Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 18:38:46 - Conjugated system Chemical structure of phenol Chemical structure of phenol A chemically conjugated system is a system of atoms covalently bonded with alternating single and multiple e.g. double bonds e.g., C=C-C=C-C in a molecule of an organic compound. This system results in a general delocalization of the electrons across all of the adjacent parallel aligned p-orbitals of the atoms, which increases stability and thereby lowers the overall energy of the molecule. The electron delocalization creates a region where electrons do not belong to a single bond or atom, but rather a group. An example would be phenol C6H5OH, benzene with hydroxyl group diagramatically has alternating single and double bonds, which has a system of 6 electrons above and below the flat planar ring, as well as around the hydroxyl group. Conjugation can be maintained by the presence of different kinds of p-orbital-donating groups. Furan is considered a conjugated system for this reason. Conjugation can be maintained by the presence of different kinds of p-orbital-donating groups. Furan is considered a conjugated system for this reason. Conjugation is possible by other means other than the presence of alternating single and double bonds. As long as each contiguous atom in a chain possesses a p-orbital, the system can be considered conjugated. For example, furan shown at right is a five-membered ring with two alternating double bonds and an oxygen in position 1. Oxygen has two lone pairs, one of which occupies a p-orbital on that position, thereby maintaining the conjugation of that five-membered ring. The presence of a nitrogen in the ring or groups α to the ring like a carbonyl group C=O, an imine group C=N, a vinyl group C=C, or an anion will also suffice as a source of pi orbitals to maintain conjugation. Conjugated systems have unique properties that give rise to strong colors. Many pigments make use of conjugated electron systems, such as beta-carotene's long conjugated hydrocarbon chain resulting in a strong orange color. When an electron in the system absorbs a photon of light of the right wavelength, it can be promoted to a higher energy level. See particle in a box. Most of these electronic transitions are of a p-orbital electron to a p-antibonding orbital Ï€ to Ï€, but non-bonding electrons can also be promoted n to Ï€. Conjugated systems of fewer than eight conjugated double bonds absorb only in the ultraviolet region and are colorless to the human eye. With every double bond added, the system absorbs photons of longer wavelength and lower energy, and the compound ranges from yellow to red in color. Compounds that are blue or green typically do not rely on conjugated double bonds alone. This absorption of light in the ultraviolet to visible spectrum can be quantified using UV/VIS spectroscopy, and forms the basis for the entire field of photochemistry. Chemical structure of beta-carotene. The eleven conjugated double bonds that form the chromophore of the molecule are highlighted in red. Chemical structure of beta-carotene. The eleven conjugated double bonds that form the chromophore of the molecule are highlighted in red. Conjugated systems form the basis of chromophores, which are light-absorbing parts of a molecule which can cause a compound to be colored. Such chromophores are often present in various organic compounds and sometimes present in polymers, which are colored or glow in the dark. They are usually caused by conjugated ring systems with bonds such as C=O and N=N in addition to conjugated C-C bonds. The native conformation of cyclooctatetraene. Adjacent double bonds are not coplanar, so there is not strong conjugation between them. The native conformation of cyclooctatetraene. Adjacent double bonds are not coplanar, so there is not strong conjugation between them. Conjugation in cyclic structures results in aromaticity, an unusual stability found in cyclic conjugated systems. It is important to note that merely possessing alternating double and single bonds is not enough for a system to be strongly conjugated. Some cyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclooctatetraene do indeed possess alternating single and double bonds. Although the molecule may appear planar if one looks only at its chemical structure, it is in fact not, and typically adopts a tub conformation. Because the p-orbitals of the molecule do not align themselves well in this non-planar molecule, the electrons are not as easily shared between the carbon atoms. They can be still considered conjugated, but they are not considered antiaromatic and also not aromatic; see Hückel's rule. Cyclooctatetraene would not be considered antiaromatic because it is not planar. Common examples Diene Vitamin D Vitamin A Benzene See also Resonance Hyperconjugation Cross-conjugation Polyene v d e Chemical bonds Strong Covalent bonds Antibonding Sigma bonds: 3c-2e bent bond · 3c-4e Hydrogen bond, Dihydrogen bond, Agostic interaction · 4c-2e Pi bonds: Ï€ backbonding · Conjugation · Hyperconjugation · Aromaticity · Metal aromaticity Delta bond: Quadruple bond · Quintuple bond · Sextuple bond Coordinate covalent bond · Hapticity Ionic bonds Cation-pi interaction · Salt bridge Metallic bonds Metal aromaticity Weak Hydrogen bond Dihydrogen bond · Dihydrogen complex · Low-barrier hydrogen bond · Symmetric hydrogen bond · Hydrophile Other noncovalent van der Waals force · Mechanical bond · Halogen bond · Aurophilicity · Intercalation · Stacking · Entropic force · Chemical polarity other Disulfide bond · Peptide bond · Phosphodiester bond Note: the weakest strong bonds are not necessarily stronger than the strongest weak bonds Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Conjugated_system Categories: Chemical bonding | Physical organic chemistry Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 25 July 2008, at 04:34
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.