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14-September-2008 18:38:46 - Copper For other uses, see Copper disambiguation. 29 nickel â†? copper → zinc - ↑ Cu ↓ Ag Copper in the periodic table of the elements Periodic table - Extended periodic table General Name, symbol, number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic bronze Standard atomic weight 63.5463 g·mol-1 Electron configuration Ar 3d10 4s1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 1 Physical properties Phase solid Density near r.t. 8.96 g·cm-3 Liquid density at m.p. 8.02 g·cm-3 Melting point 1357.77 K 1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F Boiling point 2835 K 2562 °C, 4643 °F Heat of fusion 13.26 kJ·mol-1 Heat of vaporization 300.4 kJ·mol-1 Specific heat capacity 25 °C 24.440 J·mol-1·K-1 Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836 Atomic properties Crystal structure face centered cubic 0.3610 nm Oxidation states +1, +2, +3, +4 mildly basic oxide Electronegativity 1.90 Pauling scale Ionization energies more 1st: 745.5 kJ·mol-1 2nd: 1957.9 kJ·mol-1 3rd: 3555 kJ·mol-1 Atomic radius 128 pm Atomic radius calc. 145 pm Covalent radius 138 pm Van der Waals radius 140 pm Miscellaneous Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Electrical resistivity 20 °C 16.78 nΩ·m Thermal conductivity 300 K 401 W·m-1·K-1 Thermal expansion 25 °C 16.5 µm·m-1·K-1 Speed of sound thin rod r.t. annealed 3810 m·s-1 Young's modulus 110 - 128 GPa Shear modulus 48 GPa Bulk modulus 140 GPa Poisson ratio 0.34 Mohs hardness 3.0 Vickers hardness 369 MPa Brinell hardness 874 MPa CAS registry number 7440-50-8 Selected isotopes Main article: Isotopes of copper iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 63Cu 69.15% 63Cu is stable with 34 neutrons 65Cu 30.85% 65Cu is stable with 36 neutrons References This box: view talk Copper pronounced /ˈkÉ’pÉš/ is a chemical element with the symbol Cu Latin: cuprum and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with excellent electrical conductivity and is rather supple in its pure state and has a pinkish luster which is beside gold unusual for metals which are normally silvery white. It finds use as a heat conductor, an electrical conductor, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys. Copper is an essential trace nutrient to all high plants and animals. In animals, including humans, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a co-factor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. However, in sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous and even fatal to organisms. Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for thousands of years. Several early civilizations have early evidence of using copper. During the Roman Empire, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as Cyprium, metal of Cyprus, later shortened to Cuprum. A number of countries, such as Chile and the United States, still have sizable reserves of the metal which are extracted through large open pit mines. However, like tin, there may be insufficient reserves to sustain current rates of consumption.1 High demand relative to supply has caused a price spike in the 2000s.2 Copper also has a significant presence as a decorative metal art. It can also be used as an anti-germ surface that can add to the anti-bacterial and antimicrobial features of buildings such as hospitals.3 Contents 1 History 1.1 Copper Age 1.2 Bronze Age 1.3 Antiquity and Middle Ages 1.4 Modern period 2 Characteristics 2.1 Occurrence 2.2 Mechanical properties 2.3 Corrosion 2.4 Germicidal effect 2.5 Isotopes 3 Production 3.1 Output 3.2 Methods 4 Applications 4.1 Piping 4.2 Electronics 4.3 Architecture / Industry 4.4 Household products 4.5 Coinage 4.6 Biomedical applications 4.7 Chemical applications 4.8 Other 5 Compounds 5.1 Tests for copperII ion 6 Biological role 6.1 Toxicity 6.2 Miscellaneous hazards 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Copper Age Main article: Copper Age Copper, as native copper, is one of the few metals to naturally occur as an uncompounded mineral. Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. No one knows exactly when copper was first discovered, but earliest estimates place this event around 9000 BC in the Middle East.4 A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC.citation needed It is probable that gold and iron were the only metals used by humans before copper.5 By 5000 BC, there are signs of copper smelting: the refining of copper from simple copper compounds such as malachite or azurite. Among archaeological sites in Anatolia, Çatal Höyük ~6000 BC features native copper artifacts and smelted lead beads, but no smelted copper. Can Hasan ~5000 BC had access to smelted copper but the oldest smelted copper artifact found a copper chisel from the chalcolithic site of Prokuplje in Serbia has pre-dated Can Hasan by 500 years. The smelting facilities in the Balkans appear to be more advanced than the Turkish forges found at a later date, so it is quite probable that copper smelting originated in the Balkans. Investment casting was realized in 4500-4000 BCE in Southeast Asia.4 Ancient Copper ingot from Zakros, Crete is shaped in the form of an animal skin typical for that era. Ancient Copper ingot from Zakros, Crete is shaped in the form of an animal skin typical for that era. Copper smelting appears to have been developed independently in several parts of the world. In addition to its development in the Balkans by 5,500 BC, it was developed in China before 2800 BC, in the Andes around 2000 BC, in Central America around 600 AD, and in West Africa around 900 AD.6 Copper is found extensively in the Indus Valley Civilization by the 3rd millennium BC.7 In Europe, Ötzi the Iceman, a well-preserved male dated to 3300-3200 BC, was found with an axe tipped with copper that was 99.7% pure. High levels of arsenic in his hair suggest he was involved in copper smelting. Over the course of centuries, experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; for example, knowledge of copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. In the Americas production in the Old Copper Complex, located in present day Michigan and Wisconsin, was dated back to between 6000 to 3000 BC.8 Bronze Age Alloying to make brass or bronze was realized soon after the discovery of copper itself. There exist copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyptian artifacts of copper and copper-tin alloys nearly as old. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so copper-tin bronze alloys were found in Egypt almost as soon as copper was found. Very important sources of copper in the Levant were located in Timna valley Negev, now in southern Israel and Faynan biblical Punon, Jordan.9 By 2000 BC, Europe was using bronze. The use of bronze became so pervasive in a certain era of civilization approximately 2500 BC to 600 BC in Europe that it has been named the Bronze Age. The transitional period in certain regions between the preceding Neolithic period and the Bronze Age is termed the Chalcolithic copper-stone, with some high-purity copper tools being used alongside stone tools. Brass copper-zinc was known to the Greeks, but only became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman empire. In alchemy the symbol for copper, perhaps a stylized mirror, was also the symbol for the goddess and planet Venus. In alchemy the symbol for copper, perhaps a stylized mirror, was also the symbol for the goddess and planet Venus. During the Bronze Age, one copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales, extended for a depth of 70 metres.10 At Alderley Edge in Cheshire, carbon dates have established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC at 95% probability.11 Antiquity and Middle Ages Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel. Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel. West Mine at Alderley Edge West Mine at Alderley Edge In Greek the metal was known by the name chalkos χαλκός. Copper was a very important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze and other metals, and Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus. From this, the phrase was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized into the English copper. Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. In astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.12 Britain's first use of brass occurred some time around the 3rd - 2nd century B.C. In north America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600.13 Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around the beginning of the first millennium AD. Copper technology proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Africa's major location for copper reserves is Zambia. Copper burial ornamentals dated from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 1900s. Australian copper artifacts exist, but they appear only after the arrival of the Europeans; the aboriginal culture apparently did not develop their own metallurgical skills. Crucial in the metallurgical and technological worlds, copper has also played an important cultural role, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries B.C. used copper lumps as money. At first, just the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins, made from a copper-zinc alloy, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. Corinthian bronze was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India before 1000 B.C., copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians ~2400 B.C. used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and as time passed, ~1500 B.C. for headaches, burns, and itching. Hippocrates ~400 B.C. used copper to treat leg ulcers associated with varicose veins. Ancient Aztecs fought sore throats by gargling with copper mixtures. Copper is also the part of many rich stories and legends, such as that of Iraq's Baghdad Battery. Copper cylinders soldered to lead, which date back to 248 B.C. to 226 A.D, resemble a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this may have been the first battery. This claim has so far not been substantiated. The Bible also refers to the importance of copper: Men know how to mine silver and refine gold, to dig iron from the earth and melt copper from stone Job. 28:1-2. Modern period Miners at the Tamarack Mine in Copper Country, Michigan, USA in 1905. Miners at the Tamarack Mine in Copper Country, Michigan, USA in 1905. Throughout history, copper's use in art has extended far beyond currency. Vannoccio Biringuccio, Giorgio Vasari and Benvenuto Cellini are three Renaissance sculptors from the mid 1500s, notable for their work with bronze. From about 1560 to about 1775, thin sheets of copper were commonly used as a canvas for paintings. Silver plated copper was used in the pre-photograph known as the daguerreotype. The Statue of Liberty, dedicated on October 28, 1886, was constructed of copper thought to have come from French-owned mines in Norway. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant. Plating was a technology that began started in the mid 1600s in some areas. One common use for copper plating, widespread in the 1700s, was the sheathing of ships' hulls. Copper sheathing could be used to protect wooden hulled ships from algae, and from the shipworm toredo. The ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this protection.14 In the early 1800s, it was discovered that copper wire could be used as a conductor, but it wasn't until 1990 that copper, in oxide form, was discovered for use as a superconducting material. The German scientist Osann invented powder metallurgy of copper in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic weight. Around then it was also discovered that the amount and type of alloying element e.g. tin would affect the tones of bells, allowing for a variety of rich sounds, leading to bell casting, another common use for copper and its alloys. Flash smelting, which is still used today, was developed in Europe in order to make the smelting process more energy efficient. In 1908, in Outokumpu, Finland, a large deposit of copper ore was discovered, which eventually led to the development of flash smelting. Copper has been pivotal in the economic and sociological worlds, notably disputes involving copper mines. The 1906 Cananea Strike in Mexico dealt with issues of work organization. The Teniente copper mine 1904-1951 raised political issues about capitalism and class structure. Japan's largest copper mine, the Ashio mine, was the site of a riot in 1907. The Arizona miners' strike of 1938 dealt with American labor issues including the right to strike. Characteristics Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange incandescence color. Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange incandescence color. Copper exists as a metallically bonded substance, allowing it to have a wide variety of metallic properties. Copper exists as a metallically bonded substance, allowing it to have a wide variety of metallic properties. Copper is a reddish-colored metal; it has its characteristic color because of its band structure. In its liquefied state, a pure copper surface without ambient light appears somewhat greenish, a characteristic shared with gold. When liquid copper is in bright ambient light, it retains some of its pinkish luster. Copper occupies the same family of the periodic table as silver and gold, since they each have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled electron shell. This similarity in electron structure makes them similar in many characteristics. All have very high thermal and electrical conductivity, and all are malleable metals. Among pure metals at room temperature, copper has the second highest electrical and thermal conductivity, after silver.15 Occurrence Native Copper Placer Nuggets Native Copper Placer Nuggets Native copper Native copper Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form, for example, in Michigan's Keewenaw Peninsula. Minerals such as the sulfides: chalcopyrite CuFeS2, bornite Cu5FeS4, covellite CuS, chalcocite Cu2S are sources of copper, as are the carbonates: azurite Cu3CO32OH2 and malachite Cu2CO3OH2 and the oxide: cuprite Cu2O. Mechanical properties A single crystal copper consists of a few micrometres of small crystals. In this form of crystal c, the yield stress is high and crystal undergoes a large amount of elastic deformation before going into the plastic deformation region. The plastic deformation region has an unpredictable outcome. The stress level decreases significantly as necking begins to occur. Polycrystal copper has many crystal of different geometries combined. The plastic deformation of polycrystal is similar to mild steel. Copper has a high ductility and will continue to elongate as stress is applied. It is very useful in copper wire drawing. Numerous copper alloys exist, many with important historical and contemporary uses. Speculum metal and bronze are alloys of copper and tin. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Monel metal, also called cupronickel, is an alloy of copper and nickel. While the metal bronze usually refers to copper-tin alloys, it also is a generic term for any alloy of copper, such as aluminium bronze, silicon bronze, and manganese bronze. Corrosion Pure water and air Copper is a metal that does not react with water H2O, but the oxygen of the air will react slowly at room temperature to form a layer of brown-black copper oxide on copper metal. The Pourbaix diagram for copper in pure water, perchloric acid or sodium It can be seen that copper in pure water is more noble than hydrogen. As a result it does not corrode in oxygen free water and the corrosion rate in oxygenated water is low. hydroxide The Pourbaix diagram for copper in pure water, perchloric acid or sodium It can be seen that copper in pure water is more noble than hydrogen. As a result it does not corrode in oxygen free water and the corrosion rate in oxygenated water is low. hydroxide16 It is important to note that in contrast to the oxidation of iron by wet air that the layer formed by the reaction of air with copper has a protective effect against further corrosion. On old copper roofs a green layer of copper carbonate, called verdigris, can often be seen. Another notable example of this is on the Statue of Liberty. In contact with other metals Main article: Galvanic corrosion Copper should not be in only mechanical contact with metals of different electropotential for example, a copper pipe joined to an iron pipe, especially in the presence of moisture, as the completion of an electrical circuit as through the common earth ground will cause the juncture to act as an electrochemical cell as is a single cell of a battery. The weak electrical currents themseves are harmless but the electrochemical reaction will cause the conversion of the iron to other compounds, eventually destroying the functionality of the union. This problem is usually solved in plumbing by separating copper pipe from iron pipe with some non-conducting segment usually plastic or rubber. Sulfide media Copper metal does react with hydrogen sulfide- and sulfide-containing solutions. A series of different copper sulfides can form on the surface of the copper metal. The Pourbaix diagram for copper in a sulfide containing aqueous medium The Pourbaix diagram for copper in a sulfide containing aqueous medium16 Note that the copper sulfide area of the plot is very complex due to the existence of many different sulfides, a close up is also provided to make the graph more clear. It is clear that the copper is now able to corrode even without the need for oxygen as the copper is now less noble than hydrogen. This can be observed in every day life when copper metal surfaces tarnish after exposure to air which contains sulfur compounds. The Pourbaix diagram for copper in a sulfide containing aqueous medium The Pourbaix diagram for copper in a sulfide containing aqueous medium16 Ammonia media Copper does react with oxygen-containing ammonia solutions because the ammonia forms water-soluble copper complexes. The formation of these complexes causes the corrosion to become more thermodynamically favored than the corrosion of copper in an identical solution that does not contain the ammonia. The Pourbaix diagram for copper in 10 M ammonia solution The Pourbaix diagram for copper in 10 M ammonia solution16 Chloride media Copper does react with a combination of oxygen and hydrochloric acid to form a series of copper chlorides. It is interesting to note that if copperII chloride green/blue is boiled with copper metal with little or no oxygen present then white copperI chloride will be formed. The Pourbaix diagram for copper in a chloride solution The Pourbaix diagram for copper in a chloride solution16 Germicidal effect Copper is germicidal, via the oligodynamic effect. For example, brass doorknobs disinfect themselves of many bacteria within a period of eight hours.17 Antimicrobial properties of copper are effective against MRSA,18 Escherichia coli19 and other pathogens.202122 In colder temperature, longer time is required to kill bacteria. Isotopes Main article: Isotopes of copper Copper has 29 distinct isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 52 to 80. Two of these, 63Cu and 65Cu, are stable and occur naturally, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper.23 The other 27 isotopes are radioactive and do not occur naturally. The most stable of these is 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. The least stable is 54Cu with a half-life of approximately 75 ns. Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β+ decay, while isotopes with atomic masses above 65 tend to undergo β- decay. 64Cu decays by both β+ and β-.23 68Cu, 69Cu, 71Cu, 72Cu, and 76Cu each have one metastable isomer. 70Cu has two isomers, making a total of 7 distinct isomers. The most stable of these is 68mCu with a half-life of 3.75 minutes. The least stable is 69mCu with a half-life of 360 ns.23 Production Chuquicamata Chile. The largest open pit copper mines in the world. Chuquicamata Chile. The largest open pit copper mines in the world. Copper output in 2005 Copper output in 2005 World production trend World production trend Evolution of the historical copper pricesource : minerals.usgs.gov XLS Current price is at least four times higher than the 2002 value. Evolution of the historical copper price source : minerals.usgs.gov XLS Current price is at least four times higher than the 2002 value. Copper Prices 2003 - 2008 in USD Copper Prices 2003 - 2008 in USD Output Further information: Peak copper In 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the USA, Indonesia and Peru, reports the British Geological Survey. Most copper ore is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 percent copper. Examples include: Chuquicamata in Chile and El Chino Mine in New Mexico. The average abundance of copper found within crustal rocks is approximately 68 ppm by mass, and 22 ppm by atoms. The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries CIPEC, defunct since 1992, once tried to play a similar role for copper as OPEC does for oil, but never achieved the same influence, not least because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member. Formed in 1967, its principal members were Chile, Peru, Zaire, and Zambia. The copper price has quintupled from the 60-year low in 1999, rising from US$0.60 per pound US$1.32/kg in June 1999 to US$3.75 per pound US$8.27/kg in May 2006, where it dropped to US$2.40 US$5.29/kg in February 2007 then rebounded to US$3.50 US$7.71/kg = £3.89 = €5.00 in April 2007.24 The Earth has an estimated 61 years of copper reserves remaining.25 Environmental analyst, Lester Brown, however, has suggested copper might run out within 25 years based on a reasonable extrapolation of 2% growth per year.26 Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95 percent of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. And as India and China race to catch up with the West, copper supplies are getting tight.27 Copper is among the most important industrial metals. Like fossil fuels, copper is a finite resource. Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached, according to Hubbert peak theory, the rate of production enters its terminal decline. Methods Further information: Copper extraction techniques Applications Native copper specimen ~ 4 cm in size Native copper specimen ~ 4 cm in size Copper piping system with intumescent firestop being installed by an insulator in Vancouver, Canada Copper piping system with intumescent firestop being installed by an insulator in Vancouver, Canada Copper is malleable and ductile, a good conductor of heat and, when very pure, a good conductor of electricity. The purity of copper is expressed as 4N for 99.99% pure or 7N for 99.99999% pure. The numeral gives the number of nines after the decimal point when expressed as a decimal e.g. 4N means 0.9999, or 99.99%. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy , and bronze is a copper-tin alloy.28 It is used extensively, in products such as: Piping including water supply. Assorted copper fittings. Assorted copper fittings. used extensively in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment because of its ease of fabrication and soldering. Electronics Copper wire. Oxygen-free copper. Electromagnets. Printed circuit boards. Lead free solder, alloyed with tin. Electrical machines, especially electromagnetic motors, generators and transformers. Electrical relays, electrical busbars and electrical switches. Vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and the magnetrons in microwave ovens. Wave guides for microwave radiation. Integrated circuits, increasingly replacing aluminium because of its superior electrical conductivity. As a material in the manufacture of computer heat sinks, as a result of its superior heat dissipation capacity to aluminium. Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with Patina Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with Patina Architecture / Industry Copper has been used as water-proof roofing material since ancient times, giving many old buildings their greenish roofs and domes. Initially copper oxide forms, replaced by cuprous and cupric sulfide, and finally by copper carbonate. The final carbonate patina is highly resistant to corrosion.29 Statuary: The Statue of Liberty, for example, contains 179,220 pounds 81.3 tonnes of copper. Alloyed with nickel, e.g. cupronickel and Monel, used as corrosive assistant materials in shipbuilding. Watt's steam engine firebox due to superior heat dissipation. Copper nails were used in making oast cowls. Copper compounds are used as wood preservatives. Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss. Zinc may also be used for this purpose. Old copper utensils in a Jerusalem restaurant Old copper utensils in a Jerusalem restaurant Household products Copper plumbing fittings and compression tubes. Doorknobs and other fixtures in houses. Roofing, guttering, and rainspouts on buildings. In cookware, such as frying pans. Most flatware knives, forks, spoons contains some copper nickel silver. Sterling silver, if it is to be used in dinnerware, must contain a few percent copper. Copper water heating cylinders Copper Range Hoods Copper Bath Tubs Copper Counters Copper Sinks Copper slug tape Coinage As a component of coins, often as cupronickel alloy. Coins in the following countries all contain copper: European Union Euro,30 United States,31 United Kingdom sterling,32 Australia33 and New Zealand.34 U.S. Nickels are 75.0% copper by weight and only 25.0% nickel.31 Biomedical applications As a biostatic surface in hospitals, and to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels, originally used pure, but superseded by Muntz Metal. Bacteria will not grow on a copper surface because it is biostatic. Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in air-conditioning systems. CopperII sulfate is used as a fungicide and as algae control in domestic lakes and ponds. It is used in gardening powders and sprays to kill mildew. Copper-62-PTSM, a complex containing radioactive copper-62, is used as a Positron emission tomography radiotracer for heart blood flow measurements. Copper-64 can be used as a Positron emission tomography radiotracer for medical imaging. When complexed with a chelate it can be used to treat cancer through radiation therapy. Chemical applications Compounds, such as Fehling's solution, have applications in chemistry. As a component in ceramic glazes, and to colour glass. Other Musical instruments, especially brass instruments and cymbals. Class D Fire Extinguisher, used in powder form to extinguish lithium fires by covering the burning metal and performing similar to a heat sink. Textile fibers to create antimicrobial protective fabrics.35 Small arms ammunition commonly uses copper as a jacketing material around the bullet core. Copper is also commonly used as a case material, in the form of brass. Copper is frequently used in electroplating with Zinc and other metals. Copper/Chlorine ions are injected into seawater systems as a biocide to prevent marine growth within the seawater pumping system. Compounds Common oxidation states of copper include the less stable copperI state, Cu+; and the more stable copperII state, Cu2+, which forms blue or blue-green salts and solutions. Under unusual conditions, a 3+ state and even an extremely rare 4+ state can be obtained. Using old nomenclature for the naming of salts, copperI is called cuprous, and copperII is cupric. In oxidation copper is mildly basic. CopperII carbonate is green from which arises the unique appearance of copper-clad roofs or domes on some buildings. CopperII sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate which is perhaps the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. It is used as a fungicide, known as Bordeaux mixture. There are two stable copper oxides, copperII oxide CuO and copperI oxide Cu2O. Copper oxides are used to make yttrium barium copper oxide YBa2Cu3O7-δ or YBCO which forms the basis of many unconventional superconductors. CopperI compounds: copperI chloride, copperI bromide, copperI iodide, copperI oxide. CopperII compounds: copperII acetate, copperII carbonate, copperII chloride, copperII hydroxide, copperII nitrate, copperII oxide, copperII sulfate, copperII sulfide, copperII tetrafluoroborate, copperII triflate. CopperIII compounds, rare: potassium hexafluorocuprate K3CuF6 CopperIV compounds, extremely rare: caesium hexafluorocuprate Cs2CuF6 See also: Category:Copper compounds Tests for copperII ion Add aqueous sodium hydroxide. A blue precipitate of copperII hydroxide should form. Ionic equation: Cu2+aq + 2OH-aq → CuOH2s The full equation shows that the reaction is due to hydroxide ions deprotonating the hexaaquacopper II complex: CuH2O62+aq + 2 OH-aq → CuH2O4OH2s + 2 H2O l Adding ammonium hydroxide aqueous ammonia causes the same precipitate to form. It then dissolves upon adding excess ammonia, to form a deep blue ammonia complex, tetraamminecopperII. Ionic equation: CuH2O4OH2s + 4 NH3aq → CuH2O2NH342+aq + 2H2Ol + 2 OH-aq A more delicate test than ammonia is potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper salts. Biological role Rich sources of copper include oysters, beef or lamb liver, Brazil nuts, blackstrap molasses, cocoa, and black pepper. Good sources include lobster, nuts and sunflower seeds, green olives, avocados and wheat bran. Rich sources of copper include oysters, beef or lamb liver, Brazil nuts, blackstrap molasses, cocoa, and black pepper. Good sources include lobster, nuts and sunflower seeds, green olives, avocados and wheat bran. Copper is essential in all plants and animals. Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. When copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin. Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase containing copper and zinc. In addition to its enzymatic roles, copper is used for biological electron transport. The blue copper proteins that participate in electron transport include azurin and plastocyanin. The name blue copper comes from their intense blue color arising from a ligand-to-metal charge transfer LMCT absorption band around 600 nm. Most molluscs and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab use the copper-containing pigment hemocyanin rather than iron-containing hemoglobin for oxygen transport, so their blood is blue when oxygenated rather than red.36 It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. The RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 mg/day. On the other hand, professional research on the subject recommends 3.0 mg/day.37 Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake, copper deficiency can often produce anemia-like symptoms. In humans, the symptoms of Wilson's disease are caused by an accumulation of copper in body tissues. Chronic copper depletion leads to abnormalities in metabolism of fats, high triglycerides, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NASH, fatty liver disease and poor melanin and dopamine sythesis causing depression and sunburn. Food rich in copper should be eaten away from any milk or egg proteins as they block absorption. Toxicity Toxicity can occur from eating acid food that had been cooked in Copper cookware. Cirrhosis of the liver in children Indian Childhood Cirrhosis has been linked to boiling milk in copper cookware. The Merck Manual states that recent studies suggest that a genetic defect is associated with this cirrhosis, but this should not be regarded as an endorsement of the practice since other toxicity besides cirrhosis can occur as in adults.38 With an LD50 of 30 mg/kg in rats, gram quantities of copper sulfate are potentially lethal in humans.39 The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.5 to 2 mg/Lcitation needed. The DRI Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/daycitation needed. In toxicity, copper can inhibit the enzyme dihydrophil hydratase, an enzyme involved in haemopoiesiscitations needed. Symptoms of copper poisoning are very similar to those produced by arsenic. Fatal cases are generally terminated by convulsions, palsy, and insensibility.citations needed In cases of suspected copper poisoning, Ovalbumin is to be administered in either of its forms which can be most readily obtained, as milk or whites of eggs. Vinegar should not be given. The inflammatory symptoms are to be treated on general principles, and so are the nervous.citations needed A significant portion of the toxicity of copper comes from its ability to accept and donate single electrons as it changes oxidation state. This catalyzes the production of very reactive radical ions such as hydroxyl radical in a manner similar to Fenton chemistry.40 This catalytic activity of copper is used by the enzymes that it is associated with and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. This increase in unmediated reactive radicals is generally termed oxidative stress and is an active area of research in a variety of diseases where copper may play an important but more subtle role than in acute toxicity. A Kayser-Fleischer ring. Copper deposits are found in the iris. This is an indication that the body is not metabolizing copper properly. A Kayser-Fleischer ring. Copper deposits are found in the iris. This is an indication that the body is not metabolizing copper properly. An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, since it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage. In addition, studies have found that people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia had heightened levels of copper in their systems. However it is unknown at this stage whether the copper contributes to the mental illness, whether the body attempts to store more copper in response to the illness, or whether the high levels of copper are the result of the mental illness.citations needed Too much copper in water has also been found to damage marine life. The observed effect of these higher concentrations on fish and other creatures is damage to gills, liver, kidneys, and the nervous system. It also interferes with the sense of smell in fish, thus preventing them from choosing good mates or finding their way to mating areas.41 Miscellaneous hazards The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water. See also Acierage Anaconda Copper Antofagasta PLC Codelco Cold Water Pitting of Copper Tube Copper extraction techniques Erosion Corrosion of Copper Water Tubes Metal theft Native Copper Operation Tremor Peak copper Smelter References ^ Earth's Limited Supply of Metals Raises Concern. Retrieved on 2008-03-16. ^ Copper Grade A Prices on The London Metal Exchange. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. ^ Barnaby J. Feder March 26, 2008. Regulators Stamp Copper as a Germ Killer, New York Times. ^ a b CSA - Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper!- Bot generated title -. Csa.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-12. ^ 29 Copper!- Bot generated title -. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved on 2008-09-12. ^ Richard Cowen, Essays on Geology, History, and People, Chapter 3: Fire and Metals: Copper. ^ harappa.com Web archive ^ Thomas C. Pleger 2000. The Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes. UW-Fox Valley Anthropology. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. ^ J.M. Tebes 2007. A Land whose Stones are Iron, and out of whose Hills You can Dig Copper: The Exploitation and Circulation of Copper in the Iron Age Negev and Edom. DavarLogos 6 1. ^ O'Brien, W. 1997. Bronze Age Copper Mining in Britain and Ireland. Shire Publications Ltd. ISBN 0747803218. ^ Timberlake and Prag, 2005 ^ T. A. Rickard 1932. The Nomenclature of Copper and its Alloys.. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 62: 281-290. ^ Susan R. Martin 1995. The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan. The Michigan Archaeologist 41: 119-138. ^ Copper History, http://www.copperinfo.com/aboutcopper/history.html. Retrieved on 4 September 2008 ^ Los Alamos National Laboratory - Copper ^ a b c d e Ignasi Puigdomenech, Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software 2004 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, freely downloadable software at 1 ^ Phyllis J. Kuhn, Ph.D. 1983. Doorknobs: A Source of Nosocomial Infection?. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. ^ Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW 2006. Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. J. Hosp. Infect. 63 3: 289-97. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008. PMID 16650507. ^ Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW 2006. Use of copper cast alloys to control Escherichia coli O157 cross-contamination during food processing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 6: 4239-44. doi:10.1128/AEM.02532-05. PMID 16751537. ^ Mehtar S, Wiid I, Todorov SD 2008. The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys against nosocomial pathogens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from healthcare facilities in the Western Cape: an in-vitro study. J. Hosp. Infect. 68 1: 45-51. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2007.10.009. PMID 18069086. ^ Gant VA, Wren MW, Rollins MS, Jeanes A, Hickok SS, Hall TJ 2007. Three novel highly charged copper-based biocides: safety and efficacy against healthcare-associated organisms. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60 2: 294-9. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm201. PMID 17567632. ^ Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW 2007. Inactivation of influenza A virus on copper versus stainless steel surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 8: 2748-50. doi:10.1128/AEM.01139-06. PMID 17259354. ^ a b c Audi, G 2003. Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A 729: 3-128. Atomic Mass Data Center. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. ^ Copper Trends: Live Metal Spot Prices, MetalSpotPrice.com ^ New Scientist. May 26, 2007. ^ Brown, Lester 2006. Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. New York: W.W. Norton, 109. ISBN 0393328317. ^ Andrew Leonard 2006-03-02. Peak copper? in English. Salon - How the World Works. Retrieved on 2008-03-23. ^ Copper. American Elements 2008. Retrieved on 2008-07-12. ^ Berg, Jan. Why did we paint the library's roof?. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. ^ The Euro - Born out of Copper. Copper Development Association. Retrieved on 2008-07-12. ^ a b Coin Specifications. United States Mint 2008. Retrieved on 2008-07-12. ^ Demonetisation. The Royal Mint 2008-07-01. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. ^ Circulating Coin Designs. Royal Australian Mint. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. ^ Questions and answers. Change for the Better. Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. ^ Antimicrobial Products that Shield Against Bacteria and Fungi. Cupron, Inc. 2008. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. ^ Fun Facts. Horseshoe Crab. University of Delaware. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. ^ National Research Council. Copper. In: Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: Food Nutrition Board, NRC/NAS, 1980: 151-154. ^ Merck Manulas -- Online Medical Library: Copper. Merck November 2005. Retrieved on 2008-07-19. ^ Pesticide Information Profile for Copper Sulfate. Cornell University. Retrieved on 2008-07-10. ^ Held KD et al. May 1996. Role of Fenton chemistry in thiol-induced toxicity and apoptosis. Radiat Res. 145 5: 542-53. doi:10.2307/3579272. ^ C. A. Flemming and J. T. Trevors 1989. Copper toxicity and chemistry in the environment: a review. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 44 1-2: 143-158. doi:10.1007/BF00228784. Further reading Copper: Technology Competitiveness Summary Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology. Office of Technology Assessment 2005. Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 12, Number 10, May 2005, pp. 1161-120848 Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress William D. Callister 2003. Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction, 6th Ed.. Table 6.1 p137.: Wiley, New York. ISBN 0471736961. Material: Copper Cu, bulk, MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse. Kim BE, Nevitt T, Thiele DJ 2008. Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation. Nat. Chem. Biol. 4 3: 176-85. doi:10.1038/nchembio.72. PMID 18277979. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Copper Look up copper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet Copper Resource Page. Includes 12 PDF files detailing the material properties of various kinds of copper, as well as various guides and tools for the copper industry. The Copper Development Association has an extensive site of properties and uses of copper; it also maintains a web site dedicated to brass, a copper alloy. The Third Millennium Online page on Copper The WebElements page on Copper Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok 2 v d e Periodic table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases v d e Jewellery materials Precious metals: Gold · Palladium · Platinum · Rhodium · Silver Precious metal alloys: Electrum · Rose gold · Sterling silver · White gold Base metals/alloys: Brass · Bronze · Copper · Stainless steel Mineral Gemstones: Aventurine · Agate · Alexandrite · Amethyst · Aquamarine · Carnelian · Citrine · Diamond · Emerald · Garnet · Jade · Jasper · Malachite · Lapis lazuli · Moonstone · Onyx · Opal · Peridot · Quartz · Ruby · Sapphire · Sodalite · Sunstone · Tanzanite · Tiger's Eye · Topaz Organic Gemstones: Amber · Copal · Coral · Jet · Pearl Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Copper Categories: Copper | Chemical elements | Dietary minerals | Electrical conductors | Noble metals | Recyclable materials | Symbols of Utah | Transition metalsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 | Articles with statements since March 2008 | Articles with statements since November 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Aymar AzÉ™rbaycan বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú БеларуÑ?каÑ? 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