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14-September-2008 18:38:46 - Crane bird Cranes Indian Sarus CraneGrus antigone antigone Indian Sarus Crane Grus antigone antigone Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae Vigors, 1825 Genera Grus Anthropoides Balearica Bugeranus Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. There are representatives of this group on all the continents except Antarctica and South America. Most species of cranes are at least threatened, if not critically endangered, within their range. The plight of the Whooping Cranes of North America inspired some of the first US legislation to protect endangered species. Contents 1 Biology 2 Systematics 2.1 Myth and lore 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 Myth and Lore links Biology They are opportunistic feeders that change their diet according to the season and their own nutrient requirements. They eat a range of items from suitably sized small rodents, fish, amphibians, and insects, to grain, berries, and plants. The cranberry is so-named for its flowers' resemblance to the neck and head of the crane. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or dances. While folklore often states that cranes mate for life, recent scientific research indicates that these birds do change mates over the course of their lifetimes Hayes 2005, which may last several decades. Cranes construct platform nests in shallow water, and typically lay two eggs at a time. Both parents help to rear the young, which remain with them until the next breeding season1. Some species and/or populations of cranes migrate over long distances, while some do not migrate at all. Cranes are gregarious, forming large flocks where their numbers are sufficient. Systematics Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum A Blue Crane at Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland A Blue Crane at Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland There are 15 living species of cranes in 4 genera: SUBFAMILY BALEARICINAE - crowned cranes Genus Balearica Black Crowned Crane, Balearica pavonina Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum SUBFAMILY GRUINAE - typical cranes Genus Grus Common Crane, Grus grus, also known as the Eurasian Crane Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis Whooping Crane, Grus americana Sarus Crane, Grus antigone Brolga, Grus rubicunda Siberian Crane, Grus leucogeranus White-naped Crane, Grus vipio Hooded Crane, Grus monacha Black-necked Crane, Grus nigricollis Red-crowned Crane, Grus japonensis, also known as the Manchurian Crane Genus Anthropoides Blue Crane, Anthropoides paradisea Demoiselle Crane, Anthropoides virgo Genus Bugeranus Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus The fossil record of cranes leaves much to be desired. Apparently, the subfamilies were well distinct by the Late Eocene around 35 mya. The present genera are apparently some 20 mya old. Biogeography of known fossil and the living taxa of cranes suggests that the group is probably of Laurasian? Old World origin. The extant diversity at the genus level is centered on eastern Africa, making it all the more regrettable that no decent fossil record exists from there. On the other hand, it is peculiar that numerous fossils of Ciconiiformes are documented from there; these birds presumably shared much of their habitat with cranes back then already. Fossil genera are tentatively assigned to the present-day subfamilies: Gruinae Palaeogrus Middle Eocene of Germany and Italy - Middle Miocene of France Pliogrus Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany Camusia Late Miocene of Menorca, Merranean Grus conferta Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, USA - see Miller Sibley 1942 Sometimes considered Balearicinae Geranopsis Hordwell Late Eocene - Early Oligocene of England Anserpica Late Oligocene of France Sometimes considered Gruidae incertae sedis Eobalearica Ferghana Late? Eocene of Ferghana, Uzbekistan Probalearica Late Oligocene? - Middle Pliocene of Florida, USA, France?, Moldavia and Mongolia - A nomen dubium? Aramornis Sheep Creek Middle Miocene of Snake Creek Quarries, USA The supposed Grus prentici is not a true crane; it was eventually placed in the genus Paragrus Lambrecht 1933:520. Myth and lore Pine, Plum and Cranes, 1759 AD, by Shen Quan 1682-1760. Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The Palace Museum, Beijing. Pine, Plum and Cranes, 1759 AD, by Shen Quan 1682-1760. Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The Palace Museum, Beijing. The cranes' beauty and their spectacular mating dances have made them highly symbolic birds in many cultures with records dating back to ancient times. Crane mythology is widely spread and can be found in areas such as the Aegean, South Arabia, China, Korea, Japan and in the Native American cultures of North America. In northern HokkaidÅ?, the women of the Ainu people performed a crane dance that was captured in 1908 in a photograph by Arnold Genthe. In Korea, a crane dance has been performed in the courtyard of the Tongdosa Temple since the Silla Dynasty 646 CE. In Mecca, in pre-Islamic South Arabia, the goddesses Allat, Uzza, and Manah, who were believed to be daughters of and intercessors with Allah, were called the three exalted cranes gharaniq, an obscure word on which 'crane' is the usual gloss. See The Satanic Verses for the best-known story regarding these three goddesses. The Greek for crane is ΓεÏ?ανος Geranos, which gives us the Cranesbill, or hardy geranium. The crane was a bird of omen. In the tale of Ibycus and the cranes, a thief attacked Ibycus a poet of the 6th century BCE and left him for dead. Ibycus called to a flock of passing cranes, who followed the murderer to a theater and hovered over him until, stricken with guilt, he confessed to the crime. Pliny the Elder wrote that cranes would appoint one of their number to stand guard while they slept. The sentry would hold a stone in its claw, so that if it fell asleep it would drop the stone and waken. A pair of Red-crowned Cranes in the Tokyo Zoo. A pair of Red-crowned Cranes in the Tokyo Zoo. Aristotle describes the migration of cranes in The History of Animals, adding an account of their fights with Pygmies as they wintered near the source of the Nile. He describes as untruthful an account that the crane carries a touchstone inside it that can be used to test for gold when vomited up. This second story is not altogether implausible, as cranes might ingest appropriate gizzard stones in one locality and regurgitate them in a region where such stone is otherwise scarce Also, the word pedigree comes from the Old French phrase, pie de grue, which means foot of a crane, as the pedigree diagram looks similar to the branches coming out of a crane's foot. The Turtle carry crane on its back statue in Văn Miếu- Temple of Literature in Hà Ná»™i, Vietnam. The Turtle carry crane on its back statue in Văn Miếu- Temple of Literature in Hà Ná»™i, Vietnam. A crane is considered auspicious in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. It is one of the symbols of longevity and is often represented with other symbols of long life, such as pine, bamboo, and the tortoise. Vietnamese people consider crane and dragon to be symbols of their culture. In feudal Japan the crane was protected by the ruling classes and fed by the peasants. When the feudal system was abolished in the Meiji era of the 19th century, the protection of cranes was lost. With effort they have been brought back from the brink of extinction. Japan has named one of their satellites tsuru crane, the bird. According to tradition, if one folds 1000 origami cranes one's wish for health will be granted. Since the death of Sadako Sasaki this applies to a wish for peace as well. Also, traditional Chinese 'heavenly swans' tian-e or 'blessed cranes' xian-he were messengers of wisdom. Legendary Taoist sages were transported between heavenly worlds on the backs of cranes. Dwarfs fighting Cranes in northern Sweden, a 16th Century drawing by Olaus Magnus. Dwarfs fighting Cranes in northern Sweden, a 16th Century drawing by Olaus Magnus. See also International Crane Foundation References ^ Archibald, George W. 1991. in Forshaw, Joseph: Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press, 95-96. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. Hayes, M.A. 2005: Divorce and extra-pair paternity as alternative mating strategies in monogamous sandhill cranes. MS thesis, University of South Dakota, Vermilion, S.D.. 86 p. PDF fulltext at the International Crane Foundation's Library Lambrecht, Kálmán 1933: Handbuch der Palaeornithologie. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin. Miller, Alden H. Sibley, Charles G. 1942: A New Species of Crane from the Pliocene of California. Condor 44: 126-127. PDF fulltext External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gruidae Saving Cranes website ICF Craneworld website Gruidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection Origami crane Crane sounds on xeno-canto.org Cranes of the World, by Paul Johnsgard Myth and Lore links Crane mythologies. Not selective, a starting point Crane Dance at the Tongdosa Temple archive link, was dead Thousand Cranes lore. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Crane_bird Categories: Gruidae Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans БългарÑ?ки Чăвашла Dansk Deutsch ÐрзÑ?нь Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Frysk í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English Svenska தமிழà¯? Türkçe 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 4 September 2008, at 21:40
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