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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - inflammatory Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the brain. Contents 1 Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 2 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 3 Possible benefits on Alzheimer's disease 4 Helminthic Therapy 5 Ice treatment 6 Anti-inflammatory foods 7 References 8 External links Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Many steroids, specifically glucocorticoids, reduce inflammation or swelling by binding to cortisol receptors. These drugs are often referred to as corticosteroids. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs, alleviate pain by counteracting the cyclooxygenase COX enzyme. On its own COX enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins, creating inflammation. In whole the NSAIDs prevent the prostaglandins from ever being synthesized, reducing or eliminating the pain. Some common examples of NSAIDs are: aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. The newer specific COX-inhibitors although probably sharing a similar mode of action are not classified together with the traditional NSAIDs. In addition to medical drugs, many herbs have anti-inflammatory qualities, including hyssop, ginger, Turmeric, Arnica montana which contains helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone, and willow bark, which contains salicylic acid, a substance related to the active ingredient in aspirin. Cannabichromene, one of the many cannabinoids present in the cannabis plant, has been shown to reduce inflammation. On the other hand, there are analgesics which are commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs but which have no anti-inflammatory effects. An example is paracetamol, called acetaminophen in the U.S. and sold under the brand name of Tylenol. As opposed to NSAIDS, which reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting COX enzymes, paracetamol has recently been shown to block the reuptake of endocannabinoids, which only reduces pain, likely explaining why it has minimal effect on inflammation. Some are concerned about the long term usage of NSAIDs as they cause gastric erosions which can become stomach ulcers and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of use of NSAIDs is 1 in 10,000 for young adults aged 16-45citation needed. The risk increases tenfold for those over 75citation needed. Other dangers of NSAIDs are exacerbating asthma and causing kidney damage.citation needed Possible benefits on Alzheimer's disease Clinical studies have shown that a prolonged intake of certain anti-inflammatory non-steroid drugs has a positive effect on Alzheimer.citation needed Helminthic Therapy Helminthic therapy is the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immunological disorders involving inflammation.1 by means of deliberate infection with a helminth or with the ova of a helminth. Helminthis are parasitic worms, or nematodes, such as Trichuris suis or hookworms. Helminthic therapy is currently being studied as a promising treatment for several non-viral auto-immune diseases including Crohn's disease,234 and Ulcerative colitis.5 The therapy involves inoculation of the patient with specific parasitic intestinal nematodes helminths. There are currently two closely related treatments available, either inoculation with Necator americanus, commonly known as hookworms, or Trichuris Suis Ova, TSO commonly known as Pig Whipworm Eggs. There is early research suggesting that Helminthic Therapy may also be effective against disorders involving inflammation that are not caused by immunological disorders. Helminthic therapy has emerged from the extensive research into why the incidence of autoimmune diseases and allergies is relatively low in less developed countries, while there has been a significant and sustained increase in autoimmune diseases in the industrialized countries.67. Current research and available therapy is targeted at, or available for, the treatment of Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD as well as Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma, Eczema, Dermatitis, Hay fever and food allergies. Please see Helminthic therapy for information regarding those conditions. Ice treatment Applying ice to a tissue injury has an anti-inflammatory effect and is often suggested as an injury treatment and pain management technique for athletes. Practitioners of Chinese medicine, on the other hand, contend that ice is only useful for 24hours or so after acute trauma. After which time ice becomes counterproductive to healing, as cold inhibits local blood circulation. Anti-inflammatory foods Due to concerns over the gastric problems caused by NSAIDs researchers are turning to more natural solutions to dealing with the problem of inflammation. One ingredient with a great future potential is capsaicin, a naturally occurring ingredient in chili peppers. Studies have shown some success in the control of pain and inflammation when capsaicin is applied topically.citation needed Others advocate the consumption of anti-inflammatory foods as a means of controlling inflammation. Anti-inflammatory foods include most colorful fruits and vegetables, oily fish and certain nuts, seeds, herbs and spices such as ginger. Those following an anti-inflammatory diet will avoid refined oils and sugars, and show a preference for anti-inflammatory foods in their meal choices.8 Tobacco may have some anti-inflammatory effects, see Smoker's Paradox. In some conditions, dietary omega-3 fatty acids lower inflammation, see Essential fatty acid interactions. References ^ Zaccone P, Fehervari Z, Phillips JM, Dunne DW, Cooke A 2006. Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases. Parasite Immunol. 28 10: 515-23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00879.x. PMID 16965287. ^ Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. 2006. A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors. Gut 55: 136-137. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID 16344586. ^ Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF, Thompson R, Weinstock JV 2005. Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease. Gut 54 1: 87-90. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID 15591509. ^ Summers RW, Elliott DE, Qadir K, Urban JF, Thompson R, Weinstock JV 2003. Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98 9: 2034-41. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07660.x. PMID 14499784. ^ Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF, Thompson RA, Weinstock JV 2005. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 128 4: 825-32. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.005. PMID 15825065. ^ P ZACCONE, Z FEHERVARI, J M PHILLIPS, D W DUNNE, and A COOKE 2006. Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases. Parasite Immunol 28 10: 515-523. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00879.x. inactive 2008-06-21. ^ Weinstock JV, Summers R, Elliott DE. 2004. Helminths and harmony. Gut 53: 7-9. doi:10.1136/gut.53.1.7. PMID 14684567. ^ Hyman, Mark: Ultra-Metabolism, page 137. Scribner, 2006 External links NSAIDs and adverse effects Topical capsaicin for pain relief v d e Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism A stomach acid Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs B Antithrombotics Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics Antihemorrhagics Cardiovascular system C cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers renin-angiotensin system ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Skin D Emollients Cicatrizant Antipruritics Reproductive system G Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system H Corticosteroids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones Antithyroid agent Infections and infestations J, P Antibiotics Antivirals Vaccines Antifungals Antiparasitic Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics Malignant and immune disease L Anticancer agents Immunostimulators Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints M Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAID Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Brain and nervous system N Anesthetics General, Local Analgesics Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Psycholeptic Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives Psychoanaleptic Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants Respiratory system R Bronchodilators Decongestants H1 antagonists Other ATC V Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressing Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory Categories: Anti-inflammatory agentsHidden categories: Pages with DOIs broken since 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since December 2007 | Articles with statements since July 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Türkçe Català Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Türkçe 中文 This page was last modified on 22 August 2008, at 05:1
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