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14-September-2008 18:38:43 - Carat purity It has been suggested that Gold Karat be merged into this article or section. Discuss For other uses of the word carat, see Carat. The KARAT abbreviation K or 'Kt' or KP for Karat Plumb is a measure of the purity of gold alloys. In the Precious Metals Industry, whether or not one is in the United States and Canada, the spelling karat is used, while the spelling carat is used to refer to the measure of mass for gemstones see Carat mass. Only do the French and the Italians spell the purity of gold unit with a C. See list below Contents 1 Measure 2 Derivation 3 Terminology 4 International karatages of gold jewellery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Measure As a measure of purity, one Karat is \tfrac124 purity by mass: X = 24\,\fracM_gM_m where X is the Karat rating of the material, Mg is the mass of pure gold or platinum in the material, and Mm is the total mass of the material. Therefore 24-Karat gold is fine 99.9% Au w/w, 18-Karat gold is 75% gold, 12-Karat gold is 50% gold, and so forth. Historically, in England the Karat was divisible into four grains, and the grain was divisible into four quarts. For example, a gold alloy of \tfrac381384 fineness that is, 99.2% purity could have been described as being 23-Karat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold. The Karat system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the millesimal fineness system in which the purity of precious metals is denoted by parts per thousand of pure metal in the alloy. The most common Karats used for gold in bullion, jewellery making and by goldsmiths are: 24 Karat millesimal fineness 999 22 Karat millesimal fineness 916 20 Karat millesimal fineness 833 18 Karat millesimal fineness 750 15 Karat millesimal fineness 625 14 Karat millesimal fineness 585 10 Karat millesimal fineness 417 9 Karat millesimal fineness 375 8 Karat millesimal fineness 300 Derivation The word Karat is derived from the Greek kerátiÅ?n κεÏ?άτιων, fruit of the carob, via Arabic qÄ«rÄ?Ṡقيراط and Italian. Carob seeds were used as weights on precision scales because of their reputation for having a uniform weight. This was not the only reason. It is said that in order to keep regional buyers and sellers of gold honest, a potential customer could retrieve their OWN carob seeds on their way to the market, to check the tolerances of the seeds used by the merchant. If this precaution was not taken, the potential customer would be at the mercy of the 2 sets of carob seeds modality, in use since time, immemorial. One set of lighter carob seeds would be used when buying from a customer. Another, heavier set of carob seeds would be used when the merchant wanted to SELL to a customer. However, a 2006 study1 by Lindsay Turnbull and others found this to not be the case - carob seeds have as much variation in their weights as other seeds.2 In the distant past, different countries each had their own carat, roughly equivalent to a carob seed. In the mid-16th century, the Karat was adopted as a measure of gold purity, roughly equivalent to the Roman siliqua \tfrac124 of a golden solidus of Constantine I. As a measure of diamond weight, from 1575, the Greek measure was the equivalent of the Roman siliqua, which was \tfrac124 of a golden solidus of Constantine; but was likely never used to measure the weight for gold.3 Terminology 22/22K - a quality mark indicating the purity of gold most popularly used in India. This purity was adapted and practiced by the big jewellers and was later passed to jewel smiths. The first 22 signifies the Skin purity of gold jewellery and the second 22 signifies that after melting purity of the gold jewellery will be 22K 22 Karat purity or 91.67% of pure gold. This symbol or stamp is very popular on the gold jewellery business in Asian countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Yemen, and Persian Gulf countries. This practice was pioneered and introduced in the early mid-1980s by Nemichand Bamalwa Sons of Kolkata, India, sparking a revolution in India as it forced jewellers to indicate correctly the after-melting purity, and heightened consumer awareness made it a most sought-after stamp or quality mark. The USA Fair Trade Commission CFTC has legislated and standardized the karat markings used within its boundaries for almost 7 decades now. Under these regulations, items 10K or grater are to be stamped with either K or Kt. Decimal markings are also an option under the CFTC regulations. Under karating is against the USA law. There are specific mandated consequences including fines, et al., based upon the severity of the infractions. It is considered fraud to not mark all jewellery--unless specifically covered by stated exemption such as an art creation--and sell said jewellery to the US consuming public. Additionally, there are a set of tolerances to the required karat markings in the USA always designated with a K and never a C depending upon the use of various soldering requirements when setting stones, mounting crowns, or creating prongs for 3 examples. Title 16: Commercial Practices PART 23-GUIDES FOR THE JEWELRY, PRECIOUS METALS, AND PEWTER INDUSTRIES § 23.4 Misrepresentation as to gold content. a It is unfair or deceptive to misrepresent the presence of gold or gold alloy in an industry product, or the quantity or karat fineness of gold or gold alloy contained in the product, or the karat fineness, thickness, weight ratio, or manner of application of any gold or gold alloy plating, covering, or coating on any surface of an industry product or part thereof. b The following are examples of markings or descriptions that may be misleading:2 2 See §23.4c for examples of acceptable markings and descriptions. 1 Use of the word Gold or any abbreviation, without qualification, to describe all or part of an industry product, which is not composed throughout of fine 24 karat gold. 2 Use of the word Gold or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product composed throughout of an alloy of gold, unless a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy immediately precedes the word Gold or its abbreviation, and such fineness designation is of at least equal conspicuousness. 3 Use of the word Gold or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of gold or a gold alloy, but is surface-plated or coated with gold alloy, unless the word Gold or its abbreviation is adequately qualified to indicate that the product or part is only surface-plated. 4 Use of the term Gold Plate, Gold Plated, or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part contains a surface-plating of gold alloy, applied by any process, which is of such thickness and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured. 5 Use of the terms Gold Filled, Rolled Gold Plate, Rolled Gold Plated, Gold Overlay, or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part contains a surface-plating of gold alloy applied by a mechanical process and of such thickness and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured, and unless the term is immediately preceded by a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy that is of at least equal conspicuousness as the term used. 6 Use of the terms Gold Plate, Gold Plated, Gold Filled, Rolled Gold Plate, Rolled Gold Plated, Gold Overlay, or any abbreviation to describe a product in which the layer of gold plating has been covered with a base metal such as nickel, which is covered with a thin wash of gold, unless there is a disclosure that the primary gold coating is covered with a base metal, which is gold washed. 7 Use of the term Gold Electroplate, Gold Electroplated, or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part is electroplated with gold or a gold alloy and such electroplating is of such karat fineness, thickness, and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured. 8 Use of any name, terminology, or other term to misrepresent that an industry product is equal or superior to, or different than, a known and established type of industry product with reference to its gold content or method of manufacture. 9 Use of the word Gold or any abbreviation, or of a quality mark implying gold content e.g., 9 karat, to describe all or part of an industry product that is composed throughout of an alloy of gold of less than 10 karat fineness. Note to paragraphb§23.4: The provisions regarding the use of the word Gold, or any abbreviation, as described above, are applicable to Duragold, Diragold, Noblegold, Goldine, Layered Gold, or any words or terms of similar meaning. c The following are examples of markings and descriptions that are consistent with the principles described above: 1 An industry product or part thereof, composed throughout of an alloy of gold of not less than 10 karat fineness, may be marked and described as Gold when such word Gold, wherever appearing, is immediately preceded by a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy, and such karat designation is of equal conspicuousness as the word Gold for example, 14 Karat Gold, 14 K. Gold, or 14 Kt. Gold. Such product may also be marked and described by a designation of the karat fineness of the gold alloy unaccompanied by the word Gold for example, 14 Karat, 14 Kt., or 14 K.. Note to paragraphc1: Use of the term Gold or any abbreviation to describe all or part of a product that is composed throughout of gold alloy, but contains a hollow center or interior, may mislead consumers, unless the fact that the product contains a hollow center is disclosed in immediate proximity to the term Gold or its abbreviation for example, 14 Karat Gold-Hollow Center, or 14 K. Gold Tubing, when of a gold alloy tubing of such karat fineness. Such products should not be marked or described as solid or as being solidly of gold or of a gold alloy. For example, when the composition of such a product is 14 karat gold alloy, it should not be described or marked as either 14 Kt. Solid Gold or as Solid 14 Kt. Gold. 2 An industry product or part thereof, on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces, by any process, a coating, electroplating, or deposition by any means, of gold or gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness that is of substantial thickness,3 and the minimum thickness throughout of which is equivalent to one-half micron or approximately 20 millionths of an inch of fine gold,4 may be marked or described as Gold Plate or Gold Plated, or abbreviated, as, for example, G.P. The exact thickness of the plate may be marked on the item, if it is immediately followed by a designation of the karat fineness of the plating which is of equal conspicuousness as the term used as, for example, 2 microns 12 K. gold plate or 2µ 12 K. G.P. for an item plated with 2 microns of 12 karat gold. 3 The term substantial thickness means that all areas of the plating are of such thickness as to assure a durable coverage of the base metal to which it has been affixed. Since industry products include items having surfaces and parts of surfaces that are subject to different degrees of wear, the thickness of plating for all items or for different areas of the surface of individual items does not necessarily have to be uniform. 4 A product containing 1 micron otherwise known as 1µ of 12 karat gold is equivalent to one-half micron of 24 karat gold. Note to paragraphc2: If an industry product has a thicker coating or electroplating of gold or gold alloy on some areas than others, the minimum thickness of the plate should be marked. 3 An industry product or part thereof on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces by soldering, brazing, welding, or other mechanical means, a plating of gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness and of substantial thickness5 may be marked or described as Gold Filled, Gold Overlay, Rolled Gold Plate, or an adequate abbreviation, when such plating constitutes at least1/20th of the weight of the metal in the entire article and when the term is immediately preceded by a designation of the karat fineness of the plating which is of equal conspicuousness as the term used for example, 14 Karat Gold Filled, 14 Kt. Gold Filled, 14 Kt. G.F., 14 Kt. Gold Overlay, or 14K. R.G.P.. When conforming to all such requirements except the specified minimum of1/20th of the weight of the metal in the entire article, the terms Gold Overlay and Rolled Gold Plate may be used when the karat fineness designation is immediately preceded by a fraction accurately disclosing the portion of the weight of the metal in the entire article accounted for by the plating, and when such fraction is of equal conspicuousness as the term used for example, 1/40th 12 Kt. Rolled Gold Plate or 1/4012 Kt. R.G.P.. 5 See footnote 3. 4 An industry product or part thereof, on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces by an electrolytic process, an electroplating of gold, or of a gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness, which has a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to .175 microns approximately7 /1,000,000ths of an inch of fine gold, may be marked or described as Gold Electroplate or Gold Electroplated, or abbreviated, as, for example, G.E.P. When the electroplating meets the minimum fineness but not the minimum thickness specified above, the marking or description may be Gold Flashed or Gold Washed. When the electroplating is of the minimum fineness specified above and of a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to two and one half 21/2 microns or approximately100 /1,000,000ths of an inch of fine gold, the marking or description may be Heavy Gold Electroplate or Heavy Gold Electroplated. When electroplatings qualify for the term Gold Electroplate or Gold Electroplated, or the term Heavy Gold Electroplate or Heavy Gold Electroplated, and have been applied by use of a particular kind of electrolytic process, the marking may be accompanied by identification of the process used, as for example, Gold Electroplated X Process or Heavy Gold Electroplated Y Process. d The provisions of this section relating to markings and descriptions of industry products and parts thereof are subject to the applicable tolerances of the National Stamping Act or any amendment thereof.6 6 Under the National Stamping Act, articles or parts made of gold or of gold alloy that contain no solder have a permissible tolerance of three parts per thousand. If the part tested contains solder, the permissible tolerance is seven parts per thousand. For full text, see 15 U.S.C. 295, et seq . Note 4 to paragraphd: Exemptions recognized in the assay of karat gold industry products and in the assay of gold filled, gold overlay, and rolled gold plate industry products, and not to be considered in any assay for quality, are listed in the appendix. 4 Chuk Kam 足金 - In Cantonese Chinese this term means pure gold, literally exact gold. It is defined as 99.0% gold minimum with a 1.0% negative tolerance allowed.56 The quality of gold is guaranteed with a Certificate of Gold upon purchases in Hong Kong and Macau. International karatages of gold jewellery Region5 Typical Kratage fineness Arabic countries, Far East China, Hong Kong, Taiwan 24 Karat Juk Gum 99.0% min Arabic countries, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan Sri Lanka 22 carat 91.6% Arabic countries in the Persian Gulf region 21 Karat 87.5%, 18 Karat 75.0% in most Egypt Europe - Southern / Merranean 18 Karat 75.0% Europe - Northern / USA etc 8-18 Karat 33.3 - 75.0% Russia / former USSR 9 37.5% and 14 Karat / old 583 and new 585 проба 58.5% See also Gold as an investment Gold bar Gold coin Platinum coin Notes ^ Turnbull et al. 2006 ^ New Scientist 2006 - review of Turnbull et al. 2006 ^ Harper, 2001 ^ http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfrsid=e0fa969f27e0acf2564eace32b299587rgn=div8view=textnode=16:1.0.1.2.13.0.5.5idno=16 ^ a b World Gold Council 2003 ^ Fallon, 2006 References Fallon, S. 2006 Hong Kong Macau, 12th ed., Melbourne; London: Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-7405-9843-1 Harper, D. 2001 Carat, in: Online Etymological Dictionary, accessed 28 August 2007 New Scientist 2006 Did carob seeds allow shady diamond deals?, New Scientist magazine, 2550 9 May, p. 20 Turnbull, L.A., Santamaria, L., Martorell, T., Rallo, J. and Hector, A. 2006 Seed size variability: from carob to carats, Biology Letters, 2 3: September 22, p. 397-400, DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476 World Gold Council 2003 The Karatage System For Gold Jewellery, Online article accessed 28 August 2007 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Carat_purity Categories: Gold | Gold investments | Precious metals | Units of purity | JewelleryHidden category: Articles to be merged since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 23:13
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