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14-September-2008 18:38:48 - Cytochrome P450 Cytochrome P450 Oxidase CYP2C9 Identifiers Symbol p450 Pfam PF00067 InterPro IPR001128 PROSITE PDOC00081 SCOP 2cpp OPM family 41 OPM protein 1w0f Available PDB structures: More than 171 PDB structures deposited Cytochrome P450 abbreviated CYP, P450, infrequently CYP450 is a very large and diverse superfamily of hemoproteins found in all domains of life.1 Cytochromes P450 use a plethora of both exogenous and endogenous compounds as substrates in enzymatic reactions. Usually they form part of multicomponent electron transfer chains, called P450-containing systems. The most common reaction catalysed by cytochrome P450 is a monooxygenase reaction, e.g. insertion of one atom of oxygen into an organic substrate RH while the other oxygen atom is reduced to water: RH + O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → ROH + H2O CYP enzymes have been identified from all lineages of life, including mammals, birds, fish, insects, worms, sea squirts, sea urchins, plants, fungi, slime molds, bacteria and archaea. More than 7700 distinct CYP sequences are known as of September 2007; see the web site of the P450 Nomenclature Committee for current counts.2 The name cytochrome P450 is derived from the fact that these are colored 'chrome' cellular 'cyto' proteins, with a pigment at 450 nm, so named for the characteristic Soret peak formed by absorbance of light at wavelengths near 450 nm when the heme iron is reduced often with sodium dithionite and complexed to carbon monoxide. Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Mechanism 3 P450s in humans 3.1 Drug metabolism 3.1.1 Drug interaction 3.1.2 Interaction of other substances 3.2 Other specific CYP functions 3.3 CYP Families in Humans 4 P450s in animals 5 P450s in bacteria 6 P450s in fungi 7 P450s in plants 8 InterPro subfamilies 9 References 10 External links Nomenclature Genes encoding CYP enzymes, and the enzymes themselves, are designated with the abbreviation CYP, followed by an Arabic numeral indicating the gene family, a capital letter indicating the subfamily, and another numeral for the individual gene. The convention is to italicise the name when referring to the gene. For example, CYP2E1 is the gene that encodes the enzyme CYP2E1 - one of the enzymes involved in paracetamol acetaminophen metabolism. The CYP nomenclature is the officially preferred naming convention. However, some gene or enzyme names for CYPs may differ from this nomenclature, denoting the catalytic activity and the name of the compound used as substrate. Examples include CYP5, thromboxane A2 synthase, abbreviated to TXAS ThromboXane A2 Synthase, and CYP51, lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, abbreviated to LDM according to its substrate Lanosterol and activity DeMethylation. 3 The current nomenclature guidelines suggest that members of new CYP families share 40% amino acid identity, while members of subfamiles must share 55% amino acid identity. There is a Nomenclature Committee that keeps track of and assigns new names. Mechanism Main article: P450-containing systems The P450 catalytic cycle The P450 catalytic cycle The active site of cytochrome P450 contains a heme iron center. The iron is tethered to the P450 protein via a thiolate ligand derived from a cysteine residue. This cysteine and several flanking residues are highly conserved in known CYPs and have the formal PROSITE signature consensus pattern FW - SGNH - x - GD - F - RKHPT - P - C - LIVMFAP - GAD.4 Because of the vast variety of reactions catalyzed by CYPs, the activities and properties of the many CYPs differ in many aspects. In general, the P450 catalytic cycle proceeds as follows: 1: The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, in close proximity to the heme group, on the side opposite to the peptide chain. The bound substrate induces a change in the conformation of the active site, often displacing a water molecule from the distal axial coordination position of the heme iron5, and sometimes changing the state of the heme iron from low-spin to high-spin6. This gives rise to a change in the spectral properties of the enzyme, with an increase in absorbance at 390 nm and a decrease at 420 nm. This can be measured by difference spectrometry and is referred to as the type I difference spectrum see inset graph in figure. Some substrates cause an opposite change in spectral properties, a reverse type I spectrum, by processes that are as yet unclear. Inhibitors and certain substrates that bind directly to the heme iron give rise to the type II difference spectrum, with a maximum at 430 nm and a minimum at 390 nm see inset graph in figure. If no reducing equivalents are available, this complex may remain stable, allowing the degree of binding to be determined from absorbance measurements in vitro7 2: The change in the electronic state of the active site favors the transfer of an electron from NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase or another associated reductase8. This takes place by way of the electron transfer chain, as described above, reducing the ferric heme iron to the ferrous state. 3: Molecular oxygen binds covalently to the distal axial coordination position of the heme iron. The cysteine ligand is a better electron donor than histidine, with the oxygen consequently being activated to a greater extent than in other heme proteins. However, this sometimes allows the bond to dissociate, the so-called decoupling reaction, releasing a reactive superoxide radical, interrupting the catalytic cycle5. 4: A second electron is transferred via the electron-transport system, either from cytochrome P450 reductase, ferredoxins, or cytochrome b5, reducing the dioxygen adduct to a negatively charged peroxo group. This is a short-lived intermediate state. 5: The peroxo group formed in step 4 is rapidly protonated twice by local transfer from water or from surrounding amino-acid side chains, releasing one water molecule, and forming a highly reactive ironV-oxo species5. 6: Depending on the substrate and enzyme involved, P450 enzymes can catalyse any of a wide variety of reactions. A hypothetical hydroxylation is shown in this illustration. After the product has been released from the active site, the enzyme returns to its original state, with a water molecule returning to occupy the distal coordination position of the iron nucleus. S: An alternative route for mono-oxygenation is via the peroxide shunt: interaction with single-oxygen donors such as peroxides and hypochlorites can lead directly to the formation of the iron-oxo intermediate, allowing the catalytic cycle to be completed without going through steps 3, 4 and 57. A hypothetical peroxide XOOH is shown in the diagram. C: If carbon monoxide CO binds to reduced P450, the catalytic cycle is interrupted. This reaction yields the classic CO difference spectrum with a maximum at 450 nm. Because most CYPs require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduce the iron and eventually molecular oxygen, CYPs are properly speaking part of P450-containing systems of proteins. Five general schemes are known: CPR/cyb5/P450 systems employed by most eukaryotic microsomal i.e., not mitochondrial CYPs involve the reduction of cytochrome P450 reductase variously CPR,POR, or CYPOR by NADPH, and the transfer of reducing power as electrons to the CYP. Cytochrome b5 cyb5 can also contribute reducing power to this system after being reduced by cytochrome b5 reductase CYB5R. FR/Fd/P450 systems which are employed by mitochondrial and some bacterial CYPs. CYB5R/cyb5/P450 systems in which both electrons required by the CYP come from cytochrome b5. FMN/Fd/P450 systems originally found in Rhodococcus sp. in which a FMN-domain-containing reductase is fused to the CYP. P450 only systems, which do not require external reducing power. Notably these include CYP5 thromboxane synthase, CYP8, prostacyclin synthase, and CYP74A allene oxide synthase. P450s in humans Human CYPs are primarily membrane-associated proteins, located either in the inner membrane of mitochondria or in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. CYPs metabolize thousands of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Most CYPs can metabolize multiple substrates, and many can catalyze multiple reactions, which accounts for their central importance in metabolizing the extremely large number of endogenous and exogenous molecules. In the liver, these substrates include drugs and toxic compounds as well as metabolic products such as bilirubin a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are present in most other tissues of the body, and play important roles in hormone synthesis and breakdown including estrogen and testosterone synthesis and metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and vitamin D metabolism. Hepatic cytochromes P450 are the most widely studied. The Human Genome Project has identified 57 human genes coding for the various cytochrome P450 enzymes.9 Drug metabolism CYPs are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism, accounting for ∼75% of the total metabolism.10. Cytochrome P450 is the most important element of oxidative metabolism also known as phase I metabolism. Metabolism in this context is the chemical modification or degradation of drugs. Drug interaction Many drugs may increase or decrease the activity of various CYP isozymes in a phenomenon known as enzyme induction and inhibition. This is a major source of adverse drug interactions, since changes in CYP enzyme activity may affect the metabolism and clearance of various drugs. For example, if one drug inhibits the CYP-mediated metabolism of another drug, the second drug may accumulate within the body to toxic levels, possibly causing an overdose. Hence, these drug interactions may necessitate dosage adjustments or choosing drugs which do not interact with the CYP system. Such drug interactions are extra important to take into account when using drugs of vital importance to the patient, drugs with important side effects and drugs with small therapeutic windows, but any drug may be subject to an altered plasma concentration due to altered drug metabolism. A classical example includes anti-epileptic drugs. Phenytoin, for example, induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Substrates for the latter may be drugs with critical dosage, like amiodarone or carbamazepine, whose blood plasma concentration may decrease because of enzyme induction. Interaction of other substances In addition, naturally occurring compounds may cause a similar effect. For example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices, including bergamottin, dihydroxybergamottin, and paradisin-A, have been found to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of certain medications, leading to increased bioavailability and thus the strong possibility of overdosing.11 Because of this risk, avoiding grapefruit juice and fresh grapefruits entirely while on drugs is usually advised. Other examples: Saint-John's wort, a common herbal remedy induces CYP3A4. Tobacco smoking induces CYP1A2 example substrates are clozapine/olanzapine Other specific CYP functions Steroidogenesis, showing many of the enzyme activities that are performed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. HSD: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Steroidogenesis, showing many of the enzyme activities that are performed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. HSD: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase A subset of cytochrome P450 enzymes play important roles in the synthesis of steroid hormones steroidogenesis by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue: CYP11A1 also known as P450scc or P450c11a1 in adrenal mitochondria effects the activity formerly known as 20,22-desmolase steroid 20α-hydroxylase, steroid 22-hydroxylase, cholesterol side chain scission. CYP11B1 encoding the protein P450c11β found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adrenal cortex has steroid 11β-hydroxylase, steroid 18-hydroxylase, and steroid 18-methyloxidase activities. CYP11B2 encoding the protein P450c11AS, found only in the mitochondria of the adrenal zona glomerulosa, has steroid 11β-hydroxylase, steroid 18-hydroxylase, and steroid 18-methyloxidase activities. CYP17A1, in endoplasmic reticulum of adrenal cortex has steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. CYP21A1 P450c21 in adrenal cortex conducts 21-hydroxylase activity. CYP19A P450arom, aromatase in endoplasmic reticulum of gonads, brain, adipose tissue, and elsewhere catalyzes aromatization of androgens to estrogens. CYP Families in Humans Humans have 57 genes and more than 59 pseudogenes divided among 18 families of cytochrome P450 genes and 43 subfamilies.12 This is a summary of the genes and of the proteins they encode. See the homepage of the Cytochrome P450 Nomenclature Committee for detailed information.9 Family Function Members Names CYP1 drug and steroid especially estrogen metabolism 3 subfamilies, 3 genes, 1 pseudogene CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 CYP2 drug and steroid metabolism 13 subfamilies, 16 genes, 16 pseudogenes CYP2A6, CYP2A7, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP2U1, CYP2W1 CYP3 drug and steroid including testosterone metabolism 1 subfamily, 4 genes, 2 pseudogenes CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A43 CYP4 arachidonic acid or fatty acid metabolism 6 subfamilies, 11 genes, 10 pseudogenes CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4B1, CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, CYP4F22, CYP4V2, CYP4X1, CYP4Z1 CYP5 thromboxane A2 synthase 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP5A1 CYP7 bile acid biosynthesis 7-alpha hydroxylase of steroid nucleus 2 subfamilies, 2 genes CYP7A1, CYP7B1 CYP8 varied 2 subfamilies, 2 genes CYP8A1 prostacyclin synthase, CYP8B1 bile acid biosynthesis CYP11 steroid biosynthesis 2 subfamilies, 3 genes CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2 CYP17 steroid biosynthesis, 17-alpha hydroxylase 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP17A1 CYP19 steroid biosynthesis: aromatase synthesizes estrogen 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP19A1 CYP20 unknown function 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP20A1 CYP21 steroid biosynthesis 2 subfamilies, 2 genes, 1 pseudogene CYP21A2 CYP24 vitamin D degradation 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP24A1 CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylase 3 subfamilies, 3 genes CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1 CYP27 varied 3 subfamilies, 3 genes CYP27A1 bile acid biosynthesis, CYP27B1 vitamin D3 1-alpha hydroxylase, activates vitamin D3, CYP27C1 unknown function CYP39 7-alpha hydroxylation of 24-hydroxycholesterol 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP39A1 CYP46 cholesterol 24-hydroxylase 1 subfamily, 1 gene CYP46A1 CYP51 cholesterol biosynthesis 1 subfamily, 1 gene, 3 pseudogenes CYP51A1 lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase P450s in animals Many animals have as many or more CYP genes than humans do. For example, mice have genes for 101 CYPs, and sea urchins have even more perhaps as many as 120 genes.13 Most CYP enzymes are presumed to have monooxygenase activity, as is the case for most mammalian CYPs that have been investigated except for e.g. CYP19 and CYP5. However, gene and genome sequencing is far outpacing biochemical characterization of enzymatic function, although many genes with close homology to CYPs with known function have been found. The classes of CYPs most often investigated in non-human animals are those involved in either development e.g. retinoic acid or hormone metabolism or involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds such as heterocyclic amines or polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Often there are differences in gene regulation or enzyme function of CYPs in related animals that explain observed differences in susceptibility to toxic compounds. CYPs have been extensively examined in mice, rats, and dogs, and less so in zebrafish, in order to facilitate use of these model organisms in drug discovery and toxicology. CYPs have also been heavily studied in insects, often to understand pesticide resistance. P450s in bacteria Bacterial cytochromes P450 are often soluble enzymes and are involved in critical metabolic processes. Three examples that have contributed significantly to structural and mechanistic studies are listed here, but many different families exist. Cytochrome P450cam CYP101 originally from Pseudomonas putida has been used as a model for many cytochrome P450s and was the first cytochrome P450 three-dimensional protein structure solved by x-ray crystallography. This enzyme is part of a camphor-hydroxylating catalytic cycle consisting of two electron transfer steps from putidaredoxin, a 2Fe-2S cluster-containing protein cofactor. Cytochrome P450 eryF CYP107A1 originally from the actinomycete bacterium Saccharopolyspora erythraea is responsible for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic erythromycin by C6-hydroxylation of the macrolide 6-deoxyerythronolide B. Cytochrome P450 BM3 CYP102A1 from the soil bacterium Bacillus megaterium catalyzes the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of several long-chain fatty acids at the ω-1 through ω-3 positions. Unlike almost every other known CYP except CYP505A1, cytochrome P450 foxy, it constitutes a natural fusion protein between the CYP domain and an electron donating cofactor. Thus, BM3 is potentially very useful in biotechnological applications.1415 P450s in fungi The commonly used azole antifungal agents work by inhibition of the fungal cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase. This interrupts the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, a component of the fungal cell membrane. P450s in plants Plant cytochrome P450s are involved in a wide range of biosynthetic reactions, leading to various fatty acid conjugates, plant hormones, defensive compounds, or medically important drugs. Terpenoids, which represent the largest class of characterized natural plant compounds, are often substrates for plant CYPs. InterPro subfamilies InterPro subfamilies: Cytochrome P450, B-class IPR002397 Cytochrome P450, mitochondrial IPR002399 Cytochrome P450, E-class, group I IPR002401 Cytochrome P450, E-class, group II IPR002402 Cytochrome P450, E-class, group IV IPR002403 References ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. cytochrome P450. Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet ion. Danielson P 2002. The cytochrome P450 superfamily: biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans. Curr Drug Metab 3 6: 561-97. doi:10.2174/1389200023337054. PMID 12369887. ^ Dr. Nelson Lab Website. Retrieved on 2007-11-19. ^ NCBI sequence viewer. Retrieved on 2007-11-19. ^ PROSITE consensus pattern for P450 ^ a b c Bernard Meunier, Samuël P. de Visser and Sason Shaik 2004. Mechanism of Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chemical Reviews 104 9: 3947 - 3980. ^ Thomas L. Poulos, Barry C. Finzel and Andrew J. Howard 1987. High-resolution crystal structure of cytochrome P450cam. Journal of Molecular Biology 195 3: 687-700. ^ a b P.R. Ortiz de Montellano Ed. 1995. Cytochrome P450 : structure, mechanism, and biochemistry, 2nd ed.. New York: Plenum. ^ S. G. Sligar, D. L. Cinti, G. G. Gibson and J. B. Schenkman 1979. Spin state control of the hepatic cytochrome P450 redox potential. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 90 3: 925-932. ^ a b P450 Table. ^ F. Peter Guengerich 2008. Cytochrome P450 and Chemical Toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology 21: 70-83. ^ Bailey DG, Dresser GK 2004. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. Am J Cardiovasc Drug 4 5: 281-297. doi:10.2165/00129784-200404050-00002. PMID 15449971. ^ Nelson D 2003. Cytochrome P450s in humans. Retrieved May 9, 2005. ^ Goldstone, Jared; et al. 2006. The chemical defensome: environmental sensing and response genes in the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome. Dev Biol 300 1: 366-384. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.066. ^ Narhi L, Fulco A 1986. Characterization of a catalytically self-sufficient 119,000-dalton cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase induced by barbiturates in Bacillus megaterium. J Biol Chem 261 16: 7160-9. PMID 3086309. ^ Girvan H, Waltham T, Neeli R, Collins H, McLean K, Scrutton N, Leys D, Munro A 2006. Flavocytochrome P450 BM3 and the origin of CYP102 fusion species. Biochem Soc Trans 34 Pt 6: 1173-7. doi:10.1042/BST0341173. PMID 17073779. External links Human Cytochrome P450 CYP Allele Nomenclature Committee at Karolinska Institutet Cytochrome P450 Homepage - David Nelson's P450 database at University of Tennessee Health Science Center Cytochrome P450 drug interaction table - popular source for P450-mediated drug interaction information at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Kiril's Directory of P450 resources at International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology The Insect P450 Site run by Rene Feyereisen at Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-41 Estabrook R 2003. A passion for P450s rememberances of the early history of research on cytochrome P450. Drug Metab Dispos 31 12: 1461-73. doi:10.1124/dmd.31.12.1461. PMID 14625342. Cytochrome P450 Useful teaching tutorial, School of Pharmacy, London - flash animation with audio commentary KEGG steroid metabolism pathway The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base PharmGKB Very Important Pharmacogene Project: CYP2A6 The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base PharmGKB Very Important Pharmacogene Project: CYP2C9 The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base PharmGKB Very Important Pharmacogene Project: CYP2C19 The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base PharmGKB Very Important Pharmacogene Project: CYP2D6 The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base PharmGKB Very Important Pharmacogene Project: CYP3A4 The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base PharmGKB Very Important Pharmacogene Project: CYP3A5 v d e Cytochromes, oxygenases: cytochrome P450 EC 1.14 CYP1 A1, A2, B1 CYP2 A6, A7, A13, B6, C8, C9, C18, C19, D6, E1, F1, J2, R1, S1, U1, W1 CYP3 CYP3A A4, A5, A7, A43 CYP4 A11, A22, B1, F2, F3, F8, F11, F12, F22, V2, X1, Z1 CYP5-20 CYP5 A1 - CYP7 A1, B1 - CYP8 A1, B1 - CYP11 A1, B1, B2 - CYP17 A1 - CYP19 A1 - CYP20 A1 CYP21-51 CYP21 A2 - CYP24 A1 - CYP26 A1, B1, C1 - CYP27 A1, B1, C1 - CYP39 A1 - CYP46 A1 - CYP51 A1 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 Categories: EC 1.14 | Cytochrome P450 | Pharmacokinetics | Metabolism | Integral membrane proteins | Enzymes Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Svenska This page was last modified on 14 September 2008, at 00:07
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