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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter bacteria Campylobacter bacteria Scientific classification Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Epsilon Proteobacteria Order: Campylobacterales Family: Campylobacteraceae Genus: Campylobacter Sebald and Véron 1963 Species C. coli C. concisus C. curvus C. fetus C. gracilis C. helveticus C. hominis C. hyointestinalis C. insulaenigrae C. jejuni C. lanienae C. lari C. mucosalis C. rectus C. showae C. sputorum C. upsaliensis The genus Campylobacter, meaning 'twisted bacteria' first discovered in 19631, describes Gram-negative, spiral, microaerophilic bacteria. Motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella, the organisms have a somewhat curved, rod-like appearance, and are oxidase-positive.2 Campylobacter jejuni is now recognised as one of the main causes of bacterial foodborne disease in many developed countries.3 At least a dozen species of Campylobacter have been implicated in human disease, with C. jejuni and C. coli the most common.2 C. fetus is a cause of spontaneous abortions in cattle and sheep, as well as it is an opportunisitic pathogen in humans.4 Contents 1 Genome 2 Pathogenesis 2.1 Cause 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Genome The genomes of several Campylobacter species have been sequenced, providing insights into their mechanisms of pathogenesis.5 The first Campylobacter genome to be sequenced was C. jejuni, in 2000.6 Campylobacter species contain two flagellin genes in tandem for motility, flaA and flaB. These genes undergo intergenic recombination, further contributing to their virulence. 7 Non-motile mutants do not colonize. Pathogenesis Main article: Campylobacteriosis Campylobacteriosis is an infection by campylobacter.8 The common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea, periodontitis9 or dysentery syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain. The infection is usually self-limiting and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by reposition of liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections. The use of antibiotics, on the other hand, is controversial. Cause One cause of the effects of campylobacteriosis is tissue injury in the gut. The sites of tissue injury include the jejunum, the ileum, and the colon. C jejuni appears to achieve this by invading and destroying epithelial cells. Some strains of C jejuni produce a cholera-like enterotoxin, which is important in the watery diarrhea observed in infections. The organism produces diffuse, bloody, edematous, and exudative enteritis. In a small number of cases, the infection may be associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura through a poorly understood mechanism. References ^ Nachmankin I; Szymanski CM; Blaser J ors 2008. Campylobacter, 3rd ed., ASM Press, pp 3-25. ISBN 9781555814373. ^ a b Ryan KJ; Ray CG ors 2004. Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed., McGraw Hill, pp. 378-80. ISBN 0838585299. ^ Moore JE, et al. 2005. Campylobacter. Vet Res 36 3: 351-82. doi:10.1051/vetres:2005012. PMID 15845230. ^ Sauerwein R, Bisseling J, Horrevorts A 1993. Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature. Infection 21 5: 331-3. doi:10.1007/BF01712458. PMID 8300253. ^ Fouts DE et al. 2005. Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple Campylobacter species. PLoS Biol 3 1: e15. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015. PMID 15660156. ^ Parkhill et al. 2000. The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences.. Nature 403: 665-668. doi:10.1038/35001088. PMID 10688204. ^ Grant C, Konkel M, Cieplak W, Tompkins L 1993. Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures. Infect Immun 61 5: 1764-71. PMID 8478066. ^ cdc.gov ^ Humphrey, Tom et al. 2007. Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective internet. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 3. doi:10.1016 inactive 2008-06-25. See also Periodontal disease External links Campylobacter info from the CDC Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Campylobacter Categories: ProteobacteriaHidden category: Pages with DOIs broken since 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 25 August 2008, at 22:50
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