% Zinc 0.18 mg 2% Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database The cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata, is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae or Cruciferae, used as a vegetable. It is a herbaceous, biennial, dicotyledonous flowering plant distinguished by a short stem upon which is crowded a mass of leaves, usually green but in some varieties red or purplish, forming a characteristic compact, globular cluster cabbagehead. The plant is also called head cabbage or heading cabbage, and in Scotland bowkail, from its rounded shape. The Scots call its stalk a castock,1 and the British call its head a loaf. The cultivated cabbage is derived from a leafy wild mustard plant, native to the Merranean region, where it is common along the seacoast. Also called sea cabbage and wild cabbage, 2 it was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans; Cato the Elder praised this vegetable for its medicinal properties, declaring that It is the cabbage which surpasses all other vegetables. 3 The English name derives from the Normanno-Picard caboche head, perhaps from boche swelling, bump. Cabbage was developed by ongoing artificial selection for suppression of the internode length. It is related to the turnip. Cabbage leaves often display a delicate, powdery, waxy coating called bloom. The sharp or bitter taste sometimes present in cabbage is due to glucosinolates. Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Raw 1.2 Cooked 1.3 Fermented and preserved 1.4 Medicinal properties 2 Varieties 3 Cultivation 4 Production 5 Diseases 6 Pests 7 Related Brassica varieties and species 8 Other 'cabbage' plants 9 Linguistic and vernacular associations 10 References 11 See also 12 External links Uses The only part of the plant that is normally eaten is the leafy head; more precisely, the spherical cluster of immature leaves, excluding the partially unfolded outer leaves. The so-called 'cabbage head' is widely consumed raw, cooked, or preserved in a great variety of dishes.45 Raw Raw cabbage is usually sliced into thin strips or shredded for use in salads, such as coleslaw. It can also replace iceberg lettuce in sandwiches. Cooked Cabbage is often added to soups or stews. Cabbage soup is popular in central Europe and eastern Europe, and cabbage is an ingredient in some kinds of borscht. Garbure from Provençal garburo is a thick soup of cabbage or other vegetables with bacon. Cabbage may be an ingredient in kugel, a baked pudding served as a side dish or dessert. Cabbage is also used in many popular dishes in India. Boiling tenderizes the leaves and releases sugars, which leads to the characteristic cabbage aroma. Boiled cabbage has become stigmatized in North America because of its strong cooking odor and the belief that it causes flatulence. Boiled cabbage as an accompaniment to meats and other dishes can be an opportune source of vitamins and dietary fiber. It is often prepared and served with boiled meat and other vegetables as part of a boiled dinner. Cabbage rolls, a type of dolma, are an East European and Middle Eastern delicacy. The leaves are softened by parboiling or by placing the whole head of cabbage in the freezer, and then stuffed with a mixture of chopped meat and/or rice. Stuffed cabbage is called holishkes in Yiddish. A vegetable stuffed with shredded cabbage and then pickled is called mango.6 Bubble and squeak consists of potatoes and cabbage or, especially formerly, potatoes, cabbage and meat fried together. Potatoes and cabbage or other greens boiled and mashed together make up a dish called colcannon, an Irish Gaelic word meaning white-headed cabbage, grounded in Old Irish terms for cabbage or kale cÄ?l, head cend or cenn and white find. In the American South and Midland, corn dodgers were boiled as dumplings with cabbage and ham.7 Fermented and preserved Cabbage is the basis for the German sauerkraut, Chinese suan cai and Korean kimchi. To pickle cabbage it is cut fine, placed in a jar, covered with a brine made of its own juice with salt, and left in a warm place for several days to ferment. Sauerkraut, or simply kraut, was historically prepared at home in large batches, as a way of storing food for the winter. The word comes from Old High German sÅ«r sour and krÅ«t herb or cabbage. Cabbage can also be pickled in vinegar with various spices, alone or in combination with other vegetables. Turnips can be cured in the same way. Korean baechu kimchi is usually sliced thicker than its European counterpart, and the addition of onions, chillies, minced garlic and ginger is common. Medicinal properties Cabbage is an excellent source of Vitamin C. It also contains significant amounts of glutamine, an amino acid, which has anti-inflammatory properties. It is a source of indol-3-carbinol, or I3C, a compound used as an adjuvent therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, a disease of the head and neck caused by human papillomavirus usually types 6 and 11 that causes growths in the airway that can lead to death. In European folk medicine, cabbage leaves are used to treat acute inflammation.8 A paste of raw cabbage may be placed in a cabbage leaf and wrapped around the affected area to reduce discomfort. Some claim it is effective in relieving painfully engorged breasts in breastfeeding women.9 Varieties There are many varieties of cabbage based on shape and time of maturity.10 Cabbages grown late in autumn and in the beginning of winter are called coleworts; their leaves do not form a compact head.11 Colewort may also refer to a young cabbage. The word comes from Latin caulis stalk of a plant, cabbage and Old English wyrt herb, plant, root. A drumhead cabbage has a rounded, flattened head. An oxheart cabbage has an oval or conical head. A pickling cabbage, such as the red-leafed cabbage, is especially suitable for pickling; krautman is the most common variety for commercial production of sauerkraut. Red cabbage is a small, round-headed type with dark red leaves. Savoy cabbage has a round, compact head with crinkled and curled leaves.1213 Winter cabbage will survive the winter in the open in mild regions such as the southern United States; the name is also used for Savoy cabbage.14 Other traditional varieties include Late Flat Dutch, Early Jersey Wakefield a conical variety and Danish Ballhead late, round-headed. Cultivation Garden of flowering kale, a member of the cabbage family, in Shanghai, China. Garden of flowering kale, a member of the cabbage family, in Shanghai, China. Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups, early and late. The early varieties mature in about 45 days. They produce small heads which do not keep well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 87 days, and produces a larger head. Cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Like all brassicae, cabbage is a cool season crop, so early and late plantings do better than those maturing in the heat of the summer.15 Cabbage output in 2005 Cabbage output in 2005 Control of insect pests is important, particularly in commercial production where appearance is a driver of success. The pesticides sevin and malathion are both listed for use on cabbage. A plant collar, consisting of a band of tar paper or similar material, is sometimes placed around the base of the stem of transplanted seedlings to protect them from injury by insects.16 Cabbages keep well and were thus a common winter vegetable before refrigeration and long-distance shipping of produce. Production China is the leader in production of cabbages followed by India and then the Russian Federation. Top Ten Cabbage Producers - 2005 Country Production Int $1000 Footnote Production MT Footnote Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China 4,921,150 C 34,101,000 F Flag of India India 881,400 C 6,000,000 F Flag of Russia Russia 585,396 C 3,985,000 Flag of South Korea South Korea 484,770 C 3,300,000 F Flag of Japan Japan 323,180 C 2,200,000 F Flag of the United States United States 316,668 C 2,155,670 F Flag of Ukraine Ukraine 239,741 C 1,632,000 Flag of Poland Poland 205,660 C 1,400,000 Flag of Indonesia Indonesia 189,896 C 1,292,687 Flag of Germany Germany 143,228 C 975,000 F No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure; Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices Source: Major Food and Agricultural commodities and producers - Countries by commodity. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Diseases Among the many destructive diseases affecting the cabbage and often other members of the cabbage family17 are: blackleg or black stem, caused by certain fungi such as Phoma lingam; lesions in the stem near the soil surface become sunken and dark, and may girdle the stem18 black ring or black ring spot, caused by a virus; necrotic, dark and often sunken rings on the leaf surface19 black rot, caused by a bacterium Xanthomonas campestris cabbagehead, abnormal growth in rutabagas caused by larvae of a gall midge Contarinia nasturtii feeding in basal part of the stalks20 cabbage yellows or cabbage wilt, caused by a fungus Fusarium oxysporum or Fusarium conglutinans; yellowing and dwarfing clubroot, common, caused by a protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, formerly classified as a slime mold; swellings or distortions of the root, followed often by decline in vigor or by death wire stem, caused by a fungus Pellicularia filamentosa or Rhizoctonia solani; constricted, wiry stem; similar to damping-off but attacks older seedlings Pests See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Brassica. Many insects and other pests infest cabbage plants, among them: cabbage worm, any of numerous insect larvae that feed on cabbages: imported cabbage worm, the green larva of the cabbage butterfly or cabbage white, any of several largely white butterflies family Pieridae, type genus Pieris, garden whites; they include a small cosmopolitan form P. rapae, called also Small White; a larger Old World form P. brassicae, called also Large White; a common North American form P. protodice, called also southern cabbage butterfly, and the Green-veined White Pieris napi, occurring in Europe and North America; larvae eat the leaves, are toxic to animals that consume the infested foliage cabbage moth or diamondback moth Plutella xylostella larva, cosmopolitan of European origin cutworm cabbage aphid, cabbage aphis or turnip aphid, widely distributed and destructive grayish green plant louse Brevicoryne brassicae; lives on leaves cabbage curculio, small weevil Ceutorhynchus rapae; feeds within stems and on leaves21 cabbage fly, cabbage root fly, root fly or turnip fly Hylemya brassicae or Delia radicum, family Anthomyiidae, adult of small white cabbage maggot or root maggot that feeds in roots and stems cabbage-leaf miner, small fly Phytomyza rufipes whose maggot is injurious cabbage looper, pale green, white-striped measuring worm Trichoplusia ni, larva of a moth of the family Noctuidae; feeds on leaves cabbage seedpod weevil Ceutorhynchus assimilis, small, grayish black; related to the cabbage curculio but smaller; feeds on and destroys developing seeds cabbage snake, nematode worm of the family Mermithidae cabbage webworm Hellula undalis, widely distributed, native to southern Europe or Asia, destructive in the U.S. Gulf states flea beetle genus Phyllotreta, chrysomelid beetle; some species transmit a mosaic disease gamma moth or silver Y moth Plusia gamma larva; migratory European noctuid moth having a bright silvery Y-shaped mark on each fore wing harlequin cabbage bug Murgantia histrionica, black stinkbug in tropical America and the warmer parts of the United States serpentine leaf miner, grub that is the larva of a small fly Liriomyza brassicae; eats out slender, white, winding burrows in the leaves striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata; has a yellow line on each elytron zebra caterpillar, larva of an American noctuid moth Ceramica picta; light yellow with a broad black stripe on the back and lateral stripes crossed with white Related Brassica varieties and species Besides cabbage proper, the species Brassica oleracea has many distinctive cultivars which are commonly known by other names. They include: broccoli Italica Group; Brussels sprouts Gemmifera Group, whose edible small green heads resemble diminutive cabbages; cauliflower Botrytis Group, whose flower cluster is used as a vegetable; Chinese kale or Chinese broccoli Alboglabra Group; kale or spring greens, a very hardy cabbage Acephala group that has curled, often finely cut leaves which do not form a dense head, and that some consider to be the original form of the cultivated cabbage; collard greens, a type of kale; and kohlrabi Gongylodes Group, having an edible stem that becomes greatly enlarged, fleshy and turnip-shaped. Hybrids include broccolini Italica × Alboglabra Group, broccoflower Italica × Botrytis Group and choumoelliera or marrow cabbage cabbage, kohlrabi and kale. There are two species of Chinese cabbage lettuce cabbage, pakchoi, pechay from Asia that somewhat resemble cabbage and are widely used as greens: Brassica chinensis, bok choy or celery cabbage, which forms a loose, chardlike head of dark green leaves, and Brassica pekinensis, or pe-tsai peh-tsai, forming an elongated compact head of broad, light green leaves. Rape, an annual herb Brassica napus of European origin but known only as a cultigen, differs from the cabbage in its deeply lobed leaves, which are not hairy like those of the turnip. Other 'cabbage' plants A number of other non-cruciferous plants bear the name cabbage or are likened to it by their appearance, though many are not food plants with parts for human consumption. Several palms called cabbage palm or cabbage tree have a terminal bud cabbage, palm cabbage or palmito eaten like cabbage as a vegetable, including: assai palm palmiste, royal palm, sago palm, Euterpe edulis cabbage palmetto palm cabbage, palm thatch, pond top, pond top palmetto, sabal palmetto, swamp cabbage, species Sabal palmetto, a fan palm with an edible young terminal bud called heart of palm Cussonia genus, an araliaceous tree Livistona, especially L. australis, from Australia, from whose fibrous leaves the cabbage-tree hat is plaited mountain palm Roystonea oleracea, a tall West Indian palm, the source of partridgewood saw cabbage palm saw palmetto, Paurotis wrightii ti Cordyline australis, a medium-sized New Zealand tree Other kinds of trees seen as bearing a resemblance include: cabbage bark genus Andira, also called angelim or worm bark, whose bark cabbage bark is sometimes used in medicine as a vermifuge Surinam cabbage tree Andira retusa, having bark that is used as an anthelmintic and cathartic black cabbage tree Melanodendron integrifolium, with a campanulate involucre about the flower head cabbage gum especially Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. virgata, probably so called from the fleshy leaves Still other cabbagy plants include: cabbage rose also moss rose, pale rose or Provence rose, Rosa centifolia, a fragrant garden rose having full white or pink flowers, with a dwarf variety pomponia called pompon deer cabbage Lupinus diffusus, a lupine dog cabbage dog's cabbage, Cynocrambe prostrata, a fleshy southern European herb head lettuce cabbage lettuce, Lactuca sativa capitata, distinguished by leaves arranged in a dense rosette which ultimately develops into a compact head suggesting that of cabbage Kerguelen cabbage, a herb Pringlea antiscorbutica, also called horseradish in the family Brassicaceae, from the Indian Ocean island of Kerguelen Maori cabbage, the wild cabbage of New Zealand native cabbage Scaevola koenigii, a succulent Australian shrub poor man's cabbage Barbarea verna, a winter cress Saint-Patrick's cabbage London pride, Saxifraga umbrosa, a hardy perennial saxifrage native to western Europe sea cabbage, also called sea kale, a European perennial herb Crambe maritima sometimes cultivated for its large, ovate, long-stalked leaves, used as a potherb distinct from Brassica oleracea skunk cabbage fetid hellebore, meadow cabbage, polecat weed, skunkweed; stinking poke, swamp cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus or its relative Lysichiton camstschatcense the name is sometimes used for the pitcher plant squaw cabbage Indian lettuce, Montia perfoliata, a succulent herb; or any of various plants of the family Brassicaceae, especially of the genera Caulanthus and Streptanthus, believed to have been used as potherbs by the Indians water cabbage Nymphaea odorata, a white water lily water lettuce also called water cabbage, Pistia stratiotes, a common tropical floating plant forming a rosette of spongy, wedge-shaped leaves wild cabbage, a succulent herb Caulanthus crassicaulis of the family Brassicaceae that has edible foliage sea-otter's-cabbage bladder kelp, sea turnip, a brown alga Linguistic and vernacular associations During World War II, kraut cabbage was a racial slur for a German soldier or civilian. A thick-witted person may be called a cabbagehead. In Hebrew, the term rosh kruv cabbagehead implies stupidity. The French use a term of endearment, mon petit chou of a man/boy or ma petite chou of a woman/girl, equivalent to darling but translated literally as my little cabbage in school French textbooks in England since the late 1950s. This is still used today, as can be seen in this extract from Shamrocks Falling by P A Matthews: 22 See there ma petite chou, now everything is worked out. Patricia turned and walked back to the desk. Gérard, why must you call me ma petite chou all the time? Ma chérie, it is an endearment. If you understood that in French... She cut him off mid sentence. I know what it means Gérard. Even with my limited French vocabulary I know that it means my small cabbage. But that is not the endearment. You do not understand...' The word also refers, much more complimentarily, to a pâtisserie item called chou à la crème, a sphere of light airy pastry split and sandwiched with a thick layer of whipped or confectioner's cream. In addition, it is also used for a soft, cabbage-shaped ornament or rosette of fabric used in women's wear, such as a knot of ribbons on a dress or a crushed crown on a hat. Chou comes from the Latin caulis stalk. In England, cabbage is rarely used slang for cash, especially paper money or bank notes.23 It is also used vulgarly for a person in a vegetative state, and by extension cabbaging means lazing about.24 References ^ OEDILF - Word Lookup. The Omnificent English Dictionary In Limerick Form. ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cabbage - Wikisource. ^ Brassica est quae omnibus holeribus antistat. De Agri Cultura, sect. 156. LacusCurtius Cato On Agriculture - Sections 156-157English. LacusCurtius Cato - de Re Rustica, Capitula CLVI-CLVIILatin. Bill Thayer's Website. ^ Cabbage Recipes and Cabbage Soup Recipes. Southern Food and Recipes - Southern-Style Recipes, Crockpot Recipes, Casserole Recipes, and More. ^ 4,187 Recipes Which include cabbage or raw green cabbage or savoy cabbage or white cabbage or green cabbage or raw red cabbage or heads of cabbage or head white cabbage or red cabbage or heads of cabbage or other green loose-leafed cabbage or red cabbage head or cabbage leaves or green cabbage heads or cannonball cabbage or cabbage and carrot coleslaw mix or spring cabbage or purple cabbage or cabbage coleslaw blend as ingredients. Recipezaar: Where the World's Recipes Are. ^ Stuffed Mango Peppers Recipe #277564 @ Mass Recipes. Massive amounts of recipes! ^ Daniel Health and Disease: A Book for the People, by William Whitty Hall. Published by H.B. Price, 1859. Page 267. Google Book Search. ^ Helen M Woodman. Cabbage leaves are poor man's poultice. British Medical Journal. Retrieved on 2006-12-12. ^ Alison Munns. Cabbage leaves can help inflammation of any body part. British Medical Journal. Retrieved on 2006-12-12. ^ Cook's Thesaurus: Cabbages. ^ Colewort: Definition from Answers.com. Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia and much more. ^ Cavolo Verza - Savoy Cabbage. Italian Food. ^ The Joy of Savoy Cabbage. By Barbara Damrosch. The Washington Post, November 8, 2007; Page H07. ^ How to grow winter cabbage and savoy cabbage - by Terry Blackburn. Helium - Where Knowledge Rules. ^ Cabbage - Watch Your Garden Grow - University of Illinois Extension. Urban Programs Resource Network - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. ^ Plant Collar - Patent Review GB19800038552 19801202. WikiPatents - Patent Reviews, Free Patent PDFs, Patent Searching, File Histories. ^ Cole Crop Fact sheets list. Cornell University. ^ UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Black Leg on Cole Crops. University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. ^ CTVdB Virus Description - 00.057.0.01.072. Turnip mosaic virus. Universal Virus Database ICTVdB, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. On Website of the National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. ^ Swede Midge. NYS IPM Fact Sheets for Vegetables 2002, New York State Integrated Pest Management Program. ^ Cabbage Curculio. Organic Gardening Information. ^ Writing.Com: Shamrocks Falling Chapter 9 ^ Cabbage entry at Reference.com's Thesaurus ^ Cabbage entry at Peevish slang dictionary See also Look up cabbage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cabbage. Chinese cabbage resembles cabbage, but is derived from a different species of the same genus, Brassica campestris Kerguelen cabbage is the distantly related Pringlea antiscorbutica Cabbage soup diet Cabbage Patch Kids Cabbage Head - Tilbury, Ontario External links Brassicas. Colonial Williamsburg Official Site - Where History Lives. Cabbage. The Book Of Herbs, on Factopia. Cabbage: A Head of Its Time. By Emily Skelton. Seeds of Change. Cabbage: Definition from Answers.com. Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia and much more. Cabbages and Cauliflowers: How to Grow Them by James John Howard Gregory - Project Gutenberg. Cole crops: From colewort to cabbage and mustard - by Jason Hernandez. Helium - Where Knowledge Rules. Colewort and the cole crops. Botanical Garden, University of California Los Angeles. Cabbages! Fresh For Kids - Fun Games, Activities and Healthy Fruit and Vegetable Recipes! PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea kohlrabi Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cabbage Categories: Leaf vegetables | Brassica | CultivarsHidden category: Articles lacking in-text citations Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Avañe'ẽ Bân-lâm-gú ÄŒesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Galego í•œêµì–´ हिनà¥?दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Latina मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Nouormand Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English Åšlůnski СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย faka-Tonga Türkçe ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 22:54
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