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14-September-2008 18:38:43 - Gynoecium Redirected from Carpel Amaryllis style and stigmas Amaryllis style and stigmas A gynoecium from Ancient Greek gyne, woman is the female reproductive part of a flower. The male counterpart is called an androecium. A gynoecium is composed of one or more pistils. A pistil may consist of a single free carpel, or be formed from a number of carpels that are fused. The pistil itself is formed from the stigma, style, and ovary. A plant ovary much like an animal ovary is the part of the pistil which contains ovules. The style is generally referred to as stalklike, without ovules located between the ovary at the bottom of the pistil and the stigma located at the top portion of the pistil. In some plant species styles are not found in the pistils. Stigma is the pollen receptor within the pistil at the top of the pistil. Stigmas may be discretely defined structures or they may be within a region referred to as the stigmatic region. 1 Pistils or ovaries can be either simple meaning only one carpel or compound meaning two or more carpels.1 Contents 1 Carpel anatomy 2 The pistil 2.1 Inferior vs. superior ovaries 2.2 The ovule 3 References Carpel anatomy A large stigma with anthers visible in the background A large stigma with anthers visible in the background A carpel is the basic unit of the female reproductive organ of a flower, the gynoecium. A flower may have zero, one, or more carpels. Multiple carpels may combine into a single pistil, or into multiple pistils. The parts of the carpel are: the stigma from Ancient Greek stigma mark, puncture, usually the terminal end portion that receives the pollen male gametophytes; it is commonly somewhat glutinous or viscid; the style from Latin stilus stake, stylus, a stalk connecting the stigma with the ovary below containing the transmitting tract, which facilitates the growth of the pollen tube and hence the movement of the male gamete to the ovule; and the ovary from Latin ovum egg or megasporophyll see sporophyll containing the female reproductive cell or ovule. The pistil Plants or the Plants Portal may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. Flowers and fruit capsules of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata, illustrating an inferior ovary. Flowers and fruit capsules of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata, illustrating an inferior ovary. A pistil from Latin pistillum pestle is made up of a carpel if single or carpels if fused. A gynoecium that consists of a single free carpel is termed monocarpous. That with two or more fused carpels called a compound ovary or compound pistil is termed syncarpous. However, if the gynoecium consists of one or more free, simple, and distinct carpels, each carpel makes an individual pistil and the gynoecium is termed apocarpous. Fertilization of the ovule or ovules results in development of the carpels into a fruit. When two or more carpels are fused or joined together its called syncarpy. In a compound pistil, the carpels are fused together in one of two basic ways: the carpels are fused at or near their margins parietal placentation, usually forming a single large cavity - an example would be the violet. the folded carpels extend in towards the center, being fused along their outer faces laterally concrescent, with the placentae arranged around a central column of tissue axile placentation. There may be as many locules as there are carpels; and tissue of the receptacle may be involved in forming the axillary column. An example of axile placentation would be the lily. A complicating factor in all of this is the fact that in some species syncarpy is present only at the base of the carpels, the pistil being apocarpous in the upper part. The manner of fusing of the carpels can also vary from one part of the pistil to another. Inferior vs. superior ovaries The gynoecium, the collective term for all the carpels, is the innermost whorl of the parts of a flower, and in many flowers the other parts sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle beneath the gynoecium. In such cases, where the ovary lies above the attachments of the other distinct floral parts, the flower is described as hypogynous or as having a superior ovary. In some species examples include plum, cherry, and blackberry, the other noncarpellary floral parts are fused to form a cup called a floral tube or hypanthium. In these flowers, the ovary lies physically lower than the lobes of the sepals and petals and below the point of attachment of the stamen filaments - the ovary is still considered to be superior but the flower is termed perigynous. In those flowers in which the floral tube is fused with the ovary, the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to grow out from the top of the ovary, and the flower is said to be epigynous and have an inferior ovary. Examples of plant families with inferior ovaries include orchid, sunflower, and cactus. The position of the ovary is an important consideration in the identification and classification of plant species, as well as the kind of fruit that develops after fertilization. The ovule Main article: Ovule Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals The ovule from Latin ovulum small egg, which represents the megasporangium, when mature, consists of one or two coats surrounding the central nucellus, except at the apex where an opening, the micropyle, is left. The nucellus is a cellular tissue enveloping one large cell, the embryo-sac or megaspore. The germination of the megaspore consists in the repeated division of its nucleus to form two groups of four, one group at each end of the embryo-sac. One nucleus from each group, the polar nucleus, passes to the centre of the sac, where the two fuse to form the so-called definitive nucleus. Of the three cells at the micropylar end of the sac, all naked cells the so-called egg-apparatus, one is the egg-cell or oosphere, the other two, which may be regarded as representing abortive egg-cells in rare cases capable of fertilization, are known as synergidae. The three cells at the opposite end are known as antipodal cells and become invested with a cell-wall. The carpel of a simple apocarpous gynoecium appears as a folded structure, differentiated into a basal fertile part ovary and an upper sterile part style. Various interpretations of the origin from a leaf-like structure have been made Esau, 1965, but the important anatomical description is that of a variously folded tissue surrounding a cavity called a locule within which projects one or more ovules, attached by or along a placenta. Typically, a carpel has two placentae. An example of a simple carpel is that of a pea, bean or Arabidopsis: the fruit develops from the single carpel consisting of two rows of ovules aligned beside one another along the placental margin. References Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd ion. John Wiley Sons. 767 pp. This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh ion, a publication now in the public domain. ^ a b Simpson, M.G.: Plant Systematics, pp. 374-375. Elsevier Academic Press, 2006 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Gynoecium Categories: Reproductive system | Plant morphology | Plant sexualityHidden categories: Plants articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention | Pages needing expert attention Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 1 September 2008, at 20:3
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