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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Catechin Epicatechin EC Epicatechin EC Epigallocatechin EGC Epigallocatechin EGC Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolites. They belong to the family of flavonoids and, to be more specific, flavan-3-ols. These compounds are abundant in teas derived from the tea-plant Camellia sinensis as well as in some cocoas and chocolates made from the seeds of Theobroma cacao. Contents 1 Catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and the gallates 2 Sources of catechins 3 Health benefits of catechins 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and the gallates Catechin and epicatechin are epimers, with --epicatechin and +-catechin being the most common optical isomers found in nature. Catechin was first isolated from the plant extract catechu, from which it derives its name. Heating catechin past its point of decomposition releases pyrocatechol, which explains the common origin of the names of these compounds. Epigallocatechin and gallocatechin contain an additional phenolic hydroxyl group when compared to epicatechin and catechin, respectively, similar to the difference in pyrogallol compared to pyrocatechol. Catechin gallates are gallic acid esters of the catechins; such as EGCG epigallocatechin gallate, which is commonly the most abundant catechin in tea. Sources of catechins Catechins constitute about 25% of the dry weight of fresh tea leaf1, although total catechin content varies widely depending on clonal variation, growing location, seasonal/ light variation, and altitude. They are present in nearly all teas made from Camellia sinensis, including white tea, green tea, black tea and Oolong tea. Catechins are also present in the human diet in chocolate2, fruits, vegetables and wine3 and are found in many other plant species4. Epigallocatechin gallate is the most abundant catechin in tea. Health benefits of catechins The health benefits of catechins have been studied extensively in humans and in animal models. Reduction in atherosclerotic plaques was seen in animal models.5 Reduction in carcinogenesis was seen in vitro.6 Many studies on health benefits have been linked to the catechin content. According to Norman Hollenberg, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, epicatechin can reduce the risk of four of the major health problems: stroke, heart failure, cancer and diabetes. He studied the Kuna people in Panama, who drink up to 40 cups of cocoa a week, and found that the prevalence of the big four is less than 10%. He believes that epicatechin should be considered essential to the diet and thus classed as a vitamin.2Science Daily March 12, 2007 According to one researcher7 epigallocatechin-3-gallate is an antioxidant that helps protect the skin from UV radiation-induced damage and tumor formation. Green tea catechins have also been shown to possess antibiotic properties due to their role in disrupting a specific stage of the bacterial DNA replication process.8 White tea typically contains higher level of catechins. 9 Catechins, when combined with habitual exercise, have been shown to delay some forms of aging. Mice fed catechins showed decreased levels of aging. Oxidative stress was lowered in cell mitochondria, as well as increase in mRNA transcription of mitochondria related proteins. 10 The Lancet medical journal has warned11 against increase one's intake of dark chocolate in order to improve health, because the beneficial compounds are sometimes removed due to their bitter taste without an indication on the label, and because the fat, sugar, and calories of chocolate increase the risk for heart disease, unless balanced by a reduction in the intake of other foods. See also Quercetin Flavonoid Camellia sinensis Cocoa Tannin Polyphenol Proanthocyanidin Polyphenon References ^ Balentine DA, Harbowy ME and Graham HN, Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage in Caffeine 1998, ed. G Spiller ^ Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods. J Nutr, 130, 2086S-2092S 2000 ^ Ruidavets JB, Teissedre PL, Ferrieres J, Carando S, Bougard G, Cabanis JC 2000 Catechin in the Merranean diet : vegetable, fruit or wine? Atherosclerosis, 153, 101-117 ^ The Flavonoids ed. JB Harborne, TJ Mabry, and H Mabry 1975 ^ Chyu, K.-Y. 2004. Differential effects of green tea-derived catechin on developing versus established atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 109: 2448. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128034.70732.C2. PMID 15136500. Circulation 2004 May 25;10920:2448-53 ^ EGCG down-regulates telomerase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, leading to suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis Int J Oncol. 2004 Mar;243:703-10 ^ Santosh Katiyar, UAB associate professor of dermatology, J. Nutritional Biochemistry, May 2007 ^ Helena Gradisar, Primoz Pristovsek, Andreja Plaper, Roman Jerala. Green tea catechins inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase by interaction with its ATP binding site. J Med Chem. 2007 Jan 25;50 2:264-71 ^ New white tea, surprisingly, may have a healthful edge. Environmental Nutrition. Sept 2003. FindArticles.com. 10 Dec. 2007. 1 ^ Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 May 14. ^ The Lancet Student » Archive » The Lancet Digest December 22nd 2007 External links Micronutrient Information Center - Flavonoids Tea biochemistry Review of a study on green-tea catechins Cocoa 'vitamin' health benefits could outshine penicillin UK MSN - How cocoa beats killer diseases by Ross Chainey 12/03/07 -Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavonol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Catechin Categories: Alcohols | Flavonoids | Phenols | Benzenediols | Antioxidants | Dietary antioxidants Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 РуÑ?Ñ?кий ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 20 August 2008, at 16:1
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