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14-September-2008 18:38:43 - Caricature For the book of comics by Daniel Clowes, see Caricature Daniel Clowes collection. This article may require cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. March 2007 A caricature of film comedian Charlie Chaplin. A caricature of film comedian Charlie Chaplin. A caricature is either a portrait that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness, or in literature, a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others.1 Caricatures can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in orial cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. The term is derived from the Italian caricare- to charge or load. An early definition occurs in the English doctor Sir Thomas Browne's Christian Morals first pub.1716. Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and Caricatura representations. with the footnote - When Men's faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura Thus, the word caricature essentially means a loaded portrait. According to caricature teacher Sam Viviano, the term refers only to depictions of real-life people, and not to cartoon fabrications of fictional characters, which do not possess objective sets of physiognomic features to draw upon for reference, or to anthropomorphic depictions of inanimate objects such as automobiles or coffee mugs. Legendary animator Walt Disney on the other hand, equated his animation to caricature, saying the hardest thing to do was find the caricature of an animal that worked best as a human-like character. Contents 1 History 2 Notable caricaturists 3 Computerized caricature and formal definition of caricature 4 The science of caricature 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History Ancient Pompeiian graffiti caricature of a politician. Ancient Pompeiian graffiti caricature of a politician. Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, who actively sought people with deformities to use as models.citation needed The point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait. Gianlorenzo Bernini 1598-1680, one of the great early practitioners, was favored by the members of the papal court for his ability to depict the essence of a person in 'three or four strokes.'citation needed In fact, the word caricature comes from the Italian caricare, to load, thus the caricaturist's aim is to invest his image with as much meaning as possible. Caricature, therefore, experienced its first successes in the closed aristocratic circles of France and Italy, where the such portraits could be passed about for mutual enjoyment. James Gillray's The Plumb-pudding in danger 1805, which caricatured Pitt and Napoleon, was voted the most famous of all UK political cartoons. James Gillray's The Plumb-pudding in danger 1805, which caricatured Pitt and Napoleon, was voted the most famous of all UK political cartoons.2 The first book on caricature drawing to be published in England was Mary Darly's A Book of Caricaturas c. 1762. The two greatest practitioners of the art of caricature in 18th-century Britain were Thomas Rowlandson 1756-1827 and James Gillray 1757-1815. Rowlandson was more of an artist and his work took its inspiration mostly from the public at large. Gillray was more concerned with the vicious visual satirisation of political life. They were, however, great friends and caroused together in the pubs of London. See the Tate Gallery's exhibit James Gillray: The Art of Caricature Nowadays, caricature artists are popular attractions at many places frequented by tourists, especially oceanfront boardwalks, where vacationers can have a humorous caricature sketched in a few minutes for a small fee. Caricature artists can be hired out for parties, where they will draw caricatures of the guests for their entertainment. Notable caricaturists See list of caricaturists. Une discussion littéraire à la deuxième Galerie by Honoré Daumier Lithograph published in Le Charivari newspaper, February 27, 1864 Une discussion littéraire à la deuxième Galerie by Honoré Daumier Lithograph published in Le Charivari newspaper, February 27, 1864 George Cruikshank 1792-1878, British created political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians in 1820 he received a royal bribe of £100 for a pledge not to caricature His Majesty George III of the United Kingdom in any immoral situation.citation needed He went on to create social caricatures of British life for popular publications such as The Comic Almanack 1835-1853 and Omnibus 1842. He also earned fame as a book illustrator for Charles Dickens and many other authors. Honoré Daumier 1808-1879, French is considered by some to be the father of caricature.citation needed During his life, he created over 4,000 lithographs, most of them caricatures on political, social and everyday themes. They were published in the daily French newspapers Le Charivari, La Caricature etc. A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to Blow Over--Let Us Prey. by Thomas NastWood engraving published in Harper's Weekly newspaper, September 23, 1871 A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to Blow Over--Let Us Prey. by Thomas Nast Wood engraving published in Harper's Weekly newspaper, September 23, 1871 Thomas Nast 1840-1902, American was a famous caricaturist and orial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered by some to be the father of American political cartooning.citation needed He is often cred with creating the definitive caricatures of the Democratic Donkey, the Republican Elephant and Santa Claus.citation needed Al Hirschfeld 1903 - 2003, American was best known for his simple black and white renditions of celebrities and Broadway stars which utilized flowing contour lines over heavy rendering. He was also known for depicting a variety of other famous people, from politicians musicians, singers and even television stars like the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation. He has was even commissioned by the United States Postal Service to provide art for U.S. stamps. Permanent collections of Hirschfeld's work appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and he boasts a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Mort Drucker 1929 - , American Drucker joined Mad magazine in 1957 and has become well known and revered by some for his parodies of movies and television shows. He manages to combine a comic strip style with consistent photographic likenesses of film and TV stars panel after panel. He has also contributed covers to Time magazine. He has been recognized for his work with the National Cartoonist Society Special Features Award for 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, and their Reuben Award for 1987. Robert Risko 1946 - , American is known for his retro airbrush style. His work has appeared in Rolling Stone, Playboy, Vanity Fair, Esquire, and Interview. David Levine 1926 - , American is noted for his caricatures in the The New York Review of Books and Playboy magazine.. His first cartoons appeared in 1963. Since then he has drawn hundreds of pen-and-ink caricatures of famous writers and politicians for the newspaper. Cover to Mad #223 June 1980, Viviano's first cover work. Cover to Mad #223 June 1980, Viviano's first cover work. Sam Viviano 1953 - , American has done much work for corporations and in advertising, having contributed to Rolling Stone, Family Weekly, Reader's Digest, Consumer Reports, and Mad, of which he is currently the art director. Viviano's caricatures are known for their wide jaws, which Viviano has explained is a result of his incorporation of side views as well as front views into his distortions of the human face. He has also developed a reputation for his ability to do crowd scenes. Explaining his twice-yearly covers for Institutional Investor magazine, Viviano has said that his upper limit is sixty caricatures in nine days. Sebastian Krüger 1963 - , German is known for his grotesque, yet hyper-realistic distortions of the facial features of celebrities, which he renders primarily in acrylic paint, and for which he has won praise from The Times. He is well known for his lifelike depictions of The Rolling Stones, in particular, Keith Richards. Krüger has published three collections of his works, and has a yearly art calendar from Morpheus International. Krüger's art can be seen frequently in Playboy magazine and has also been featured in the likes of Stern, L'Espresso, Penthouse, and Der Spiegel and USA Today. He has recently been working on select motion picture projects. Hermann Mejia Venezuelan is known for his frequent work for MAD Magazine. Mejia uses multiple techniques for his work, sometimes rendering his illustrations in black white ink and copious amounts of cross-hatching, sometimes using watercolor, and sometimes combinations of both Jan Op De Beeck has published several books on caricature and was named World's Best Caricaturist in 2003 by a group of professional cartoonists in Iran. Computerized caricature and formal definition of caricature There have been efforts to produce caricatures automatically or semi-automatically using computer graphics techniques. For example,3 provides warping tools specifically designed toward rapidly producing caricatures. There are very few software programs designed specifically for automatically creating caricatures. An interesting aspect of some computer graphic systems is that by necessity they require quite different skillsets to caricatures created on paper. Thus using a computer in the digital production of caricatures requires advanced knowledge of the program's functionality. Rather than being a simpler method of caricature creation, it can be a more complex method of creating images that feature finer coloring textures than can be created using more traditional methods. A milestone in formally defining caricature was Susan Brennan's master's thesis4 in 1982. In her system, caricature was formalized as the process of exaggerating differences from a mean face. For example, if Prince Charles has more prominent ears than the average person, in his caricature the ears will be much larger than normal. Brennan's system implemented this idea in a partially automated fashion as follows: the operator was required to input a frontal drawing of the desired person having a standardized topology the number and ordering of lines for every face. She obtained a corresponding drawing of an average male face. Then, the particular face was caricatured simply by subtracting from the particular face the corresponding point on the mean face the origin being placed in the middle of the face, scaling this difference by a factor larger than one, and adding the scaled difference back on to the mean face. Though Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work. Mo et al.5 refined the idea by noting that the population variance of the feature should be taken into account. For example, the distance between the eyes varies less than other features such as the size of the nose. Thus even a small variation in the eye spacing is unusual and should be exaggerated, whereas a correspondingly small change in the nose size relative to the mean would not be unusual enough to be worthy of exaggeration. Leopold et al.6 found that individual face-recognizing neurons in the inferotemporal cortex respond more strongly to caricatured faces than to the veridical representations of the same face, and suggest that the visual brain may code faces relative to a prototypical face, consistent with Brennan's formalization. Some, on the other hand, argue that caricature varies depending on the artist and cannot be captured in a single definition.7 Their system uses machine learning techniques to automatically learn and mimic the style of a particular caricature artist, given training data in the form of a number of face photographs and the corresponding caricatures by that artist. The results produced by computer graphic systems are arguably not yet of the same quality as those produced by human artists. For example, most systems are restricted to exactly frontal poses, whereas many or even most manually produced caricatures and face portraits in general choose an off-center three-quarters view. Brennan's caricature drawings were frontal-pose line drawings. More recent systems can produce caricatures in a variety of styles, including direct geometric distortion of photographs. In a lecture titled The History and Art of Caricature Sept 2007 Queen Mary 2 Lecture theatre, the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement - in which case gentle mockery is in order, or the art can be employed to make a serious social or political point. A caricaturist draws on 1 the natural characteristics of the subject the big ears, long nose or whatever; 2 the acquired characteristics stoop, scars, facial lines etc; and 3 the vanities choice of hair style, spectacles, clothes, expressions and mannerisms. The science of caricature Ramachandran and Hirstein8 suggested that caricature is related to peak shift. In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For example, if a rat is trained to respond to a rectangle of a particular aspect ratio, and to avoid a square, when later presented with several rectangles it will prefer the one with the most elongated aspect ratio this being the one that is most different from the square rather than the original rectangle used in training. Ramachandran and Hirstein speculated that cells in a monkey brain that respond to particular faces would respond more strongly to caricatured versions of the face. This effect has been confirmed in FMRI experiments by Tsao.8 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Caricatures Look up Caricature in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cartoon Satire Physiognomy Zoomorphism Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy References ^ Caricature in literature ^ Preston O 2006. Cartoons... at last a big draw. Br J Rev 17 1: 59-64. doi:10.1177/0956474806064768. ^ E. Akleman, J, Palmer, R. Logan, Making Extreme Caricatures with a New Interactive 2D Deformation Technique with Simplicial Complexes, Proceedings of Visual 2000, pp. Mexico City, Mexico, pp. 165-170, September 2000. See the author's examples ^ Susan Brennan, The Caricature Generator, MIT Media Lab master's thesis, 1982. Also see Susan Brennan, Caricature Generator: The Dynamic Exaggeration of Faces by Computer, Leonardo, Vol. 18, No. 3 1985, pp. 170-178, doi:10.2307/1578048 ^ Mo, Z.; Lewis, J., Neumann, U. 2004. Improved Automatic Caricature by Feature Normalization and Exaggeration. ACM Siggraph. doi:http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1186223.1186294. ^ Leopold, D.; Bondar, I., Giese, M. August 2006. Norm-based face encoding by single neurons in the monkey inferotemporal cortex. Nature 442: 572. doi:10.1038/nature04951. ^ L. Liang, H. Chen, Y. Xu, and H. Shum, Example-Based Caricature Generation with Exaggeration, Pacific Graphics 2002. ^ a b Vilayanur Ramachandran and Diane Rogers-Ramachandran, The Neurology of Aesthetics, Scientific American Mind, October/November 2006. External links National Caricaturist Network Official site of the National Caricaturist Network- a non-profit association devoted to the art of caricature Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Caricature Categories: CaricatureHidden categories: Cleanup from March 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since February 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Kurdî / كوردی Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька Walon ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 5 September 2008, at 04:56
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