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14-September-2008 18:38:46 - Cramp Redirected from Cramps This article is about muscular pain. For the band, see The Cramps. For the tool, see Clamp tool. Cramp Classification and external resources ICD-10 R25.2 ICD-9 729.82 DiseasesDB 3151 MedlinePlus 003193 MeSH D009120 Cramps, sometimes called Charley horses, are unpleasant, often painful, sensations caused by contraction or over shortening of muscles. Cramps can be caused by cold, overexertion or low calcium level in blood especially for adolescents where they need calcium for both blood and bone maturing. Illness or poisoning can also cause cramps, particularly in the stomach, which is referred to as colic if it fits particular characteristics. Contents 1 Causes 1.1 Iatrogenic causes 2 Treatment 3 Specific types of cramps 3.1 Smooth muscle cramps 3.1.1 Menstrual cramps 3.2 Skeletal muscle cramps 3.2.1 Nocturnal leg cramps 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Causes October 2007 There are six basic causes of cramping:1 hyperflexion; inadequate oxygenation; exposure to large changes in temperature; dehydration; low blood salt; or low blood calcium. Muscle cramps may also be a symptom/complication of pregnancy, kidney disease, thyroid disease, hypokalemia or hypocalcemia as conditions, restless legs syndrome, varicose veins2, and multiple sclerosis.3 Electrolyte disturbance may cause cramping and tetany of muscles, particularly hypokalaemia a low level of potassium and hypocalcaemia a low level of calcium. This disturbance arises as the body loses large amounts of interstitial fluid through sweat. This interstitial fluid is composed mostly of water and table salt NaCl. The loss of osmotically active particles outside muscle cells leads to a disturbance of the osmotic balance and swelling of muscle cells as these contain more osmotically active particles. This causes the calcium pump between the muscle lumen and sarcoplasmic reticulum to short circuit and the calcium ions remain bound to the troponin and the muscle contraction is continued. This may occur when the lactic acid is high in the cells. Iatrogenic causes Statins are known to cause myalgia and cramps among other side effects. Additional factors increasing probability for these adverse side effects are physical exercise, age, female gender, history of cramps and hypothyroidism. Up to 80% of athletes using statins suffer significant muscular adverse effects including cramps 4, the rate appears to be approximately 10-25% in typical population using statins 56. In some cases these adverse effects will disappear after switching to a different statin, however they should not be ignored if they persist as they can rarely develop into a more serious problem. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can be helpful to avoid some statin related adverse effects but currently there is not enough evidence to prove effectiveness in avoiding myopathy or myalgia 7. Treatment Muscle cramps can be treated by applying a soft massage on the cramped muscle, stretching your hands up above you and breathing in deeply through the mouth, stretching the muscle and applying heat or cold. Heat improves superficial blood circulation and makes muscles more flexible, so some people find that heat is more soothing for muscle cramps. Application of excessive heat or cold to sore muscles may bring on cramps. Pounding on a cramped muscle can increase soreness. In the case of inadequate oxygenation, excess lactic acid, produced by anaerobic respiration, builds up and stresses the muscle. In addition to the methods described above, cramps from poor oxygenation can be improved by rapid deep breathing. Cramps from lack of water and/or salt can be treated by drinking water and/or increasing salt intake, respectively. There is no scientific evidence to support the widely held claim by the sports nutrition industry that intake of specially composed electrolyte drinks has any advantage over intake of plain table salt via drink or food and water to counter these electrolyte disturbances and muscle cramps in people with a well-functioning renal system. Eating foods high in potassium can help prevent muscle cramps.8 In the case of cramps caused by varicose veins, treatment of the affected veins with sclerotherapy, endovenous laser or surgery usually provides relief. Quinine has been prescribed for the treatment of leg cramps. However, because of the drug's risks, the United States FDA has declared it should not be used to prevent or treat leg cramps.9 Specific types of cramps Smooth muscle cramps Smooth muscle contractions lie at the heart of the cramping or colicky pain of internal organs. These include the intestine, uterus, ureter in kidney stone pain, and various others. Menstrual cramps Main article: Dysmenorrhea Menstruation is also highly likely to cause cramps of varying severity in the abdomen that may radiate to the lower back and thighs. Menstrual cramps can be treated with ibuprofen, acetaminophen or paracetamol, stretching exercises, or the application of heat through such means as warm baths or heating pads. Menstrual cramps that do not respond to self-treatment can be a symptom of endometriosis or other health problems. Skeletal muscle cramps Skeletal muscles are muscles that can be voluntarily controlled. Of the skeletal muscles, those which cramp the most often are the calves, thighs, and arches of the foot. These cramps are seemingly associated with strenuous activity and can be intensely painful. Nocturnal leg cramps Nocturnal leg cramps are involuntary muscle contractions that occur in the calves, soles of the feet, or other muscles in the body during the night or less commonly while resting. The duration of nocturnal leg cramps is highly variable with cramps sometimes only lasting a few seconds and other times several minutes. Soreness in the muscles may remain for some time after the cramp ends. These cramps are more common in older people but may happen to anyone. They can happen quite frequently in teenagers and in some people while they are exercising at night. Nocturnal leg cramps can be very painful, especially if the person is dehydrated. The precise cause of these cramps is unclear. Potential contributing factors are believed to include dehydration, low levels of certain minerals magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sodium, and the reduced blood flow through the muscles attendant in prolonged sitting or lying down. Less common causes include more serious conditions or the use of drugs. Nocturnal leg cramps may be relieved by stretching the affected leg straight out and pointing the toes upward. People report that quickly standing up and walking a few steps may also shorten the duration of a cramp. Nocturnal leg cramps almost exclusively calf cramps are considered to be 'normal' during the late stages of pregnancy. They can however vary in intensity from mild to incredibly painful. See also Trigger points Side Stitch Delayed onset muscle soreness. References ^ http://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/page2.htm#2whatare ^ Bergin J. The Vein Book, Hardcover text, or Bergin J , 2007. ^ Muscle Cramps at WebMD ^ Sinzinger H, O'Grady J 2004. Professional athletes suffering from familial hypercholesterolaemia rarely tolerate statin treatment because of muscular problems. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57 4: 525-8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2003.02044.x. PMID 15025753. ^ Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, Yau C, Bégaud B 2005. Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with hProxy-Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 h-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients--the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 19 6: 403-14. doi:10.1007/s10557-005-5686-z. PMID 16453090. ^ Statin-induced apoptosis and skeletal myopathy 2006. Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 291 6: C1208-12. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00226.2006. PMID 16885396. ^ Lamperti C, Naini AB, Lucchini V, et al 2005. Muscle coenzyme Q10 level in statin-related myopathy. Arch. Neurol. 62 11: 1709-12. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.11.1709. PMID 16286544. ^ Ohio State University Extension: News Chow Line: Potassium-rich foods deter muscle cramps ^ United States Food and Drug Administration 2006 December 11. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01521.html FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Use Proxy-Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps. Retrieved on 2008-02-15. External links What are Cramps? Cramps at Patient UK Leg cramps at night About leg cramps What causes leg cramps and what to do about it Muscle Cramps Of Skeletal Muscles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cramp Categories: Medical signs | Muscular systemHidden category: Articles needing additional references from October 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 3 September 2008, at 12
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