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14-September-2008 18:38:49 - media Merge arrows It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with New media. Discuss Audio Visual Media Audio Visual Media Digital media as opposed to analog media usually refers to electronic media that work on digital codes. Today, computing is primarily based on the binary numeral system. In this case digital refers to the discrete states of 0 and 1 for representing arbitrary data. Computers are machines that usually interpret binary digital data as information and thus represent the predominating class of digital information processing machines. Digital media Formats for presenting information according to Wiktionary:Media like digital audio, digital video and other digital content can be created, referred to and distributed via digital information processing machines. Digital media represents a profound change from previous analog media. Digital data is per se independent of its interpretation hence representation. An arbitrary sequence of digital code like 0100 0001 might be interpreted as the decimal number 65, the hexadecimal number 41 or the glyph A. See also: ASCII, Code. Florida's digital media industry association, Digital Media Alliance Florida, defines digital media as the creative convergence of digital arts, science, technology and business for human expression, communication, social interaction and education. Contents 1 History 2 Electronic Business Media 3 Digital and analog data 4 Working with digital media 5 Examples of digital media 6 Digital art 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History The history of digital starts with the development of the number 0 see 0 number by the Babylonians about 2000BC. Early use of something like zero by the Indian scholar Pingala circa 5th-2nd century BC, implied at first glance by his use of binary numbers, is only the modern binary representation using 0 and 1 applied to Pingala's binary system, which used short and long syllables the latter equal in length to two short syllables, making it similar to Morse code.56 Nevertheless, he and other Indian scholars at the time used the Sanskrit word śūnya the origin of the word zero after a series of transliterations and a literal translation to refer to zero or void.7. Around 1620, Francis Bacon researches the first binary alphabet for representing numbers and alphabetic characters. The intended use was to establish secret communication for e.g. cities under siege and armies abroad. Leibniz was the first mathematician to develop calculations in the binary system. According to some sources, John Napier had developed binary calculations even earlier. Yet, it remains to Leibniz to first think about automating calculations using the newly developed binary arithmetics. Around 1830, Carl Friedrich Gauss first electrifies binary information in his telegraphy experiments. He replaces 1 with + and 0 with - and thus translates binary information into electric currents. There is a rich history of non-binary digital media and computers. Electronic Business Media Main article: Electronic Business Media According to Schmid,1 media can basically be defined as follows: They are enablers of interaction, i.e. they allow for exchange, particularly the communicative exchange between agents. Such interaction enablers can be structured into three main components: First, a physical component C-Component allows for the actual interaction of physical agents. This component can also be referred to as carrier medium or channel system. Second, a logical component L-Component comprises a common language, i.e. symbols used for the communication between agents and their semantics. Without such a common understanding, the exchange of data is possible with the help of the C-Component, but not the exchange of knowledge. Third, an organizational component O-Component defines a structural organization of agents, their roles, rules which impact the agents' behavior as well as the process-oriented organization of agents' interactions. Together, these basic three components have been identified to constitute various kinds of media. Among others, it is appropriate to describe electronic media such as those deployed to support cross-organizational collaboration. Based on these components which already represent a first, scientific approach to modeling, understanding and reorganizing media, a layer/ phase reference model has been introduced as well. The Media Reference Model MRM2 comprises four different layers which all represent dedicated views on media and structures the use of media into four sequential phases. Similar to the emerging field of software engineering in the software context, the MRM aims to provide a comprehensive, coherent and systematic framework for the description and analysis of various media. The Community View first layer thereby accounts for the set of interacting agents, the organization of the given agents' population, i.e. the specific roles of involved stakeholders, the situations in which they act as well as the objects with which they deal. Summing up, it models the structure of the social community sphere in a situation-dependent, but static fashion. The Process View Implementation Aspects deals with the modeling of the process-oriented organization of agents and can also be referred to as Interaction Programming. It is also called implementation view as it connects the needs of the community with the means provided by the carrier medium and thus implements the community-plot on the basis of the carrier medium. The Service View Transaction View models the services provided by the carrier medium which can be used in the different interaction steps to reach the respective interactions' goals. The Infrastructure View models the production system, which creates the services provided by the service view, i.e. in the case of electronic media the actual underlying information technology. The above discussed three major components can seamlessly be integrated into the MRM: The upper two views Community Aspects and Implementation Aspects represent the organizational component O-Component which accounts for the structural as well as process-oriented organization. The lower two layers are mapped to the physical component C-Component which focuses on the creation and provision of services. Last, the logical component L-Component concerns all four layers as it ensures that interaction of agents is based on a common understanding of exchanged symbols. Digital and analog data Main article: Analog-to-digital converter The transformation of an Analog signal to Digital information via an Analog-to-digital converter is called sampling. According to information theory, sampling is a reduction of information. Most digital media are based on translating analog data into digital data and vice-versa see digital recording, digital video, television versus digital television. Working with digital media This article may require cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. July 2008 Main article: digital signal processing As opposed to analog data, digital data is in many cases easier to manipulate, and the end result can be reproduced indefinitely without any loss of quality. Mathematical operations can be applied to arbitrary digital information regardless of its interpretation you can add 2 to the data 65 and interpret the result either as the hexadecimal number 43 or the letter C. Thus, it is possible to use e.g. the same compression operation onto a text file or an image file or a sound file. The foundations of operation on digital information are described in digital signal processing. Unconsciously, you do work in digital media these days. In the near future, your careers will depend upon your ability to use digital media to you advantage. It's not just the creative department or media; it will drive how every person in the company creates and operates, from human resources to accounting. Today, digital is not a department-it's a competitive advantage. In order for you to navigate this transition easier, here are some guides. First, you have to stop resisting it. It's happening. Or should I say, it happened. No longer is digital a department within an agency-it's an essential competitive advantage for everyone in the company. It is time to get on with it. Second, you might want to create a first. It was easier to discover new lands back in the days when guys like Christopher Columbus could accidentally bump into continents. Today, countless uncharted digital territories still await. Now is your chance to conquer one. Third, you should get outside your comfort zone. The best way to get smart about the digital space is to constantly expand into new forms of media by actually working with them. Take on assignments outside your area of expertise. Become a generalist in thinking, with specialist application as needed. Fourth, you might want to embrace technology in your personal life. You shouldn't spend life tethered to a BlackBerry, but you also don't want to become known as the slowpoke that can't access e-mail out of the office. Don't allow personal resistance to technology to become a pain in the ass for the people you work with. In this case, it's not OK for the cobbler's child to go barefoot. Examples of digital media The following list of digital media is based on a rather technical view of the term media. Other views might lead to different lists. Cellphones Compact disc Digital video Digital television e-book Internet Minidisc Video game World Wide Web and many interactive media Digital art Main article: Digital art Picture produced by Drawing Machine 2 Picture produced by Drawing Machine 2 Digital art is any art in which computers played a role in production or display of the artwork. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, videogame, web site, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers has been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithm art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can thus be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits. Comic book artists in the past would generally sketch a drawing in pencil before going over the drawing again with India ink, using pens and Winsor-Newton brushes. Magazine illustrators often worked with India ink, acrylics or oils. Currently, an increasing number of artists are now creating digital artwork. Digital artists do, simply, what centuries of artists have always done by exploring and adopting a culture's new technology toward the making of a personal imagery. In doing so the culture is also reflected in the artwork as is the artist's personal vision. As our culture becomes increasingly digitized, digital artists are leading the way in exploring and defining this new culture. Digital Artists use a medium that is nearly immaterial, that being binary information which describes the color and brightness of each individual pixel on a computer screen. Taken as a whole an image consisting of pure light is the feedback devise that tells an artist what is being made and simultaneously stored on the computer's hard drive. Digital Artists employ many types of user interfaces that correspond to the wide variety of brushes, lenses or other tools that traditional artist use to shape their materials. Rather than manipulating digital code directly as math, these electronic brushes and tools allow an artist to translate hand motions, cutting and pasting, and what were formerly chemical dark room techniques into the mathematical changes that effect the arrangement of screen pixels and create a picture. Digital Art is created and stored in a non-material form on the computer's memory systems and must be made physical, usually in the form of prints on paper or some other form of printmaking substrate. In addition, digital art may be exchanged and appreciated directly on a computer screen in gallery situations or simultaneously in every place on the globe with access to the web. Being immaterial has its advantages and with the advent of high quality digital printing techniques a very traditional long lasting print of this artwork can also be produced and marketed. The list of digital artists continues to lengthen: David Ã?lvarez Miguel Ã?lvarez-Fernández Winston Blakely Craig Boldman Brian Bolland Ernie Colon Grant Cross Andrew Dabb Scott Dutton Rob Feldman Matthew Forsythe Ben Hatke J.D. King Roger Langridge Jim McDermott Dave McKean Shawn McManus Raymond Mullikin Joseph Nechvatal Ariel Olivetti Zina Saunders Barclay Shaw Nancy Stahl Jim Steranko Michael Whelan Andrew Wildman Amy Youngs See also Analog-to-digital converter Content delivery Digital Asset Management digital signal processing Multimedia References ^ UNISG Professor Beat Schmid. ^ Schmid, Beat F. ; Lindemann, Markus; 1998. Elements of a Reference Model for Electronic Markets. Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume, IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved on 2008-02-21. Coy, Wolfgang 2005: Analog/Digital. In: Warnke, Martin et al. 2005: Hyperkult II - Zur Ortsbestimmung analoger und digitaler Medien in German, Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, ISBN 3-89942-274-0 Nelson, Ted 1990: Literary Machines, Sausalito: Mindful Press. Pflüger, Jörg 2005: Wo die Quantität in Qualität umschlägt. In: Warnke, Martin et al. 2005: Hyperkult II - Zur Ortsbestimmung analoger und digitaler Medien in German, Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, ISBN 3-89942-274-0 Schmid, Beat F. ; Schmid-Isler, Salome: Konzepte von Beat F. Schmid 1997-2003. Ein Ãœberblick, 2004.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9118 Herrmann, Andreas ; Schmid, Beat F. ; Algesheimer , René ; Dimpfel, Marcus: Understanding Electronic Agents. In: Electronic Markets 2007, Nr. forthcoming Schmid, Beat F.: Communities and Media - Towards a Reconstruction of Communities on Media. In: Sprague, E. Hrsg.: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences : IEEE Press, 2001.- 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences.- Maui, Hawaii.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9140 Schmid, Beat F. ; Stanoevska-Slabeva, Katarina: Requirements Analysis for Community Supporting Platforms Based on the Media Reference Model. In: Electronic Markets 10 2000, Nr. 4, S. 250-257 Schmid, Beat F. ; Klose, Martina ; Lechner, Ulrike: Media - A Formal Model of Communities and Platforms. Proc. of the Workshop on Formal Models of Electronic Commerce FMEC. Erasmus University Rotterdam : Rotterdam School of Management, 1999.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9517 Schmid, Beat F. ; Schmid-Isler, Salome ; Stanoevska-Slabeva, Katarina ; Lechner, Ulrike: Structuring and Systemizing Knowledge - Realizing the Encyclopedia concept as a Knowledge Medium. In, 1999.- Proceedings of the IRMA - Information Resources Management Association Conference -Information Technology in Libraries.- Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9221 Schmid, Beat F. ; Yu, Lei: A Conceptual Framework for Agent Oriented and Role Based Workflow Modelling, 1999.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9220 Schmid, Beat F. ; Lindemann, Markus: Elements of a Reference Model for Electronic Markets. In: Thirty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 4. St. Gallen : IEEE Computer Society, 1998.- WI' 97, Tutorium Elektronische Märkte, S. 193-201.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9479 Schmid, Beat F. ; Lechner, Ulrike: A Computational Media Metaphor. In, 1998.- Workshop on Algebraic Development and Techniques ADT 98, held in conjunction with the 1st European Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software ETAPS 1998.- Lisboa, Portugal.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9467 Schmid, Beat F. ; Stanoevska-Slabeva, Katarina: Knowledge Media: An Innovative Concept and Technology for Knowledge Management in the Information Age. In, 1998.- Beyond Convergence, 12th Biennal International Telecommunications Society best world eneindasConference.- Stockholm, Sweden.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9455 Schmid, Beat F. ; Schubert, Petra ; Lincke, David Michael: A Global Knowledge Medium as a Virtual Community - The NetAcademy Concept. In, 1998.- Annual Americas Conference on Information Systems.- Baltimore, Maryland.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9454 Schmid, Beat F.: The Concept of Media. In: Lee, R. Hrsg., 1997.- Euridis Conference. Fourth Research Symposium on Electronic Markets: Negotiation and Settlement in Electronic Markets.- Maastricht NL, Erasmus Universität Rotterdam.- URL http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/9574 Schmid, Beat F.: Requirements for Electronic Markets Architecture. In: Electronic Markets 7 1997, Nr. 1, p. 3-5 Schroth, Christoph: A Service-oriented Reference Architecture for Organizing Cross-Company Collaboration. In: 4th International Conference Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications I-ESA 2008 and: Enterprise Interoperability III: New Challenges and Industrial Approaches K. Mertins, R. Ruggaber, K. Popplewell, X. Xu, ors. London : Springer, 2008.- 4th International Conference Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications I-ESA 2008.- Berlin, Germany.- ISBN 1848002203 Schroth, Christoph: Industrialization strategies for cross-organizational information intensive services. In: 4th International Conference Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications I-ESA 2008 and: Enterprise Interoperability III: New Challenges and Industrial Approaches K. Mertins, R. Ruggaber, K. Popplewell, X. Xu, ors. London : Springer, 2008.- 4th International Conference Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications I-ESA 2008.- Berlin, Germany.- ISBN 1848002203 Schmid, Beat F. ; Schroth, Christoph: Organizing as Programming: A Reference Model for Cross-Organizational Collaboration. In: Proceedings of the 9th IBIMA Conference on Information Management in Modern Organizations, 2008.- 9th IBIMA Conference on Information Management in Modern Organizations.- Marrakech, Morocco.- ISBN 0-9753393-8-9, S. 16 Schroth, Christoph: A Reference Model for Seamless Cross-Organizational Collaboration in the Public Sector. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2008 M. Bichler, T. Hess, H. Krcmar, U. Lechner, F. Matthes, A. Picot, B. Speitkamp, P. Wolf, ors. Berlin : © GITO-Verlag, 2008.- Multikonferenz Witschaftsinformatik MKWI 2008.- Munich, Germany.- ISBN 978-3-940019-34-9, S. 377-388 Hogshead, Sally: Advertising Age:3/17/2008, Vol. 79 Issue 11, special section p3-3, 1p, 1c: Title: IT'S TIME TO UPGRADE TO YOU 2.0 Nechvatal, Joseph. The Art of Excess in the Techno-Mediacratic Society in New Observations No. 94. Guest ed by Joseph Nechvatal. 1993. External links Articles The Digital Media Winners of 2007 - Annual MP3 Newswire award Reference Model for Electronic Business Media Studies Digital Arts/New Media MFA - Digital Arts/New Media Masters of Fine Arts MFA Program at UC Santa Cruz with studies in Mechatronics, Participatory Culture, and Performative Technologies. Masters of Digital Media at GNWC A Digital Media program in Vancouver, Canada accred by four of the city's major institutions: University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, BCIT and ECIAD Digital Media Studies Program Master of Arts in Digital Media Studies at the University of Houston-Clear Lake International Bachelor/Master Program in Digital Media at University of Bremen and University of the Arts Bremen, Germany Master of Communication in Digital Media at the University of Washington Bachelor of Science in Digital Media at Utah Valley University Bachelor of Science in Computing Science with Digital Media Specialization at University of Ontario Institute of Technology eBooks Instant Download Gifts Instantly. browse, download, gift. Instant Delivery. Project Gutenberg Oldest producer of free e-books on the Internet with many major authors Asiaing.com News on free e-Books digital magazines. www.epalm.org Free e-Books in English, Spanish, French and Italian OverDrive Digital Media Locator Free eBooks, audiobooks, music, and video from public libraries. eLibrary - Open Ebooks Directory free for addition of one's own e-books Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Digital_media Categories: All articles to be merged | Digital media | Digital Revolution | Media technology | Computer art | Art movements | Postmodern art | Contemporary artHidden categories: Articles to be merged since November 2007 | Cleanup from July 2008 | All pages needing cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch í•œêµì–´ עברית 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Suomi This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 05:15
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