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14-September-2008 18:38:49 - Economics of cocoa This article may require cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. January 2008 This article discusses child labor and human trafficking related to west African cocoa production. Contents 1 West African production of cocoa 2 Children in cocoa production 2.1 Studies and reports 2.1.1 1998 2.1.2 2001 2.1.3 2002 2.1.4 2005 2.1.5 2006 2.1.6 2007 2.1.7 2008 2.2 Certification process 2.2.1 Harkin-Engel Protocol 2.3 Organizations, activists and legislation 2.4 Companies 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links 6.1 Studies and reports 6.2 Media reports 6.3 orials, Essays and Blogs 6.4 Educational materials 6.5 Interviews 6.6 Activism 6.7 Businesses 6.8 Other links West African production of cocoa Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast is the world's largest producer and exporter of cocoa, supplying 46% of the world cocoa production. West Africa, collectively supply nearly 80% of the world cocoa.12 Large chocolate producers such as Cadbury, Hershey's, and Nestle buy cocoa at commodities exchanges where Ivorian cocoa is mixed with other cocoa, as reported in a study by Oxfam.2 Children in cocoa production 30% of children under age 15 in sub-Saharan Africa engage in child labor, mostly in agricultural activities including cocoa farming.3 Of the 200,000 children working in the Ivory Coast cocoa industry, a maximum of 6% 12,000 children may be victims of human trafficking or slavery.4 Studies and reports 1998 A 1998 report from the Ivory Coast office of UNICEF concluded that some Ivory Coast farmers use enslaved children, many of them from Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin and Togo.5. 2001 The report A Taste of Slavery: How Your Chocolate May be Tainted567 won a George Polk Award. It claimed that traffickers promise paid work, housing, and education to children who are forced to labour and undergo severe abuse, that some children are held forcibly on farms and work up to 100 hours per week, and that attempted escapees are beaten. It quoted a former slave: The beatings were a part of my life and when you didn't hurry, you were beaten.567 See also 8910 The BBC reported that some children from Sikasso, Mali, were believed sold as slaves.11 According to the article, 15,000 children from Mali, some under age 11, were producing cocoa in the Cote d'Ivoire, and Mali's Save the Children Fund director described young children carrying 6kg of cocoa sacks so heavy that they have wounds all over their shoulders.11 A British television documentary12 claimed that many Ivory Coast cocoa plantations use forced labor. A ship was found near West Africa allegedly carrying child slaves.12 The Chocolate Manufacturers Association see above acknowledged that slaves harvested some cocoa.13 2002 S. Chanthavong reported that children in neighboring countries are often found traveling or begging and lured to the Ivory Coast, where they are sold.14 2005 A report from the International Labor Organization noted that of the 200,000 children working on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, 12,000 are not working with or in the vicinity of their relatives, suggesting possible trafficking in a maximum of 6% of cases of child labor.4 4 One book was published: Lowell J. Satre, Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics the Ethics of Business, Ohio University Press 2005, 308 pages, hardcover ISBN 0-8214-1625-1, trade paperback ISBN 0-8214-1626-X 2006 A study1 showed many children working on small farms in the Ivory Coast, often on family farms. Over 11,000 people working on small Ivorian cocoa farms were surveyed. Another book was published: Carol Off, Bitter Chocolate:Investigating the Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet. Random House Canada 2006, 336 pages, hardcover. ISBN 978-0-679-31319-9 0-679-31319-2 2007 UNICEF's Representative in Côte d'Ivoire, stated that: Likewise, children from neighbouring countries such as Burkina Faso, Togo and Mali are brought to Côte d'Ivoire to work in its robust cocoa farming industry, among other outlets for child labour. Their rights are not respected and they are exposed to wide-ranging exploitation and abuse. 1 The International Labor Organization 15 and BBC2 released reports. A report funded by the U.S. Department of Labor concluded that Industry and the Governments of Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana have taken steps to investigate the problem and are implementing projects that address issues identified in the Protocol.16 2008 Fortune magazine reported that little progress has been made in a report featuring responses from Cargill and Hershey's. Certification process Efforts are underway to establish an industry-wide voluntary certification process for cocoa produced without the use of child labor.16 However, these efforts are not yet complete, and there are currently only a few small independent firms claiming to produce chocolate without the use of child labor or human trafficking see Economics of cocoa#Companies. Harkin-Engel Protocol The Harkin-Engel Protocol of 2001 see Appendix 1 of16 was a commitment by the industry groups World Cocoa Foundation and Chocolate Manufacturers Association now known as the Chocolate Council of the National Confectioners Association to develop and implement voluntary standards to certify cocoa produced without the worst forms of child labor, defined according to the International Labor Organization's Convention 182 by the year 2005. This deadline was not met. In 2004, a Verification Working Group was funded by industry; however, funding was discontinued in 2006.16 Organizations, activists and legislation In September 2005, Dutch member of parliament Femke Halsema filed a motion to abolish European imports of slave-processed cacao. 3 Statements have been issued by Anti-Slavery International 4, the Anti-Slavery Society5, Fred E. Foldvary, the Organic Consumers Association6 and StoptheTraffick UK.7 Teun van de Keuken is another notable activist.891011121314 Companies It is claimed that Fair Trade chocolate products contain no cocoa linked to trafficking.15 It is also claimed that slave-grown cocoa is not a problem for South American chocolatecitation needed. A list of companies claiming to sell fair trade chocolate can be found here. FLO-CERT certified cocoa producers can be found here. International Fair Trade Association-certified cocoa producers can be found here See also Big Chocolate International Labor Rights Fund Cocoa Protocol Child Labor Nestle Further reading Henry W. Nevinson, A Modern Slavery, 1906, reprint Schocken 1968, ISBN 1-121-28400-0 References ^ a b Nkamleu, GB; Anne Kielland 2006. Modeling farmers' decisions on child labor and schooling in the cocoa sector: a multinomial logit analysis in Cˆote d'Ivoire PDF. Agricultural Economics, vol 35, pp 319-333. ^ a b Oxfam 2002. The cocoa market: A background study PDF. ^ International Labor Organization 2007. Rooting out child labour from cocoa farms: Paper No. 4 Child labour monitoring - A partnership of communities and government. ^ a b c International Labor Organization 2005. Combatting Child Labour in Cocoa Growing. ^ a b c Raghavan, Sudarsan; Sumana Chatterjee June 24, 2001. Slaves feed world's taste for chocolate: Captives common in cocoa farms of Africa. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. ^ a b Raghavan, Sudarsan June 25, 2001. Two boys tell of descent into slavery. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. ^ a b Raghavan, Sudarsan June 24, 2001. Traffickers target boys in cocoa trade. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. ^ SAJAers In The News 2002. ^ Foldvary, Fred 2001. Chocolate worker slavery. The Progress Report. ^ Chatterjee, Sumana August 1, 2001. Chocolate Firms Launch Fight Against 'Slave Free' Labels. Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ a b Hawksley, Humphrey 2001. Mali's children in chocolate slavery. BBC. ^ a b Blewett, Kate; Brian Woods 2001. Slavery: A global investigation. ^ Chatterjee, Sumana August 1, 2001. Chocolate Firms Launch Fight Against 'Slave Free' Labels. Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Chanthavong, Samlanchith 2002. Chocolate and Slavery: Child Labor in Cote d'Ivoire. TED Case Studies Number 664. American University. ^ International Labor Organization 2007. Rooting out child labour from cocoa farms. ^ a b c d Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University October 31, 2007. First annual report: Oversight of public and private initiatives to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in the cocoa sector in Cote d-Ivoire and Ghana PDF. External links Studies and reports TED Case Studies: Chocolate and Slavery: child labor in Cote d'Ivoire First annual report of Tulane University Payson Center project on Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana Industry response to Tulane University report Nkamleu and Kielland 2006 study in the journal Agricultural Economics Oxfam 2002 The cocoa market: a backgrond study. Media reports The human cost of chocolate Slavery: A global investigation Mali's children in chocolate slavery. BBC News Continued exploitation of children in cocoa industry. BBC News Ivory Coast accuses chocolate companies. BBC News Slave-labour chocolate must go. CBC News A Taste of Slavery. Democracy Now! Chocolate and child slavery: a bitter brew. The Sunday Herald. orials, Essays and Blogs Chocolate Worker Slavery John Robbins 2002 Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate? Earthsave magazine, Spring 2002 ion. Bloggers on Chocolate Slavery Chocolate/slavery redux. LundBlog Chocolate and slavery. chocolatework.com Educational materials Stop Chocolate Slavery A taste of slavery Interviews Carol Off: Bitter Chocolate. The Writer's Cafe Carol Off-Bitter Chocolate. Bookbits.ca The Dark Side of Chocolate. Interview with Carol Off. CBC Dark chocolate: Journalist Carol Off on the not-so-sweet story. TVO Investigating Chocolate. Carol Off interview. CBC Activism International Labor Rights Fund Cote d'Ivoire and Mali. Anti-slavery Make My Wonka Bar Fair Trade! Stop the Traffik: Chocolate Campaign Businesses YouTube - Tony Chocolonely Starbucks Fair Trade Campaign Other links Wikiinfo page on chocolate and slavery Chocolate and Slavery Fair Trade Chocolate Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Economics_of_cocoa Categories: Slavery | Business ethics cases | Chocolate industryHidden categories: Cleanup from January 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 26 August 2008, at 22:1
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