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14-September-2008 18:38:44 - Chives Chives Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Subclass: Liliidae Order: Asparagales Family: Alliaceae Genus: Allium Species: A. schoenoprasum Binomial name Allium schoenoprasum L. This article is about the plant Chives. For other uses, see Chives disambiguation. Chives Allium schoenoprasum are the smallest species of the onion family1 Alliaceae, native to Europe, Asia and North America2. They are referred to only in the plural, because they grow in clumps rather than as individual plants. Allium schoenoprasum is also the only species of Allium native to both the New and the Old World. Its species name derives from the Greek skhoinos sedge and prason onion.3 Its English name, chive, derives from the French word cive, which was derived from cepa, the Latin word for onion.4 Culinary uses for chives involve shredding its leaves straws for use as condiment for fish, potatoes and soups. Because of this, it is a common household herb, frequent in gardens as well as in grocery stores. It also has insect-repelling properties which can be used in gardens to control pests.5 Contents 1 Biology 2 Uses 2.1 Culinary 2.2 In cultivation 2.3 Medical uses 3 Cultivation 4 History and cultural importance 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Biology The chive is a bulb-forming herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 30-50 cm tall. The bulbs are slender conical, 2-3 cm long and 1 cm broad, and grow in dense clusters from the roots. The leaves are hollow tubular, up to 50 cm long, and 2-3 mm in diameter, with a soft texture, although, prior to the emergence of a flower from a leaf, it may appear stiffer than usual. The flowers are pale purple, star-shaped with six tepals, 1-2 cm wide, and produced in a dense inflorescence of 10-30 together; before opening, the inflorescence is surrounded by a papery bract. The seeds are produced in a small three-valved capsule, maturing in summer. The herb flowers from April to May in the southern parts of its habitat zones and in June in the northern parts.67 Chives are the only species of Allium native to both the Old World and New. Sometimes, the plants found in North America are classified as A. schoenoprasum var. sibiricum, although this is disputed. There have been significant differences among specimens: one example was found in northern Maine growing solitary, instead of in clumps, also exhibiting dingy grey flowers.8 Albeit repulsive to insects in general, due to its sulfur compounds, its flowers are attractive to bees, and it is sometimes kept to increase desired insect life.9 Uses Culinary Chives are grown for their leaves, which are used for culinary purposes as condiment, which provide a somewhat milder flavour than its neighbouring Allium species. Chives have a wide variety of culinary uses, such as in traditional dishes in France10 and Sweden11, among others. In his 1806 book Attempt at a Flora Försök til en flora, Retzius describes how chives are used with pancakes, soups, fish and sandwiches.11 It is also an ingredient of the gräddfil sauce served with the traditional herring dish served at Swedish midsummer celebrations. The flowers may also be used to garnish dishes. 12 Chives are one of the fines herbes of French cuisine, which also include tarragon, chervil and/or parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making it a readily available spice herb; it can also be dry-frozen without much impairment to its taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own garden.4 In cultivation Retzius also describes how farmers would plant chives between the rocks making up the borders of their flowerbeds, to keep the plants free from pests such as Japanese beetles.1311 While the growing plant repels unwanted insect life, the juice of the leaves can be used for the same purpose, as well as fighting fungal infections, mildew and scab. 141516 Its flowers are attractive to bees, which are important for gardens with an abundance of plants in need of pollination. Medical uses The medical properties of chives are similar to those of garlic, but weaker; the faint effects in comparison with garlic are probably the main reason for its limited use as a medicinal herb. Containing numerous organisulplide compounds such as allyl sulfides17 and alkyl sulfoxides, chives have a beneficial effect on the circulatory system, acting upon it by lowering the blood pressure.18 As chives are usually served in small amounts and never as the main dish, negative effects are rarely encountered, although digestive problems may occur following over-consumption.18 Chives are also rich in vitamins A and C, and contain trace amounts of sulfur and iron.19 Cultivation Chives are cultivated both for its culinary uses as well as its ornamental value; the violet flowers are often used in ornamental dry bouquets.20 Chives thrive in well drained soil, rich in organic matter, with a pH of 6-7 and full sun.2 Chives can be grown from seed and mature in summer, or early the following spring. Typically, chives need to be germinated at a temperature of 15 °C to 20 °C and kept moist. They can also be planted under a cloche or germinated indoors in cooler climates, then planted out later. After at least four weeks, the young shoots should be ready to be planted out. In the winter, chives die back to the underground bulbs, with the new leaves appearing in early spring. Chives starting to look old can be cut back to about 2-5 cm; this length is also preferred when harvesting, making the unattractive yellowing appear close to the ground, so that the plant can retain its aesthetic value. History and cultural importance Chives have been cultivated in Europe since the Middle Ages, although signs of its usage date back to 5000 years ago4. The Romans believed chives could relieve the pain from sunburn or a sore throat. They believed that eating chives would increase blood pressure and acted as a diuretic.citation needed Romanian Gypsies have used chives in fortune telling.19 It was believed that bunches of dried chives hung around a house would ward off disease and evil.19 Gallery Clump of chives Close-up of a chive flower Close-up of a flower Capsules with seeds Close-up of a clump of chives Chives flowering in a bed See also Chinese chives References ^ LaFray, Joyce 1987. Tropic Cooking: The New Cuisine from Florida and the Islands of the Caribbean. Oakland: Ten Speed Press, 292. 0898152348. ^ a b Allium schoenoprasum factsheet, from Kemper center for home gardening, retrieved on June 13, 2006 ^ Gräslök, from Den virtuella floran, retrieved on June 13, 2006 ^ a b c Chives, from homecooking.about.com, accessed on June 13, 2006 ^ Kaufman, Peter B; Thomas J Carlson, Kaufman B Kaufman, Harry L Brielmann, Sara Warber, Leland J Cseke, James A Duke 1999. Natural Products from Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 261. 084933134X. ^ Allium schoenoprasum factsheet, from Kemper center for home gardening, retrieved on June 13, 2006, based on the position of the botanical Garden Missouri ^ Gräslök, from Den virtuella floran, retrieved on June 13, 2006, The facts mentioned on the site apply to Sweden, which is in the northern part of the habitat zone. ^ McGary, Mary Jane 2001. Bulbs of North America: North American Rock Garden Society. Portland: Timber Press, 28-29. 088192511X. ^ Baines. C. Making a Wildlife Garden. 0 ^ Chives ^ a b c Försök til en Flora Oeconomica Sveciæ by A. J. Retzius 1806 ^ Allium schoenoprasum, from Mountain valley growers, accessed on June 13, 2006 ^ pests - selfsufficientish - pests ^ Holtom. J. and Hylton. W. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press 1979 ISBN 0-87857-262-7 ^ Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 ISBN 0-88266-064-0 ^ Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5 ^ Burdock, George A 1996. Encyclopedia of Food Color Additives. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 87, 95-96. 0849394120. ^ a b Talkin' Chive, by Winston J. Craig, Ph. D, from Vibrantlife.com, accessed on June 13, 2006 ^ a b c Chives, from Sally's place, accessed on June 13, 2006 ^ Flower Garden Magazine, June-July 1996, The lazy gardener's guide to potpourri External links Wikiversity Wikiversity has bloom time data for Allium schoenoprasum on the Bloom Clock Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Allium schoenoprasum Wikibooks Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Chive Nutritional Information Mrs. Grieve's A Modern Herbal @ Botanical.com Chives, history, clutivation, container growing and a recipe v d e Herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil Basil, holy Basil, Thai Bay leaf Boldo Bolivian Coriander Borage Chervil Chives Cicely Coriander leaf cilantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Elsholtzia ciliata Epazote Eryngium foetidum long coriander Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata giấp cá Hyssop Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica rice paddy herb Lovage Marjoram Mint Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla shiso Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Vietnamese coriander rau răm Woodruff Spices Ajwain bishop's weed Aleppo pepper Allspice Amchur mango powder Anise Aromatic ginger Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom Cardamom, black Cassia Cayenne pepper Celery seed Chenpi Chili Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Cumin, black Dill dill seed Fennel Fenugreek Fingerroot krachai Galangal, greater Galangal, lesser Garlic Ginger Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Liquorice Mace Mahlab Malabathrum tejpat Mustard, black Mustard, brown Mustard, white Nigella kalonji Nutmeg Paprika Peppercorn black, green white Pepper, long Pepper, Brazilian Pepper, Peruvian Pomegranate seed anardana Poppy seed Saffron Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Sichuan pepper huÄ?jiÄ?o, sansho Star anise Sumac Tasmanian pepper Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Vanilla Wasabi Zedoary Zest Herb and spice mixtures Adjika Advieh Afghan spice rub Baharat Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Crab boil Curry powder Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic salt Harissa Herbes de Provence Jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Masala Mitmita Mixed spice Old Bay Seasoning Panch phoron Persillade Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat Daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Za'atar Lists of herbs and spices List of Australian herbs and spices Chinese herbs List of Indian spices List of culinary herbs and spices Related topics Marinating Spice rub Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Chives Categories: Allium | Herbs | Medicinal plantsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hornjoserbsce Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Åšlůnski Suomi Svenska اردو ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 19:32
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