Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 18:38:48 - Glycoside Redirected from Cyanogenic glycoside Genin redirects here. For the Naruto ninja rank, see Genin Naruto. This article or section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Salicin, a glycoside related to Aspirin Salicin, a glycoside related to Aspirin In chemistry, glycosides are certain molecules in which a sugar part is bound to some other part. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store important chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides; if these chemicals are needed, the glycosides are brought in contact with water and an enzyme, and the sugar part is broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals including humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules in order to remove them from the body. Formally, a glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via an O-glycosidic bond or an S-glycosidic bond; glycosides involving the latter are also called thioglycosides. The given definition is the one used by IUPAC. Many authors require in addition that the sugar be bonded to a non-sugar for the molecule to qualify as a glycoside, thus excluding the polysaccharides. The sugar group is then known as the glycone and the non-sugar group as the aglycone or genin part of the glycoside. The glycone can consist of a single sugar group monosaccharide or several sugar groups oligosaccharide. Contents 1 Related compounds 2 Chemistry 3 Classification 3.1 By glycone 3.2 By type of glycosidic bond 3.3 By aglycone 3.3.1 Alcoholic glycosides 3.3.2 Anthraquinone glycosides 3.3.3 Coumarin glycosides 3.3.4 Cyanogenic glycosides 3.3.5 Flavonoid glycosides 3.3.6 Phenolic glycosides simple 3.3.7 Saponins 3.3.8 Steroidal glycosides or cardiac glycosides 3.3.9 Steviol glycosides 3.3.10 Thioglycosides 4 References 5 External links Related compounds Molecules containing an N-glycosidic bond are known as glycosylamines and are not discussed in this article. Many authors in biochemistry call these compounds N-glycosides and group them with the glycosides; this is considered a misnomer and discouraged by IUPAC. Chemistry Much of the chemistry of glycosides is explained in the article on glycosidic bonds. For example, the glycone and aglycone portions can be chemically separated by hydrolysis in the presence of acid. There are also numerous enzymes that can form and break glycosidic bonds. The most important cleavage enzymes are the glycoside hydrolases, and the most important synthetic enzymes in nature are glycosyltransferases. Mutant enzymes termed glycosynthases have been developed that can form glycosidic bonds in excellent yield. There are a great many ways to chemically synthesize glycosidic bonds. Fischer glycosidation refers to the synthesis of glycosides by the reaction of unprotected monosaccharides with alcohols usually as solvent in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The Koenigs-Knorr reaction is the condensation of glycosyl halides and alcohols in the presence of metal salts such as silver carbonate or mercuric oxide. Classification We can classify glycosides by the glycone, by the type of glycosidic bond, and by the aglycone. By glycone If the glycone group of a glycoside is glucose, then the molecule is a glucoside; if it is fructose, then the molecule is a fructoside; if it is glucuronic acid, then the molecule is a glucuronide; etc. In the body, toxic substances are often bonded to glucuronic acid to increase their water solubility; the resulting glucuronides are then excreted. By type of glycosidic bond Depending on whether the glycosidic bond lies above or below the plane of the cyclic sugar molecule, glycosides are classified as α-glycosides or β-glycosides. Some enzymes such as α-amylase can only hydrolize α-linkages; others, such as emulsin, can only affect β-linkages. By aglycone Glycosides are also classified according to the chemical nature of the aglycone. For purposes of biochemistry and pharmacology, this is the most useful classification. Alcoholic glycosides An example of an alcoholic glycoside is salicin which is found in the genus salix. Salicin is converted in the body into salicylic acid, which is closely related to aspirin and has analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects. Anthraquinone glycosides These glycosides contain an aglycone group that is a derivative of anthraquinone. They are present in senna, rhubarb and aloes; they have a laxative effect. Coumarin glycosides Here the aglycone is coumarin. An example is apterin which is reported to dilate the coronary arteries as well as block calcium channels.those obtained from dried leaves of Psoralia corylifolia have Main glycosides psoralin and corylifolin. Cyanogenic glycosides In this case, the aglycone contains a cyanide group, and the glycoside can release the poisonous hydrogen cyanide if acted upon by some enzyme. An example of these is amygdalin from almonds. Cyanogenic glycosides can be found in the fruits and wilting leaves of the rose family including cherries, apples, plums, almonds, peaches, apricots, raspberries, and crabapples. Cassava, an important food plant in Africa and South America, contains cyanogenic glycosides and therefore has to be washed and ground under running water prior to consumption. Sorghum Sorghum bicolor expresses cyanogenic glycosides in its roots and thus is resistant to pests such as rootworms Diabrotica spp. that plague its cousin maize Zea mays L.. Flavonoid glycosides Here the aglycone is a flavonoid. This is a large group of flavonoid glycosides. Examples include: Hesperidin aglycone: Hesperetin, glycone: Rutinose Naringin aglycone: Naringenin, glycone: Rutinose Rutin aglycone: Quercetin, glycone: Rutinose Quercitrin aglycone: Quercetin, glycone: Rhamnose Among the important effects of flavonoids are their antioxidant effect. They are also known to decrease capillary fragility. Phenolic glycosides simple Here the aglycone is a simple phenolic structure. An example is arbutin found in the Common Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. It has a urinary antiseptic effect. Rutin found in rooibos tea. Saponins Main article: Saponin These compounds give a permanent froth when shaken with water. They also cause hemolysis of red blood cells. Saponin glycosides are found in liquorice. Their medicinal value is due to their expectorant effect. Steroidal glycosides or cardiac glycosides Here the aglycone part is a steroidal nucleus. These glycosides are found in the plant genera Digitalis, Scilla, and Strophanthus. They are used in the treatment of heart diseases e.g. congestive heart failure historically as now recognised does not improve survivability; other agents are now preferred and arrhythmia. Steviol glycosides Main article: Steviol glycoside These sweet glycosides found in the stevia plant Stevia rebaudiana bertoni have 40-300 times the sweetness of sucrose. The two primary glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, are used as natural sweeteners in many countries. These glycosides have steviol as the aglycone part. Glucose or rhamnose-glucose combinations are bound to the ends of the aglycone to form the different compounds. Thioglycosides As the name implies,vague these compounds contain sulfur. Examples include sinigrin, found in black mustard, and sinalbin, found in white mustard. References Brito-Arias M. Synthesis and Characterization of Glycosides Ed Springer 2007. External links Definition of glycosides, from the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, the Gold Book IUPAC naming rules for glycosides v d e Glycosides Bond: N-glycosidic bond | O-glycosidic bond | S-glycosidic bond Geometry: α-Glycoside | β-Glycoside | 1,4-Glycoside | 1,6-Glycoside Glycone: Glucoside | Fructoside | Glucuronide Aglycone: Alcoholic glycoside | Anthraquinone glycoside | Bufanolide | Cardenolide | Cardiac glycoside | Coumarin glycoside | Cyanogenic glycoside | Flavonoid glycoside | Glycosylamine | Phenolic glycoside | Saponin | Steviol glycoside | Thioglycoside Major families of biochemicals Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Glycoside Categories: Glycosides | CarbohydratesHidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from August 2008 | articles needing clarification Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 31 August 2008, at 02:28
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.