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14-September-2008 18:38:43 - Circulatory system Redirected from Cardiovascular system For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. This article is about the organ system. For the band, see Circulatory System. The human circulatory system. Red indicates oxygenated blood, blue indicates deoxygenated. The human circulatory system. Red indicates oxygenated blood, blue indicates deoxygenated. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases and helps stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which distributes lymph. While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries, some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The most primitive animal phyla lack circulatory systems. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system. Contents 1 Human circulatory system 1.1 Systemic circulation 1.2 Pulmonary circulation 1.3 Coronary circulation 1.4 Heart 1.5 Closed cardiovascular system 2 Other vertebrates 3 Open circulatory system 4 No circulatory system 5 Measurement techniques 6 Health and disease 7 History of discovery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Human circulatory system The main components of the human circulatory system are the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. The circulatory system includes: the pulmonary circulation, a loop through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a loop through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters of blood, which consists of plasma that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system collectively make up the circulatory system. Systemic circulation Main article: Systemic circulation Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries always take blood away from the heart, regardless of their oxygenation, and veins always bring blood back. In general, arteries bring oxygenated blood to the tissues; veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. In the case of the pulmonary vessels, however, the oxygenation is reversed: the pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and oxygenated blood is pumped back through the pulmonary vein to the heart. As blood circulates through the body, oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood into cells surrounding the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the capillary cells.1 The release of oxygen from red blood cells or erythrocytes is regulated in mammals. It increases with an increase of carbon dioxide in tissues, an increase in temperature, or a decrease in pH. Such characteristics are exhibited by tissues undergoing high metabolism, as they require increased levels of oxygen. Pulmonary circulation Main article: Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart and flows into the right ventricle where it is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the oxygen-rich blood is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body. Coronary circulation Main article: Coronary circulation The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart. As it provides oxygenated blood to the heart, it is by definition a part of the systemic circulatory system. Heart The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. Closed cardiovascular system The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enters interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, is not closed. Other vertebrates The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids for example, earthworms and cephalopods squid and octopus are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system. In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single pump consisting of two chambers. In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the heart is incomplete and the pulmonary artery is equipped with a sphincter muscle. This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out through the aorta. This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to ectothermic cold-blooded animals in the regulation of their body temperature. Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently from that of mammals. Open circulatory system The open circulatory system is an arrangement of internal transport present in many animals such as molluscs and arthropods, in which fluid called hemolymph in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph. Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores ostia. Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cells. Hemolymph is composed of water, inorganic salts mostly Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, and organic compounds mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin. There are free-floating cells, the hemocytes, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system. No circulatory system Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including flatworms phylum Platyhelminthes. Their body cavity has no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead a muscular pharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to all cells. The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the exterior of the organism. Oxygen can diffuse from the surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Consequently every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system. Measurement techniques Electrocardiogram - for cardiac electrophysiology Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope - for blood pressure Pulse meter - for cardiac function heart rate, rhythm, dropped beats Pulse - commonly used to determine the heart rate in absence of certain cardiac pathologies Nail bed blanching test - test for perfusion Vessel cannula or catheter pressure measurement - pulmonary wedge pressure or in older animal experiments. Health and disease Main article: Cardiovascular disease Main article: Congenital heart defect History of discovery The knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to Sushruta 6th century BCE.2 He also seems to posses knowledge of the arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi Dwivedi 2007.2 The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air. Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood. The 2nd century AD, Greek physician, Galen, knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous dark red and arterial brighter and thinner blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma air and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. In 1242, the Arabian physician, Ibn al-Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body, particularly pulmonary circulation, for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology.3 Ibn al-Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon: ...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa pulmonary artery to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa pulmonary vein to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit... Contemporary drawings of this process have survived. In 1552, Michael Servetus described the same, and Realdo Colombo proved the concept, but it remained largely unknown in Europe. Finally William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function, performed a sequence of experiments and announced in 1628 the discovery of the human circulatory system as his own and published an influential book about it. This work with its essentially correct exposition slowly convinced the medical world. Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later described by Marcello Malpighi. See also Cardiology Lymphatic system Blood vessels Innate heat Cardiac muscle Major systems of the human body Heart Amato Lusitano William Harvey References ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright 1993. Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. ^ a b Dwivedi, Girish Dwivedi, Shridhar 2007. History of Medicine: Sushruta - the Clinician - Teacher par Excellence. National Informatics Centre Government of India. ^ Chairman's Reflections 2004, Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting, Heart Views 5 2, p. 74-85 80. External links The Circulatory System, a comprehensive overview The InVision Guide to a Healthy Heart An interactive website NCP Cardiovascular Medicine A Journal Covering Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine v d e Human organ systems Cardiovascular system Digestive system Endocrine system Immune system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system v d e Cardiovascular system Systemic circulation Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart Pulmonary circulation Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart Blood vessels Endothelium - Tunica intima - Tunica media - Tunica externa v d e Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart Structures atria interatrial septum, musculi pectinati ventricles interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle valves cusps Regions base apex grooves coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular surfaces sternocostal, diaphragmatic borders right, left Right heart vena cavae, coronary sinus → right atrium atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus → tricuspid valve → right ventricle conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation Left heart pulmonary veins → left atrium atrial appendage → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve aortic sinus → aorta and systemic circulation Layers pericardium: fibrous pericardium serous pericardium pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer pericardial sinus myocardium endocardium cardiac skeleton fibrous trigone, fibrous rings Conduction system Cardiac pacemaker SA node AV node bundle of His Purkinje fibers v d e Cardiovascular system, physiology: cardiovascular physiology Volumes Preload - Afterload - End-systolic volume - End-diastolic volume - Frank-Starling law of the heart Interactions Cardiac output - Cardiac cycle - Wiggers diagram - Pressure volume diagram Tropism Chronotropic - Dromotropic - Inotropic - Batmotropic - Lusitropic Hemodynamics Baroreflex - Kinin-kallikrein system - Renin-angiotensin system - Vasoconstrictors - Vasodilators - Compliance - Vascular resistance Other Electrical conduction system of the heart Cardiac action potential - Heart sounds Gallop rhythm, Third heart sound, Fourth heart sound - Pulse - Blood flow v d e Prenatal development/Mammalian development of circulatory system Vascular Blood island arteries: Dorsal aorta - Aortic arches - Vitelline arteries - Ductus arteriosus - Umbilical artery veins: Cardinal veins - Ducts of Cuvier - Vitelline veins - Ductus venosus - Umbilical vein Heart development Primitive heart tube: Truncus arteriosus - Bulbus cordis - Primitive ventricle - Primitive atrium - Sinus venosus Septum primum Ostium primum, Ostium secundum - Septum secundum Foramen ovale - other septa Endocardial cushions/Septum intermedium, Aorticopulmonary septum - Atrial canal v d e Cardiovascular disease: heart disease - Circulatory system pathology I00-I52, 390-429 Ischaemic/ Acute coronary CHD: CAD - Coronary thrombosis - Coronary vasospasm - Coronary artery aneurysm Angina pectoris Prinzmetal's angina - Myocardial infarction heart attack Myocardial rupture - Dressler's syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute, Constrictive - Pericardial effusion - Cardiac tamponade - Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy: Dilated Alcoholic - Hypertrophic - Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis, Cardiac amyloidosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium/ valves Endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis mitral regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis - aortic stenosis, insufficiency - tricuspid stenosis, insufficiency - pulmonary stenosis, insufficiency Conduction/ arrhythmia Heart block AV 1°, 2°, 3° - Bundle branch Left, Right - Bifascicular/Trifascicular - Sinoatrial - Sick sinus syndrome - Adams-Stokes syndrome Pre-excitation syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White - Lown-Ganong-Levine Tachycardia Paroxysmal - Supraventricular AV nodal reentrant, Accelerated idioventricular rhythm, Sinus - Ventricular Torsades de pointes, Catecholaminergic polymorphic Premature contraction Atrial - Ventricular Flutter/fibrillation Atrial flutter - Ventricular flutter - Atrial fibrillation Familial - Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Wandering pacemaker - Ectopic pacemaker - Parasystole Long QT syndrome Romano-Ward syndrome - Andersen-Tawil syndrome - Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death - Asystole Other Cardiomegaly - Ventricular hypertrophy Left, Right/Cor pulmonale Heart failure Cardiac asthma - Rheumatic fever See also congenital, neoplasia v d e Lymphatic system - The journey of lymph ... Blood → Interstitial fluid → Lymph → Blood... ...Blood → Interstitial fluid → Lymph → Lymph capillary → Afferent lymph vessel Lymph vessel → Lymph node → Efferent lymph vessel Lymph vessel → Lymph trunk Subclavian lymph trunk Jugular lymph trunk Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Intestinal lymph trunk → Cisterna chyli Lumbar lymph trunk → Cisterna chyli → Lymph duct Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct left side → Subclavian vein right and left → Blood... Other concepts Lymphangion ... Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Circulatory_system Categories: Cardiovascular system | Exercise physiology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Asturianu বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan Kurdî / كوردی Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 22:58
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