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14-September-2008 18:38:48 - Cytoplasm Schematic showing the cytoplasm, with major components of a typical animal cell. Organelles: 1 nucleolus 2 nucleus 3 ribosomes little dots 4 vesicle 5 rough endoplasmic reticulum ER 6 Golgi apparatus 7 Cytoskeleton 8 smooth ER 9 mitochondria 10 vacuole 11 cytoplasm 12 lysosome 13 centrioles within centrosome Schematic showing the cytoplasm, with major components of a typical animal cell. Organelles: 1 nucleolus 2 nucleus 3 ribosomes little dots 4 vesicle 5 rough endoplasmic reticulum ER 6 Golgi apparatus 7 Cytoskeleton 8 smooth ER 9 mitochondria 10 vacuole 11 cytoplasm 12 lysosome 13 centrioles within centrosome The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell enclosed within the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells the cytoplasm contains organelles, such as mitochondria that are filled with liquid kept separate from the cytoplasm by cell membranes. The part of the cytoplasm that is not held within organelles is called the cytosol. The cytosol is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water that fills much of the volume of a cell. The cytosol is a gel, with a network of fibers dispersed through water. Due to this network of pores and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution. This crowding effect alters how the components of the cytosol interact with each other. Contents 1 Constituents 1.1 Cytosol 1.2 Organelles 1.3 Cytoplasmic inclusions 2 Function 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Constituents The cytoplasm has three major elements; the cytosol, organelles and inclusions. Cytosol Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein. Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein. The cytosol is the portion of a cell that is not enclosed within membrane-bound organelles. The cytosol is a translucent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended. Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is composed of water, salts and organic molecules.1 The cytoplasm also contains the protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and large structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes.2 The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm. Organelles Organelles are found in eukaryotic cells and are membrane-bound compartments within the cell that have specific functions. Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and in plant cells chloroplasts. Cytoplasmic inclusions The inclusions are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the cytosol. A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants,34 to granules of energy-storage materials such as starchs,5 glycogen,6 or polyhydroxybutyrate.7 A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets, which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols.8 Lipid droplets make up much of the volume of adipocytes, which are specialized lipid-storage cells, but they are also found in a range of other cell types. Function The cytoplasm is the site where most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways, and processes such as cell and division. References ^ Cytoplasm Composition ^ van Zon A, Mossink MH, Scheper RJ, Sonneveld P, Wiemer EA September 2003. The vault complex. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 9: 1828-37. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3030-y. PMID 14523546. ^ Prychid, Christina J.; Rudall, Paula J. 1999, Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons: A Review of their Structure and Systematics, Annals of Botany 846: 725, doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0975, http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/6/725 ^ Prychid, C. J.; Rudall, P. J.; Gregory, M. 2003, Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons, The Botanical Review 694: 377-440, doi:10.1663/0006-810120040690377:SABOSB2.0.CO;2, http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract ^ Ball SG, Morell MK 2003. From bacterial glycogen to starch: understanding the biogenesis of the plant starch granule. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54: 207-33. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134927. PMID 14502990. ^ Shearer J, Graham TE April 2002. New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen. Can J Appl Physiol 27 2: 179-203. PMID 12179957. ^ Anderson AJ, Dawes EA December 1990. Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol. Rev. 54 4: 450-72. PMID 2087222. PMC:372789. ^ Murphy DJ September 2001. The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, plants and microorganisms. Prog. Lipid Res. 40 5: 325-438. PMID 11470496. Further reading Alberts, Bruce et al. 2003. Essential Cell Biology, 2nd ed., Garland Science, 2003, ISBN 081533480X. Human Anatomy Physiology, seventh ion By; Elain N Marieb and Latja Hoehn. External links What is cytoplasm? - by Genevieve Thiers -2002 Luby-Phelps K. Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area. Int Rev Cytol. 2000;192:189-221. v d e Structures of the cell Organelles cytoplasmic vesicles: Endosome - Lysosome - Phagosome - Vacuole - cytoplasmic granules Melanosome, Microbody, Glyoxysome, Peroxisome, Weibel-Palade body nucleus: Nucleolus endosymbiotic: Mitochondrion - Plastid Chloroplast other: Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Parenthesome - Ribosome - Vault Cytoskeleton Centrosome Centriole - Myofibril External Cell wall - Cell membrane - Cilium/Flagellum - Acrosome Other Cytoplasm Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cytoplasm Categories: Cell anatomy Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية বাংলা Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Occitan Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 03:04
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