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14-September-2008 18:38:49 - Diphthong or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. September 2007 August 2007 In phonetics, a diphthong also gliding vowel from Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds or with two tones is a contour vowel-that is, a unitary vowel that changes quality during its pronunciation, or glides, with a smooth movement of the tongue from one articulation to another, as in the English words eye, boy, and cow. This contrasts with pure vowels, or monophthongs, where the tongue is held still, as in the English word papa.1 Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single vowel sounds phonemes.2 In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pure vowels are transcribed with one letter, as in English sum sÊŒm. Diphthongs are transcribed with two letters, as in English eye aɪ̯ or same seɪ̯m. The two vowel symbols are chosen to represent the beginning and ending positions of the tongue, though this can be only approximate. The diacritic ̯ is placed under the less prominent component to show that it is part of a diphthong rather than a separate vowel, though it is sometimes left off in languages such as English, where there is not likely to be any confusion. That is, in precise transcription, ai represents two vowels in hiatus, as found for example in Hawaiian and Japanese, or in the English word naïve, not a diphthong as in English knives. Contents 1 Types of diphthongs 2 Diphthongs in various languages 2.1 Catalan 2.2 Croatian 2.3 Czech 2.4 Dutch 2.5 English 2.6 Faroese 2.7 Finnish 2.8 French 2.9 German 2.10 Hungarian 2.11 Icelandic 2.12 Irish 2.13 Italian 2.14 Latvian 2.15 Mandarin Chinese 2.16 Northern Sami 2.17 Norwegian 2.18 Portuguese 2.19 Romanian 2.20 Spanish 2.21 Thai 2.22 Yiddish 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Types of diphthongs Falling or descending diphthongs start with a vowel quality of higher prominence higher pitch or louder and end in a semivowel with less prominence, like aɪ̯ in eye, while rising or ascending diphthongs begin with a less prominent semivowel and end with a more prominent full vowel, like ɪ̯a in yard. The less prominent component in the diphthong may also be transcribed as an approximant, thus aj in eye and ja in yard. However, when the diphthong is analysed as a single phoneme, both elements are often transcribed with vowel letters /aɪ̯/, /ɪ̯a/. Note also that semivowels and approximants are not equivalent in all treatments, and in the English and Italian languages, among others, many phoneticians do not consider rising combinations to be diphthongs, but rather sequences of approximant and vowel. There are many languages such as Romanian that contrast one or more rising diphthongs with similar sequences of a glide and a vowel in their phonetic inventory.3 In closing diphthongs, the second element is more close than the first e.g. ai; in opening diphthongs, more open e.g. ia. Closing diphthongs tend to be falling ai̯, and opening diphthongs are generally rising i̯a, because open vowels are more sonorous and therefore tend to be more prominent. However, exceptions to this rule are not rare in the world's languages. In Finnish, for instance, the opening diphthongs /ie̯/ and /uo̯/ are true falling diphthongs, since they begin louder and with higher pitch and fall in prominence during the diphthong. A centering diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central one, such as ɪə̯, ɛə̯, and ʊə̯ in Received Pronunciation or iə̯ and uə̯ in Irish. Many centering diphthongs are also opening diphthongs iə̯, uə̯. Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs, the latter usually being described as having a long first element. Languages that contrast three quantities in diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of: Northern Sami is known to contrast long, short and finally stressed diphthongs, the last of which are distinguished by a long second element. Diphthongs in various languages Catalan Catalan possesses a number of phonetic diphthongs, all of which begin or end in j or w. They include:4 ej rei 'king' É›w peu 'foot' uj avui 'today' ow pou 'well' ja iaia 'grandma' wa quatre 'four' jÉ› veiem 'we see' wÉ™ aigua 'water' In addition to these, Catalan also possesses two sets of diphthongs in variation; wi varies with uj as in afluixar aflujˈɕa~aflwiˈɕa 'to loosen' and iw with ju.5 There are also certain instances of compensatory diphthongization in the Majorcan dialect so that /ˈtroncs/ 'logs' in addition to deleting the palatal plosive develops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as ˈtrojns and contrasts with the unpluralized ˈtronʲc. Diphthongization compensates for the loss of the palatal stop part of Catalan's segment loss compensation. There are other cases where diphthongization compensates for the loss of point of articulation features property loss compensation as in ˈaɲ 'year' vs ˈajns 'years'.6 The dialectal distribution of compensatory diphthongization is almost entirely dependent on the dorsal plosive whether it is velar or palatal and the extent of consonant assimilation whether or not it's extended to palatals.7 Croatian ije, as in mlijeko8 Croatian dialects also have uo, as in kuonj, ruod, uon9 while, in Standard Croatian, these words are konj, rod, on Czech There are three diphthongs in Czech: /aʊ̯/ as in auto almost exclusively in words of foreign origin /eʊ̯/ as in euro in words of foreign origin only /oʊ̯/ as in koule Vowel groups ia, ie, ii, io, and iu in foreign words are not regarded as diphthongs, they are pronounced with /j/ between the vowels ɪja, ɪjÉ›, ɪjɪ, ɪjo, ɪju. Dutch Diphthongs of Dutch Netherlandic10 Belgian11 zeis ɛɪ̯ ui Å“Ê?̯ zout ʌʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ beet1 eɪ̯ eË? neus1 øÊ?̯ øË? boot1 oʊ̯ oË? eɪ̯, øÊ?̯, and oʊ̯ are normally pronounced as closing diphthongs except before ɾ in the same word, in which case they are centering diphthongs: eə̯, øə̯, and oə̯. In many dialects, they are monophthongized12 The dialect of Hamont in Limburg has five centring diphthongs and contrasts long and short forms of ɛɪ̯, Å“Ê?̯, ɔʊ̯, and ɑʊ̯.13 English See also: IPA chart for English dialects All English diphthongs are falling. Standard English diphthongs RP British Australian American GA Canadian low əʊ̯ əʉ̯ oʊ̯ loud aʊ̯ æɔ̯ aʊ̯ aʊ̯ lout əʊ̯1 lied aɪ̯ É‘e̯ aɪ̯ aɪ̯ light əɪ̯1 lane eɪ̯ æɪ eɪ̯ loin ɔɪ̯ oɪ ɔɪ̯ leer ɪə̯ ɪə̯ ɪɚ̯3 lair ɛə̯2 eË?2 ɛɚ3 lure ʊə̯2 ʊə̯ ʊɚ̯3 Canadian English exhibits allophony of aʊ̯ and aɪ̯ called Canadian raising. In Received Pronunciation, the vowels in lair and lure may be monophthongized to É›Ë? and oË? respectively.14 Australian English speakers more readily monophthongize the former but it is listed here anyway. In Rhotic dialects, words like pair, poor, and peer can be analyzed as diphthongs, although other descriptions analyze them as vowels with ɹ in the coda. Faroese Diphthongs in Faroese are: /ai/ as in bein can also be short /au/ as in havn /É›a/ as in har, mær /É›i/ as in hey /É›u/ as in nevnd /Å“u/ as in nøvn /ʉu/ as in hús /ÊŠi/ as in mÃn, bý, ið can also be short /É”a/ as in ráð /É”i/ as in hoyra can also be short /É”u/ as in sól, ovn Finnish Main article: Finnish phonology All Finnish diphthongs are falling. Notably, Finnish has true opening diphthongs e.g. /uo/, which are not very common crosslinguistically compared to centering diphthongs e.g. /uÉ™/ in English. closing ai̯ as in laiva ship ei̯ as in keinu swing oi̯ as in poika boy æi̯ as in äiti mother øi̯ as in öisin at night au̯ as in lauha mild eu̯ as in leuto mild ou̯ as in koulu school ey̯ as in leyhyä to waft æy̯ as in täysi full øy̯ as in löytää to find close ui̯ as in uida to swim yi̯ as in lyijy lead iu̯ as in viulu violin iy̯ as in siistiytyä to clean up opening ie̯ as in kieli tongue uo̯ as in suo bog yø̯ as in yö night French Some diphthongs in French: /wa/ as in roi king /wi/ as in oui yes /wɛ̃/ as in groin muzzle /É¥i/ as in huit eight /jɛ̃/ as in lien bond /jÉ›/ as in Ariège /aj/ as in travail work /ej/ as in Marseille /Å“j/ as in feuille leaf /uj/ as in grenouille frog /jø/ as in vieux old While /wa/, /wɛ̃/, and /É¥i/ may be considered diphthongs that is, fully contained in the syllable nucleus, other sequences of a glide and vowel are considered part of a glide formation process that turns a high vowel into a glide and part of the syllable onset when followed by another vowel.15 German Diphthongs in German: aɪ̯ as in Reich 'empire' aʊ̯ as in Maus 'mouse' É”Ê?̯ as in neu 'new' eË?É?̯ as in sehr 'very' iË?É?̯ as in dir 'you dative' oË?É?̯ as in Bor 'boron element' øË?É?̯ as in Öhr 'eye hole in a needle' uË?É?̯ as in nur 'only' yË?É?̯ as in Tür 'door' Some diphthongs in Bernese, a Swiss German dialect: iə̯ as in Bier 'beer' yə̯ as in Füess 'feet' uə̯ as in Schue 'shoes' ou̯ as in Stou 'holdup' au̯ as in Stau 'stable' aË?u̯ as in Staau 'steel' æu̯ as in Wäut 'world' æË?u̯ as in wääut 'elects' ÊŠu̯ as in tschúud 'guilty' Hungarian The general consensus is that standard Hungarian has no diphthongs. However linguistswho? acknowledge that even in standard speech word-initial au- as in autó 'car', augusztus 'August' is often realised as one syllable, that is like the diphthong É’u̯ or ɒʊ̯. Note, that in other positions and native words the above examples are loan words even the abovementioned speakers realise au with a hiatus, that is as two syllables in words like kalauz /ˈkÉ’.lÉ’.uz/. On the other hand some phoneticianswho? argue, that -aj, -ej, -éj etc. e.g. in haj 'hair', fej 'head' in Hungarian are actually diphthongs /ɒɪ̯/, /ɛɪ̯/, etc. However this view is not shared by many, the general position being that this is a vowel-consonant combination /aj/, /É›j/, etc. respectively. This is supported by many facts, one of them being that agglutinated forms of the word separate the semivowel from the vowel into another syllable: fejes 'with head, related to head adj.' /fÉ›.jɛʃ/ rather than hypothetical fɛɪ̯.ɛʃ. Note, that many Hungarian dialects have diphthongs in place of Standard Hungarian long vowels, such as øy for /Å‘/, É’u for /ó/ northeastern dialect, or uo for /ó/ western dialect. Icelandic Diphthongs in Icelandic are the following: /aw/ as in átta, eight /ow/ as in nóg, enough /Å“É¥/ as in auga, eye /aj/ as in hæ, hi /ej/ as in þeir, they Combinations of j and a vowel are the following: /ja/ as in jata, manger /jaw/ as in já, yes /jo/ as in joð, iodine, jay, yod only in a handful of words of foreign origin /jow/ as in jól, Christmas /jÅ“/ as in jötunn, giant /jaj/ as in jæja, oh well Irish All Irish diphthongs are falling. É™i̯, spelled aigh, aidh, agh, adh, eagh, eadh, eigh, or eidh É™u̯, spelled abh, amh, eabh, or eamh iə̯, spelled ia, iai uə̯, spelled ua, uai Italian In standard Italian, only falling diphthongs are considered to be true diphthongs. falling ai̯ as in avrai ei̯ as in dei preposition É›i̯ as in direi oi̯ as in voi É”i̯ as in poi au̯ as in pausa eu̯ as in Europa É›u̯ as in feudo rising ja as in piano je as in ateniese jÉ› as in piede jo as in fiore jÉ” as in piove ju as in più wa as in guado we as in quello wÉ› as in guerra wi as in qui wo as in liquore wÉ” as in nuoto Other combinations, such as ui, iu, ii, are generally considered hiatus by grammarians; however phonetically they are often true diphthongs in poetry and common speech. Latvian Diphthongs in Latvian falling ai̯ as in laiva É›i̯ as in beigas É”i̯ as in koika ui̯ as in puika au̯ as in tauva eu̯ as in tevcitation needed iu̯ as in pliukÅ¡citation needed ou̯ as in soulscitation needed yu̯ as in myusu dial.citation needed iɛ̯ as in ielacitation needed uo̯ as in ruokacitation needed Mandarin Chinese Rising diphthongs in Mandarin are usually regarded as a combination of a medial glide i, u, or ü and a final segment, while falling diphthongs are seen as one final segment. Tone marker is always placed on the vowel with more prominence. rising ia/ya: i̯a, as in jiÄ? 家, home, yÄ? é´¨, duck i̯ɛ, as in jiÇŽn 剪, to cut, yÇŽn 眼, eye i̯ɑ, as in xiÇŽng 想, to think, yÇŽng 癢, itchy ie/ye: i̯ɛ, as in xiè è¬?, to thank, yè 葉, leaf yo: i̯ɔ, as in yÅ? å”·, an interjection 1 iong/yong: i̯ɤŋ, as in xiÅ?ng å…‡, menacing, yÇ’ng æ°¸, forever ua/wa: u̯a, as in guÄ? ç“œ, melon, wÄ? 挖, to dig, guÇŽn 管, tube, uÇŽn 碗, bowl u̯ɑ, as in zhuÄ?ng è£?, to fill, wà ng 忘, to forget wen: u̯ən, as in wèn å•?, to ask 12 weng: u̯ɤŋ, as in wÄ“ng ç¿?, old man 12 uo/wo: u̯ɔ, as in huÇ’ ç?«, fire, wÇ’ 我, I üan/yuan: y̯ɛn, as in xüǎn é?¸, to choose, yuÇŽn é? , far 2 üe/yue: y̯ɛ, as in xüé å¸, to learn, yuè 越, to cross falling ai: ai̯, as in à i æ„›, love ei: ei̯, as in lèi ç´¯, love ao: ɑʊ̯, as in dà o é?“, way ou: oʊ̯, as in dòu 豆, bean 1 only occurs in isolation 2 always followed by nasal Northern Sami The diphthong system in Northern Sami varies considerably from one dialect to another. The Western Finnmark dialects distinguish four different qualities of opening diphthongs: /eæ/ as in leat to be /ie/ as in giella language /oa/ as in boahtit to come /uo/ as in vuodjat to swim In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a three-way contrast between long, short and finally stressed diphthongs. The last are distinguished from long and short diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in spelling. Norwegian There are five diphthongs in Norwegian: æɪ̯ as in nei, no øÊ?̯ as in øy, island æʉ̯ as in sau, sheep ɑɪ̯ as in hai, shark É”Ê?̯ as in joik, Sami song An additional diphthong, ʉ̫Ê?̯, only occurs in the word hui in the expression i hui og hast in great haste. Portuguese Main article: Portuguese phonology European Portuguese has 14 phonemic diphthongs 10 oral and 4 nasal,16 all of which are falling diphthongs formed by a vowel and a nonsyllabic high vowel. Brazilian Portuguese has roughly the same amount, although the two dialects have slightly different pronunciations. A w onglide after /k/ or /g/ as in quando kʊ̯É?̃dÊŠ 'when' or ˈgʊ̯aɾdÉ? 'guard' may also form rising diphthongs and triphthongs. Additionally, in casual speech, adjacent heterosyllabic vowels may combine into diphthongs and triphthongs or even sequences of them;17 in more formal speech, these are realized as hiatus e.g., férias ˈfÉ›.ɾi.É?ʃ ~ ˈfÉ›.ɾjÉ?ʃ.citation needed Diphthongs of Portuguese EP18 BP anéis ɛɪ̯ sai aɪ̯ sei É?ɪ̯ eɪ̯ mói ɔɪ̯ moita oɪ̯ anuis uɪ̯ viu iu̯ meu eu̯ véu É›u̯ mau au̯ cem É?̃ɪ̯ ẽɪ̯ mãe É?̃ɪ̯ anões õɪ̯ muita ũɪ̯ mão É?̃u̯ In addition, phonetic diphthongs are formed in Brazilian Portuguese by the vocalization of /l/ in the syllable coda with words like sol sɔʊ̯ 'sun' and sul suʊ̯ 'south' as well as by yodization of vowels preceding /s/ in words like arroz aÊ?oɪ̯s 'rice' and mas maɪ̯s 'but'.19 Romanian Romanian builds its descending diphthongs using two semivowels and its ascending diphthongs using four. falling ai̯ as in mai au̯ as in dau ei̯ as in lei eu̯ as in leu ii̯ as in mii no vocalic glide, but still a diphthong iu̯ as in fiu oi̯ as in goi ou̯ as in nou ui̯ as in pui É™i̯ as in răi É™u̯ as in rău ɨi̯ as in câine ɨu̯ as in râu rising e̯a as in stea e̯o as in George i̯a as in iapă i̯e as in fier i̯o as in chior i̯u as in iubit o̯a as in oameni u̯a as in ziua u̯ə as in două Spanish Spanish has six falling diphthongs and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together as in poeta ˈpo̯eta 'poet' and maestro ˈmae̯stɾo 'teacher'. The phonemic diphthongs are:20 falling /ei̯/ as in rey 'king' /ai̯/ as in aire 'air' /oi̯/ as in hoy 'today' /eu̯/ as in neutro 'neutral' /au̯/ as in pausa 'break' /ou̯/ as in bou 'seine fishing' rising /je/ as in tierra 'earth' /ja/ as in hacia 'towards' /jo/ as in radio 'radio' /ju/ as in viuda 'widow' /wi/ as in fuimos 'we went' /we/ as in fuego 'fire' /wa/ as in cuadro 'picture' /wo/ as in cuota 'quota' Thai In addition to vowel nuclei following /j/ and /w/, Thai has three diphthongs:21 ia̯ ɯa̯ ua̯ Yiddish Yiddish has three diphthongs:22 ɛɪ̯ as in plɛɪ̯tÉ™ פּליטה 'refugee' f. aɛ̯ as in naɛ̯n × ×²Ö·×Ÿ 'nine' ɔə̯ as in ɔəf̯nÌ© ×?ופֿן 'way' Diphthongs may reach a higher target position towards /i/ in situations of coarticulatory phenomena or when words with such vowels are being emphasized. See also Hiatus List of phonetics topics Semivowel Triphthong Vowel cluster References ^ The tongue will move at the boundaries even of monophthongs, because this is necessary for the pronunciation of adjacent consonants. However, the description given here is correct for the middle of the vowel, which is most prominent to the human ear. Monophthongs can be pronounced in isolation without any movement of the tongue, which is not possible for diphthongs. More technically, monophthongs are said to have one target tongue position, diphthongs two, and triphthongs three. ^ SIL International definition of 'Diphthong' accessed 17 January 2008 ^ Chitoran 2002:203 ^ Carbonell Llisterri 1992:54 ^ Carbonell Llisterri 1992:54 ^ Mascaró 2002:580-581 ^ Mascaró 2002:581 ^ Croatian Vjesnik Babić ne zagovara korijenski pravopis, nego traži da Hrvati ne piju mlijeko nego - mlieko ^ Croatian Kolo Josip Lisac: Å tokavsko narjeÄ?je: prostiranje i osnovne znaÄ?ajke ^ Gussenhoven 1992:46 ^ Verhoeven 2005:245 ^ See Verhoeven Van Bael 2002 for more information. ^ Verhoeven 2007:221 ^ Roach 2004:240 ^ Chitoran 2001:11 ^ Cruz-Ferreira 1995:92 ^ Barbosa Albano 2004:230 ^ Cruz-Ferreira 1995:92 ^ Barbosa Albano 2004:230 ^ MartÃnez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas Carrera-Sabaté 2003:256 ^ Tingsabadh Abramson 1993:25 ^ Kleine 2003:263 Bibliography Barbosa, PlÃnio A. Eleonora C. Albano 2004, Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2: 227-232 Carbonell, Joan F. Joaquim Llisterri 1992, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 1-2: 53-56 Chitoran, Ioana 2001, The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach, Berlin New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3110167662 Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena 1995, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2: 90-94 Gussenhoven, Carlos 1992, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 2: 45-47 Kleine, Ane 2003, Standard Yiddish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2: 261-265 MartÃnez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas Josefina Carrera-Sabaté 2003, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2: 255-259 Mascaró, Joan 1976, Catalan Phonology and the Phonological Cycle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Roach, Peter 2004, British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2: 239-245 Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya Arthur Abramson 1993, Thai, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1: 24-28 Verhoeven, Jo 2005, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2: 243-247 Verhoeven, Jo 2007, The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 27 2: 219-225 Verhoeven, Jo C. Van Bael 2002, Akoestische kenmerken van de Nederlandse klinkers in drie Vlaamse regio's, Taal en Tongval 54: 1-23 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Diphthong Categories: Vowels | PhoneticsHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since September 2007 | All articles to be expanded | Articles needing additional references from August 2007 | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since June 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Alemannisch Brezhoneg Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gà idhlig Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Nedersaksisch 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sámegiella Scots Simple English SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 15:5
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