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14-September-2008 18:38:48 - Reference Intake Redirected from Daily Value The Dietary Reference Intake aor DRI is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine IOM of the US National Academy of Sciences. The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada and is intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include: Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes Industries developing new food stuffs Healthcare policy makers and public health officials The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances RDAs. The DRI values are not currently used in nutrition labeling, where the older Reference Daily Intakes are still used. Contents 1 History 2 Current recommendations 2.1 Vitamins and minerals 2.2 Macronutrients 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 References History The Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the United States National Academy of Sciences in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might affect national defense Nestle, 35.1 The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for energy and eight nutrients, and submitted them to experts for review Nestle, 35. The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a margin of safety. Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account. The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, United States Department of Agriculture nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient. Current recommendations The current Dietary Reference Intake recommendation is composed of: Estimated Average Requirements EAR, expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group. Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA, the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all 97-98% healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intake AI, where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group. Tolerable upper intake levels UL, to caution against excessive intake of nutrients like vitamin D that can be harmful in large amounts. The RDA is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value RDV which is printed on food labels in the U.S. and Canada. Vitamins and minerals EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for a 25-year old male are shown below. EARs shown as NE have not yet been established or not yet evaluated. ULs shown as ND could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects. Amounts and ND status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants are different.2 Nutrient EAR RDA/AI UL Unit Vitamin A 2083 3000 10000 IU Vitamin C 75 90 2000 mg Vitamin D NE 200 2000 IU Vitamin K NE 120 ND µg Vitamin B6 1.1 1.3 100 mg α-tocopherol E 12 15 1000 IU Biotin NE 30 ND µg Boron NE - 20 mg Calcium NE 1000 2500 mg Chloride NE 2300 3600 mg Chromium NE 35 ND µg Choline NE 550 3500 mg Copper 700 900 10000 µg Cyanocobalamin B12 2.0 2.4 ND µg Fluoride NE 4 10 mg Folate B9 320 400 1000 µg Iodine 95 150 1100 µg Iron 6 8 45 mg Magnesium 330 420 350a mg Manganese NE 2.3 11 mg Molybdenum 34 45 2000 µg Niacin B3 12 16 35 mg Nickel NE - 1.0 mg Pantothenic acid B5 NE 5 ND mg Phosphorus 580 700 4000 mg Potassium NE 4700 ND mg Thiamin B1 1.0 1.2 ND mg Riboflavin B2 1.1 1.3 ND mg Selenium 45 55 400 µg Sodium NE 1500 2300 mg Sulfate NE - ND - Zinc 9.4 11 40 mg a From pill only, not including food and water intake. EAR: Estimated Average Requirements; RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances; AI: Adequate Intake; UL: Tolerable upper intake levels. It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases: Substance RDA/AI UL units per day Arsenic - ND - Silicon - ND - Vanadium - 1.8 mg Macronutrients RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 40-50 years.2 Substance Amount males Amount females Waterb 3.7 L/day 2.7 L/day Carbohydrates 130 g/day 130 g/day Proteinc 56 g/day 46 g/day Fiber 38 g/day 25 g/day Fat 20-35% of calories Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid polyunsaturated 17 g/day 12 g/day alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid polyunsaturated 1.6 g/day 1.1 g/day Cholesterol As low as possible Trans fatty acids As low as possible Saturated fatty acids As low as possible Added sugar No more than 25% of calories bIncludes water from food, beverages, and drinking water. cBased on 0.8 g/kg of body weight See also Healthy diet Acceptable daily intake UK standards for toxicity Vitamin poisoning Canada's Food Guide Food guide pyramid Dietary mineral Essential amino acid Essential fatty acid Essential nutrient Nutrient Vitamin References ^ Contributions of Women Scientists in the U.S. to the Development of Recommended Dietary Allowances - Harper 133 11: 3698 - Journal of Nutrition ^ a b http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/21/372/0.pdf External links US Government Food and Nutrition Information Center list of Dietary Reference Intakes DRI and Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA, the deprecated nutritional recommendations USDA RDA chart PDF file USDA Reference Daily Intakes Article comparing recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals in different countries from the European Union PDF file Differences in RDA set by medical authorities in the UK, the European Union and the USA. References Nestle, Marion. Food Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake Categories: Nutrition | Vitamins Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Lietuvių Nederlands Polski SlovenÄ?ina Svenska This page was last modified on 8 September 2008, at 19:11
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