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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Executive system Redirected from Executive functioning Merge arrows It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Executive functions. Discuss Psychology Greek letter 'psi' Portal History Areas RESEARCH Abnormal Biological Cognitive Developmental Emotion Experimental Evolutionary Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psychophysics Social Transpersonal APPLIED Clinical Educational Forensic Health Industrial Organizational School Sport LISTS Publications Topics Therapies view talk Neuropsychology Topics Brain-computer interface Traumatic brain injury Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Phrenology Common misconceptions Brain functions arousal attention consciousness decision making executive functions natural language learning memory motor coordination sensory perception planning problem solving thought People Arthur L. Benton David Bohm António Damásio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Roger W. Sperry H. M. K. C. Tests Bender-Gestalt Test Benton Visual Retention Test Clinical Dementia Rating Continuous Performance Task Glasgow Coma Scale Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical decision task Mini-mental state examination Stroop effect Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wisconsin card sorting Tools Johari Window Mind and Brain Portal This box: view talk The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes. It is thought to be involved in processes such as planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions, and selecting relevant sensory information. It is also referred to as executive function or the central executive or cognitive control and plays a central role in many psychological theories. Neuropsychologist Elkhonon Goldberg, a disciple of Alexander Luria, introduced the metaphor of the prefrontal cortex as the director of an orchestra and the cortex as the front rows in order to explain the role of executive functions. Theories of the executive system were largely driven by observations of patients who had suffered frontal lobe damage. They exhibited disorganized actions and strategies for everyday tasks a group of behaviors now known as dysexecutive syndrome although they seemed to perform normally when clinical or lab based tests were used to assess more fundamental cognitive functions such as memory, learning, language and reasoning. It was hypothesized that, to explain this unusual behaviour, there must be an overarching system that co-ordinates other cognitive resources. Psychologist Alan Baddeley had proposed a similar system as part of his model of working memory1 and argued that there must be a component which he named the 'central executive' that allows information to be manipulated in short term memory for example, when doing mental arithmetic. However, the executive system has been traditionally quite hard to define, mainly due to what psychologist Paul W. Burgess calls a lack of process-behaviour correspondence2. That is, there is no single behavior which can in itself be tied to executive function, or indeed executive dysfunction. For example, it is quite obvious what reading impaired patients cannot do, but it is not so obvious as to exactly what executive impaired patients might be incapable of. This is largely due to the nature of the executive system itself. It is mainly concerned with the dynamic, 'online' co-ordination of cognitive resources and hence its effect can only be observed by measuring other cognitive processes. Similarly, it does not always fully engage except in real-world situations. As neurologist Antonio Damasio has reported, a patient with severe day-to-day executive problems may still pass paper-and-pencil or lab-based tests of executive function3. The executive system is thought to be heavily involved in handling novel situations outside the domain of some of our 'automatic' psychological processes that could be explained by the reproduction of learned schemas or set behaviors. Psychologists Don Norman and Tim Shallice have outlined five types of situation where routine activation of behavior would not be sufficient for optimal performance4: Those that involve planning or decision making. Those that involve error correction or troubleshooting. Situations where responses are not well-learned or contain novel sequences of actions. Dangerous or technically difficult situations. Situations which require the overcoming of a strong habitual response or resisting temptation. See also executive functions attention cognitive neuropsychology frontal lobe nonverbal learning disorder working memory Elkhonon Goldberg External links Notes on dysexecutive syndrome and the executive system References ^ Baddeley, A. 1986 Working Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852133-2 ^ Burgess, P.W. 1997 Theory and methodology in executive function research. In P. Rabbit ed Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function. ISBN 0-86377-485-7 ^ Saver, J.L. Damasio, A.R. 1991 Preserved access and processing of social knowledge in a patient with acquired sociopathy due to ventromedial frontal damage. Neuropsychologia, 29 12, 1241-1249 ^ Norman, D.A. Shallice, T. 1980 Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour. Reprinted in M. Gazzaniga ed 2000 Cognitive Neuroscience: A Reader. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21660-X Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Executive_system Categories: All articles to be merged | Cognitive scienceHidden category: Articles to be merged since December 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano Svenska Nederlands This page was last modified on 28 July 2008, at 10:5
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