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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Frontal lobe Redirected from Frontal cortex or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. September 2007 Brain: Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum viewed laterally. Frontal lobe is blue. Orbital surface of left frontal lobe. Latin lobus frontalis Gray's subject #189 821 Part of Cerebrum Artery Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Acronyms FL NeuroNames hier-37 MeSH Frontal+Lobe The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of mammals. It is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to in front of the parietal lobes and above and anterior to the temporal lobes. It is separated from the parietal lobe by the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts associated with the precentral gyrus. The frontal lobe reaches full maturity around age 25, marking the cognitive maturity associated with adulthood. Arthur Toga, UCLA, found increased myelin in the frontal lobe white matter of young adults compared to that of teens. Typical onset of schizophrenia in early adult years correlates with poorly myelinated and thus inefficient connections between cells in the fore-brain. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with pleasure, long-term memory, planning, and drive. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to slightly increased risk for schizophrenia. Function The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions or better and best, override and suppress unacceptable social responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events. The frontal lobes also play an important part in retaining longer term memories which are not task-based. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain's limbic system. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms. Psychological tests that measure frontal lobe function include Finger tapping, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and measures of verbal and figural fluency.1 Psychosurgery In the early 20th century, a medical treatment for mental illness, first developed by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz, involved damaging the pathways connecting the frontal lobe to the limbic system. Frontal lobotomy sometimes called frontal leucotomy successfully reduced distress but at the cost of often blunting the subject's emotions, volition and personality. The indiscriminate use of this psychosurgical procedure, combined with its severe side effects and dangerous nature, gained it a bad reputation. The frontal lobotomy has largely died out as a psychiatric treatment. More precise psychosurgical procedures are still used, although rarely. They may include anterior capsulotomy bilateral thermal lesions of the anterior limbs of the internal capsule or the bilateral cingulotomy involving lesions of the anterior cingulate gyri and might be used to treat otherwise untreatable obsessional disorders or clinical depression. Theories of function This section may require cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. May 2008 Theories of frontal lobe function can be differentiated into four categories: Single-process theories. Posit that damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number of different dysexecutive symptoms Burgess, 2003, p. 309. Multi-process theories. Propose that the frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of components that typically work together in everyday actions heterogeneity of function Burgess, 2003, p. 310. Construct-led theories. Assume that most if not all frontal functions can be explained by one construct homogeneity of function such as working memory or inhibition Stuss, 1999, p. 348; cf. Burgess Simons, 2005. Single-symptom theories. Suggest that a specific dysexecutive sympton e.g., confabulation is related to the processes and contruct of the underlying structures cf. Burgess Simons, 2005 Stuss 1999 suggests a differentiation into two categories according to homogeneity and heterogeneity of function. Further theoretical approaches to frontal lobe function include: Grafman's managerial knowledge units MKU / structured event complex SEC approach cf. Wood Grafman, 2003 Miller Cohen's integrative theory of prefrontal functioning e.g. Miller Cohen, 2001 Rolls's stimulus-reward approach and Stuss's anterior attentional functions Burgess Simons, 2005; Burgess, 2003; Burke, 2007. It may be highlighted that the theories described above differ in their focus on certain processes/systems or construct-lets. Stuss 1999 remarks that the question of homogeneity single construct or heterogeneity multiple processes/systems of function may represent a problem of semantics and/or incomplete functional analysis rather than an unresolvable dichotomy p. 348. However, further research will show if a unified theory of frontal lobe function that fully accounts for the diversity of functions will be available. Damage Damage to one's frontal lobes can do a variation of things: Mental flexibility and spontaneity is impaired, but one's IQ would not lower. Talking may increase or decrease dramatically. Senses regarding risk taking and rule abiding are impaired. Socialization can diminish or increase. Orbital frontal lobe damage can result in peculiar sexual habits only discovered in animals. Dorsolateral frontal lobe damage reduces sexual interest. Additional images Lobes Base of brain. Drawing to illustrate the relations of the brain to the skull. See also Frontal lobe injury Brain lobes Broca's Area Regions in the human brain Phineas Gage - Railroad worker who survived a metal rod being driven through his forebrain References ^ Kimberg, D.Y., Farah, M.J. A unified account of cognitive impariments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 1993 1224:411-28 v d e Brain: telencephalon cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres Frontal lobe Precentral gyrus Primary motor cortex, 4 Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields 6, 8, 9, Middle frontal gyrus 46, Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area 44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis Orbitofrontal cortex 10, 11, 12, 47 Prefrontal cortex, Premotor cortex Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus Parietal lobe Somatosensory cortex Primary 1, 2, 3, 43, Secondary 5, Precuneus 7m - Parietal operculum Parietal lobules Superior 7l, Inferior 40, Angular gyrus 39 Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus Occipital lobe Primary visual cortex 17, Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus 18, 19 Calcarine fissure Temporal lobe Primary auditory cortex 41, 42, Superior temporal gyrus 38, 22/Wernicke's area, Middle temporal gyrus 21, Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus 27, 28, 34, 35, 36 Cingulate cortex/gyrus Subgenual area 25, Anterior cingulate 24, 32, 33, Posterior cingulate 23, 31, Retrosplenial cortex 26, 29, 30 Callosal sulcus Interlobar sulci/fissures lateral: Central frontal+parietal, Lateral frontal+parietal+temporal, Parietoöccipital medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate frontal+cingulate, Collateral temporal+occipital White matter tracts Commissural fibers - Association fibers Internal capsule Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb, Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center Olfactory tract - Terminal stria - Diagonal band of Broca Other Insular cortex gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Frontal_lobe Categories: CerebrumHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since September 2007 | All articles to be expanded | Cleanup from May 2008 | All pages needing cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Ù?ارسی Français Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Suomi Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 01:20
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